Past Participles MD

8/10/2019 Past Participles MD

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UNIVERSIDAD DEL VALLE

FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS DEL LENGUAJE

LECTURA DE TEXTOS ACADMICOS EN INGLS

Past participles in scientific andtechnical texts

Luis A. Saldarriaga B.English teacher (ESP)

[email protected]


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The Simple Past Tense

Affirmative: Subject + verb (past tense) +

complement

Negative: Subject + did not + verb (present)

+ complement

Question: Did + subject + verb (present) +

complement?


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Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the verb.

In 1928, Amelia Earhart (be) wasthe first

woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air. In1932, Earhart (fly) flewsolo across the Atlantic.

In March, 1935, Amelia Earhart (attempt)

attemptedan around-the-world flight.

However, soon after the plane (take off) took

off, it (go) wentout of control and (hit) hitthe

ground.


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In 1928, Amelia Earhart (be) wasthe first

woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air.

In 1932, Earhart (fly) flewsolo across theAtlantic. In March, 1935, Amelia Earhart

(attempt) attemptedan around-the-world

flight. However, soon after the plane (takeoff) took off, it (go) wentout of control and

(hit) hitthe ground.


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The Present Perfect Tense

Affirmative: Subject + have/has + main verb

(past participle) + complement

Question: Have/has + subject + main verb(past participle) + complement

Negative: Subject + have not (havent) /has

not (hasnt) + main verb (past participle) +complement


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Activity: Fill in the blanks with the proper form

of the verb.

A psychologist (attend) has attendedgraduateschool in psychology and (complete) has

completedhis or her training in a clinic or

counseling office. But psychologists (not train)

have not been trainedto prescribe drugs for

their patients.


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Activity: Fill in the blanks with the proper form

of the verb. (Solution.)

A psychologist (attend) has attendedgraduateschool in psychology and (complete) has

completedhis or her training in a clinic or

counseling office. But psychologists (not train)

have not been trainedto prescribe drugs for

their patients.


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Activity: Fill in the blanks with the proper

form of the verb.

Psychiatrists, on the other hand, (have)have hada medical training. They (attend)

have attendedmedical school and (get)

have gottenthe M.D. (doctor of medicine)degree.


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form of the verb. (Solution.)

Psychiatrists, on the other hand, (have)have hada medical training. They (attend)

have attendedmedical school and (get)

have gottenthe M.D. (doctor of medicine)degree.


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Past Tense vs Present Perfect Tense


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The Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense expresses an action that

occurred before another action in the past.

Affirmative: Subject + had + main verb (pastparticiple) + complement.

Question: Had + subject + main verb (past

participle) + complement. Negative: Subject + had not (hadnt) + main

verb (past participle) + complement.


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Researchers studied the brains of patients

who suffered seizures.

When did the patients suffer seizures?Before or after the study?

Researchers studied the brains of patients

who hadsufferedseizures. Until 2001, no brain imaging studies had

been performedin patients who had PTSD.


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Plaintiff XXsued a hospital claiming that high

doses of Pitocin administered during labor had

causedhim brain trauma during birth. An MR imaging examination showed that the

plaintiffs brain tissue had developed

asymmetrically.

But the court held that the plaintiff had failed

to prove that this was the cause of his injuries.


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form of the verb.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging hasrevolutionized the legal arena. In a murder

trial, MR imaging results showed that the

decision-making area of the defendantsbrain (shrink) had shrunksignificantly, and

that his brain (atrophy) had atrophied.


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form of the verb. (Solution.)

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging hasrevolutionized the legal arena. In a murder

trial, MR imaging results showed that the

decision-making area of the defendantsbrain (shrink) had shrunksignificantly, and

that his brain (atrophy) had atrophied.


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Passive voice

The passive voice is used to describe situations,methods, etc. It involves the following elements:

Object + Verb to be + Main verb (past participle)

The passive voice is especially helpful in scientific

or technical writing where the actor is not really

important but the process or principle being

described is very important. Instead of saying I

wrote down a report at period end, it ispreferable to say The report was written down

at period end.


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Tense Object To beMain verb

(past participle)

Present The car/cars is / are designed ...

Present perfect The car/cars has / have been designed ...

Past The car/cars was / were designed ...

Past perfect The car/cars had been designed ...

Future The car/cars will be designed ...

Future perfect The car/cars will have been designed ...

Present progressive The car/cars is / are being designed ...

Past progressive The car/cars was / were being designed ...


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In societies where life expectancy has been

considerably extended, dementias are becoming

a major public health concern.

Experts estimate that 22 million people around

the world will be afflicted by Alzheimer in 2025.

Drugs, which are known as psychostimulants,

have been found to improve the behavior ofchildren with attention-deficit hyperactivity

disorder (ADHD).

Passive voice


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Modal auxiliary verbs Modal verbs are used to make precise

statements and for that reason are very

common in scientific and technical texts.

Modal verbs have no meaning by themselves.

They are always used in conjunction with main

verbs to help them express ideas (about the

past, the present or the future).

There are several categories of modal verbs.


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Modal verbs

Ability: can, may.

All that we experience and cando is, in some

measure, a function of our placement in aphysical world.

By adapting the physical environment we

mayprovide strategies to help many childrenand adults who cannot make sense of their

world.


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Modal verbs

Possibility / probability: can, could,

may, might, will, would.

Persons suffering distress maybe in generaldisarray and disorganised; they wouldoften

have no plan or miss the target; they couldalso

lack precept and apt to self-fulfilling prophecy.

They mightrequire re-organization as well as re-

building self concept.


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Modal verbs

Obligation: must, ought to, should. Students in this course should attend every

lecture.

In any course, the student mustachieve apassing grade.

Students mustenter the examination room

quietly and maynot bring into it anyelectronic communication devices.


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Modal verbs / Passive voice

When body fluids have been spilled, the

following actions ought tobe taken:

The equipments shouldbe cleaned accordingto manufacturers recommendations.

You mustwash your hands before and after

the procedure. Handwashing maybeaccomplished using a commercial water-free

cleaning solution.


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References

King C., Stanley N: Building skills for the TOEFL

test. (1996)

Zimmerman F: English for Science. (1989) Peat J: SCIENTIFIC WRITING - Easy When You

Know How. BMJ (2002)

The Role of Imaging in United StatesCourtrooms. Neuroimag Clin N Am 17 (2007)

557567.

Documents

Past Participles MD