Passive Components [Compatibility Mode]

8/10/2019 Passive Components [Compatibility Mode]

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PASSIVE COMPONENTS

by

R. P. Deshpande

B. Tech. Hon. Elec. (I.I.T., Bom.)

Fellow, The Institution of Engineers (India)

Technical Consultant


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Active Passive Electro-mechanical

GeneratorTransistor

Amplifier

Thyristor

Vacuum tubeRectifier

Battery

Fuel cells

ResistorCapacitor

Inductor / choke

Transformer

HeaterOven

Lamp

RLC network

Fans / motorSwitch

contactor

Relay

FuseCircuit breaker

Connector

Cable

Strict physics definition treats passive components as ones that

cannot supply energy by themselves, whereas a battery would be

an active component since it truly acts as a source of energy.

Passive components cannot introduce net energy into the circuit.

They also cannot rely on a source of power, except for what is

available from the circuit they are connected to.

Components of electr ical / electronic systems


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PASSIVE COMPONENTS

ResistorPower loss

component

Resists all

currents AC / DC

Represents workbeing done / heat

produced

InductorAssociated with

magnetic field

Resists change in

current

Offer lagging power

factor

Dampens surge

current

Short-circuit in DC

CapacitorAssociated with

Electric field

Resists change in

voltage

Offer leading

power factor

Dampens surge

voltage

Open-circuit in DC


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ELECTRIC CURRENT

International Ampere

Unvarying current that would deposit 0.001118 000 grams

of silver per second from a solution of silver nitrate in water.

Ampere is a basic SI unit- the current produced in aconductor with a 1-ohm resistance when there is a potential

difference of 1 volt between its ends.

One ampere is the current in a conductor when a chargeof one coulomb (6.24 x 1018 charge carriers) passes

through a cross section of the conductor each second.


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Convention: Current flows from relatively positive points

to relatively negative points. VOLT ( V ): Voltage, or electromotive force, is a

quantitative expression of the potential dif ference in

charges between two points in an electrical field

Unit of electric potential or electromotive force is Volt.

One volt appears across a resistance of one ohm

when a current of one ampere flows through it .

One volt will drive one coulomb charge carriers, suchas electrons, through a resistance of one ohm in one

second. One joule of work is done in doing so.


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Entity Unit Symbol SI Derivation

Electric Charge Coulomb C A .s

Resistance Ohm V / A

Capacitance Farad F A.s / V

Inductance Henry H V. s / A

Voltage Volt V W / A

Energy Joule J N. m

Power Watt W J / s

Magnetic Flux Weber Wb V . s

Magnetic Flux Density Tesla T Wb / m

Frequency Hertz Hz Cycles /s

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Dimension L/R s, (L/R= Time constant of R-L circuit)

R.C

s, ( RC = Time constant of C-R combination)


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RESISTANCE Resists all currents AC / DC.

Represents heat generation or rate of work done.

Can be fixed, variable, voltage or temperature dependent.

Inseparable part of most electronic circuits.

Ohm Symbol , is standard unit of electrical resistance in theInternational System of Units (SI).

Ohm, multiplied by imaginary no. j= -1, represents reactance (X) ofcapacitor or inductor, in AC circuits.

In SI Units, 1 Ohm is equivalent to 1 Kg. m2. S-3. A-2


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Stray and unwanted Resistance

In practice, a very high resistance exists betweenterminals, considered open circuited (through air, vacuum,

or insulation) etc.

A low resistance is present between points considered

short-circuited or continuous, due to resistivity of

connecting wires, contacts, joints etc.

Both these factors create difficulties in accurate

measurement of respective resistances.

There is no perfect conductor of current with zero

resistance, nor is there a perfect insulator with infinite

insulation resistance.


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Unavoidable Resistance Examples Cable / wire resistance

Resistance of Inductor/ transformer wires (Copper Loss)

Switch contact resistance

Insulation Resistance between adjacent live parts

Dielectric Insulation Resistance of Capacitors

Earth/ grounding Resistance

Loss equivalent of core loss in inductors/ transformers


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HUMAN BODY RESISTANCE

AND SHOCK

Electric shock due to current through body (Not voltage)

Body resistance variable

Shock severity depends on body condition

200 A bearing limit

Shock may be sensed even at 24-30V

Let go threshold: 1 mA (rms) AC at 50 Hz / 5 mA DC.

Around 10 mA AC current through arm can cause powerful

muscle contractions; the victim is unable to release the wire. Above 30 mA of AC or 300 500 mA of DC, it can cause

ventricular fibrillation, leading to cardiac arrest.


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RESISTORS IN

EVERYDAY LIFE


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1. Carbon composition resistors

2. Carbon film resistors

3. Metal Film Resistors (usually coated with NiCr.)

4. Metal Oxide resistors5. Wire wound Resistors

Other types:

Cermet composites of ceramics & metals as

Mo, Co, Ni

Water Resistor- Salt water tube / bath for resistance.

Temperature dependent resistors

Types of resistors


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WIRE WOUND RESISTORS


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Number Colour

0 black

1 brown

2 red

3 orange

4 yellow

5 green

6 blue

7 violet

8 grey

9 white

Tol. Colour

1% brown

2% red

5% gold

10% silver

Resistor Colour Coding- 2 ways to remember

Bill Brown Realized Only Yesterday Good Boys Value Good Work

Black, Brown, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet, Grey, White

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(No. of

zeroes)

B. B. R O Y G B V Gr W

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


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CARBON POTENTIOMETERS

PRESETS


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Wire wound potentiometers


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RHEOSTATS


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INDUCTANCE Resists change in current

Result of magnetic properties of materials and coils

Stores energy in the form of a magnetic field.

Offers lagging power factor

Al l transformers, chokes, motors use inductiveproperties of coils and materials

Used in tuning circuits, oscillators, filters and ripplesmoothing circuits

Offers high impedance path to high frequencycurrents, when used in a current path


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Applications of Inductors:Used in surge current dampening

Eddy current Induction heating, including melting of metals

Magnetic measurement

Control systems

SI Dimensions of Inductance

C= coulomb, Wb= Weber, F= Farad

Henry x Farads= LC sq. sec

1/ LC has dimension of 1/ sec (freq.).

1/ LC is resonant frequency of LC combination


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Equivalent impedance in AC circuits ZL of an ideal

inductance is given by:

(omega)

Where XL is the inductive reactance,

is the angular frequency,L is the inductance,

f is the frequency, andj is the imaginary unit.[Sqrt(-1)]

Ideal inductor offers short circuit path to stabilized

DC currents


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Around a magnet there is a magnetic field, and

a f low of magnetic energy. This flow is called

magnetic flux (). By convention it flows from

north pole to south pole. Flux flowing from thenorth pole is same as that entering south pole.

At B there are a smaller number of magnetic

field lines passing through the loop than there

is when it is in position A

Amount of flux passing through a unit area at right angles to the magnetic

field lines is called flux density (B) at that point.

Flux density is measured in Tesla (T) where 1 T = 1 Wbm-2

Flux () = Flux density (B) x area through which flux passes (A) = BAFlux linkage = N = NBA

Magnetic field it is a vector field. The term is used for two closely related

fields denoted by the symbols B and H, measured in units of Tesla and

amp per meter respectively in the SI. B is most commonly defined in

terms of the Lorentz force it exerts on moving electric charges.


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Weber is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn would

produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero

at a uniform rate in 1 second.

Weber is commonly expressed in terms of other derived units as

Tesla-sq. m. (Tm2), volt-seconds (Vs), or joules per ampere (J/A)

Electrons moving through an inductor tend to stay

in motion; electrons at rest in an inductor tend tostay at rest. Ideally, an inductor left short-circuited

will maintain a constant current through it:

Energy (measured in joules, in SI) stored by an inductor is equal to the

amount of work required to establish the current through the inductor,and therefore the magnetic field.

An ideal closed loop inductor will continue to carry a current forever- it

opposes any change in current- and will store energy till disturbed. This

is nearly possible only in superconductors.


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An electric current I flowing around a circuit produces a magnetic

field and hence a magnetic flux through the circuit.

The ratio of the magnetic flux to the current is called the

inductance, or more accurately self-inductance of the circuit.

The symbolL is used for inductance.

The quantitative definition of inductance (webers per ampere)

L= / I being magnetic flux density

In honour of Joseph Henry, the unit of inductance has been given thename Henry (H):

1H = 1Wb/A. di / dt = V / L


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A current-carrying wire bent into a loop with

area r2 and current i , would create a

magnetic field, similar to one created by a

permanent magnet.

Strength of this hypothetical magnet is

mentioned in terms of a magnetic moment

m. In a loop of radius r and current i, a

magnetic fieldH, produced at the center of

the loop given by

H = i/2r [Amperes/meter, A/m]

The current loop has a magnetic moment, m = i x Area [Am2]

The intensity of magnetization,MorJ, is magnetic moment per unit

volume M=m / v [A/m] Note that M and H have the same units.


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B field is the sum of the H field and the magnetization M of the medium.

According to Faraday's Law, any change in this magnetic flux linkage

produces a self-induced voltage in a coil:

where N is the no. of turns, A- cross-sectional Area in m2,

is flux in Webers, -permeability of core material,l is the Length of the coil in meters di/dt in amps/second.

To store more energy in inductor, the current must be increased.

This means its magnetic field must increase in strength, and any

change in field strength produces corresponding voltage (principle

of electromagnetic self-induction).

Conversely, to release energy from an inductor, the current through

it must be decreased.


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Emf= -Nt =

-NAB/t

V=IR+LI/t

(emf opposes applied voltage)

From definition of inductance, EMF = -LI/t

We can deduce, L = N2A/l

Self-inductance and mutual inductance

Self-inductance is the property of a circuit whereby a change in current

causes a change in voltage in the same circuit.

When one circuit induces current flow in a second nearby circuit, it isknown as mutual-inductance.

When AC current flows through of wire electromagnetic field produced is

correspondingly changing due to the constantly changing current. This

induces current in another wire or circuit closer to it. This current will also

be AC and of the same nature as the current flowing in the first wire.


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Electric Bell

Relay

Horseshoe electromagnet


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Time Constant T = L/R

When a battery is connected to a series resistor and inductor, inductorresists the change in current and the current therefore builds up slowly.

The rate of this buildup is characterized by the time constant L/R.

Establishing a current in an inductor stores energy in the magnetic field

formed by the coils of the inductor.

The Inductor charging curve

is similar to Capacitor


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mutual inductance

N1 is the number of turns in coil 1,

N2 is the number of turns in coil 2,

P21 is the permeance of the space occupied by the flux.

kis thecoupling coefficientand 0 k 1,L1 ,L2 the inductance of the first and second coil.

Is ,Ip the current through the secondary & primary inductor,

Ns ,Np the number of turns in the secondary & primary inductor,

This is the principle of transformer


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An example of a gyrator simulatinginductance, with an approximate equivalent

circuit.

The two input impedances have similar

values in typical applications.

Simulated inductors do not have inherent

energy storing properties of real inductors.

This limits the possible power applications.

The gyrator is an electric circuit which inverts an impedance. It can be used to

transform a load capacitance into an inductance. At low frequencies and low

powers, behaviour of the gyrator can be reproduced by a small op-amp circuit.

NPL, U.K. maintains two primary self-inductors whose values are establishedfrom capacitance standards using two special transfer inductance standards.

The primary inductors are used to establish a range of secondary inductors.


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Q - FACTOR An ideal inductor will be lossless irrespective of the amount of

current flowing through the winding.

Inductors have winding resistance from the metal wire forming the

coils. This resistance and core loss appear as a resistance in series

with the inductor, called theseries resistance.

The quality factor (or Q) of an inductor is the ratio of its

inductive reactance to its resistance at a given frequency, and is

a measure of its efficiency.

Higher the Q factor of the inductor, the closer it approaches thebehavior of an ideal, lossless, inductor.

The Q factor of an inductor can be found through the following

formula, whereR is its internal electrical resistance:

Q=L/R


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Stray and unwanted Inductance

Any wire carrying current generates magnetic field, and has an

inductance value. Inductance exists between two given wires in

a circuit or from different circuits, however low it may be.

A magnetic field associated with the instrument interacting

significantly with inductor, affects measurement of inductance.

Errors in measurement also arises from the interaction of

magnetic field of an inductor with rest of the measuring circuit.

Capacitance to other parts or surroundings of an inductor dueto electric field also affects the impedance or apparent

inductance of an inductor. Capacitive currents interference in

the measuring circuit need to be nullified / compensated,


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Induction Coils & Cores


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INDUCTORSTube light

choke


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Motors & Transformers


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Power line reactors

Induction heating


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Black, Brown, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet, Grey, White

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


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Resistor current waveform

Inductor current waveform Capacitor current waveform

AC Waveforms


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C = C1 + C2 + C3

Ls = L1 + L2 + + Ln

1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3

RTotal =R1+R2+R3+...

Series parallel

combinationsof R, L, & C


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CAPACITORS

Resist change in voltage.

Uses electric field for working.

Offers leading power factor.

surge voltage dampening.

Resistance path to high frequency voltages.

Filter applications.

Power factor improvement on electrical installations.


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Polar CapacitorsVariableCapacitor

GeneralSymbol

d

C= 0 k A / d

Charge Q = C V

Energy stored:E= C V2 = Q V

CAPACITOR


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Gravitational Field Electric Field

Force is between Objects with mass Objects with charge

Constant of proportionalityGSame for all materials

depends on the medium

in which the field exists

Field strength in a radial fieldNkg-1 or ms-2

VectorNC--1 or Vm-1

Vector

Definition of Field Strength Force per unit mass Force per unit charge

Force in a radial fieldAlways attractive,Vector

Attractive or repulsive,Vector

Potential in a radial field

Jkg-1 Scalar

Always less than zero.

JC-1 Scalar

Sign depends on charges

Definition of PotentialWork done in bringing aunit mass from infinity tothe point in the field.

Work done in bringing unitpositive charge frominfinity to point in the field.

Potential Energy Ep = Fm W=VQ

COMPARISON OF ELECTRIC & GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS


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Parameter CAPACITOR INDUCTOR

Working medium Electric field Magnetic field

V/I property Resists voltage change Resists current change

V-I relationship I = C dv/dt V = - L di/dt

Energy stored E = CV2 E = L I2

SI Dimension C = A.s/V =F L= V.s/A = s2/F

Time constant CR L / R

AC Reactance Xc = -1 /jC XL =jL

Reactive power I2

Xc leading I2

XL laggingI-V phase relation Current leads voltage Current lags voltage

Power factor Leading Lagging

Watt loss component D= RC = 1/Q Q = L/R


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Thisimagecannot currently bedisplayed.

The energy density of the electric field is

u= (E) 2 /2

= permittivity of the medium is = r 0r is the relative permittivity of the materialE is the electric field vector.

may vary with the medium, frequency of thefield applied, humidity, temp., and other

parameters.

The magnetic permeability and the electric permittivity of space

are related by

C = 1/ (0

0)

c 3 x 108 m/s, Speed of light0 = 4 x 10-7 N / A2

magnetic permeability of free space (Exact value)

0= 8.854187817 x 10-12 F/m


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Device No. of capacitorsper unit

Mobile phone 260

Digital camera 310

Game console 315

Computer 700

Car 1700

CAPACITORS IN MODERN DAY APPLICATIONS


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SIZES VARY WIDELY DEPENDING ON TYPE & APPLICATION


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10 million capacitor bank at Dresden , Capable of

storing 50 MJ of energy and used to drive magnetic coils

with very high and super-short energy pulses.

WORLDS LARGEST & MOST ADVANCED CAPACITOR BANK


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ELECTRODE MATERIALS ALUMINIUM

Plain Aluminium Foil

Etched & Formed Al. Foil

Mechanically Formed Al. Plates or Shapes

Containers as one electrode

Thin Film Coatings/ Metallization of

ZINCCoatings

Metallization of Zinc or Zn/Al alloy

SILVER

Coating

TITANIUM

Powder form

ELECTROLYTE

This works as conductor, while also serving for replenishment of

oxide layer of dielectric


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For circuits with a constant DC voltage source, and consistingof only resistors and capacitors, the voltage across capacitor

cannot exceed voltage of the source.

An equilibrium is reached where voltage across the capacitor is

constant and the current through the capacitor is zero.

Hence it is commonly said that capacitors block DC.

A change in voltage is necessary for a capacitor to carry

current. In AC, voltage is always changing, so the current is

also changing to oppose the change in voltage- voltage beingsinusoidal, current is also sinusoidal.


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Electrons within dielectric molecules

are influenced by electric field,

causing molecules to rotate slightly

from their equilibrium positions.

The air gap is shown for clarity; in a

real capacitor, the dielectric is in

direct contact with the plates.

Capacitors also allow AC current to

flow and block DC current.

An electric field E is created in the region between plates that is

proportional to the amount of charge moved from one plate to the

other. This electric field creates a potential difference V = E x d

between the plates of the capacitor.


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Time 0 1 RC 2 RC 3 RC 4 RC 5 RC

Voltage 0 63% 86% 95% 98% 99%

Charging Voltage Variation with Time Constant


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COMMON DIELECTRIC MATERIALS

for ELECTROSTATIC CAPACITORS

Dielectric Material Dielectric Constant

Air 1.0059

Vacuum 1.000Pure Cellulose or Paper 5.9 6.0

Ceramic (CO6) 45

Glass (Silicon) 42

Poly propylene 2.25 2.3Polyester 3.2

Water (for comparison) 78.5


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Stored energy in Capacitor

o As opposite charges accumulate on the plates of a capacitor

due to the separation of charge, a voltage develops across

the capacitor due to the electric field of these charges.

o Ever-increasing work must be done against this increasing

electric field as more charge is separated.

o The energy (in joules) stored in a capacitor is equal to the

amount of work required to establish the voltage across the

capacitor. The energy stored is given by:

o Stored Energy E= C V2 = Q2 /C = VQ

where V is the voltage across the capacitor.


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AC current in capacitors The current through a capacitor due to an AC source reverses

direction every half cycle. Except for the instant that thecurrent changes direction, the capacitor current is non-zero at

all times during a cycle. For this reason, it is commonly said

that capacitors "pass" AC.

The voltage across a capacitor is proportional to the integralof the current, with sine waves in AC or signal circuits. This

results in a phase difference of 90 degrees, the current

leading the voltage phase angle.

The amplitude of the voltage depends on the amplitude of thecurrent divided by the product of the frequency of the current

with the capacitance, C.


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Current, voltage & Power

waveform of resistive circuitCurrent, voltage & Power waveform

of capacitive circuit with 90 shift

Power waveform is above zero, means

net active power is consumed

Power waveform is equal on both sides of

zero, means no real power is consumed

AC current through a capacitor reverses direction every half cycle. Except

for the instant the current changes direction, it is non-zero at all times

during a cycle. Hence it is commonly said that capacitors " pass" AC.


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Impedance of Capacitor

The ratio of the phasor voltage across a circuit element to

the phasor current through that element is called the

impedanceZ. For a capacitor, the impedance is given by

Zc = Vc / Ic = -j / 2 fC = - j Xc

( Xc = 1 / C)

= 2 f is called angular frequency


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Simple

EquivalentCircuit

The equation shows that

DF = watt loss / Reactive VA of a capacitor


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Dissipation factor / tan Capacitors have "Q" (quality) factor (and the inverse,

dissipation factor, D or tan-delta) which relates capacitanceat a certain frequency to the combined losses due to dielectric

leakage

Lower D means lesser loss in the capacitor. Aluminum

Electrolytic types have typically high D factors. Low Dcapacitors tend to exhibit low DC leakage currents and low

losses in AC.

Tan-delta is the tangent of the phase angle between voltage

and current in the capacitor. This angle is also called the lossangle. It is related to the power factor which is zero for an ideal

capacitor.

Tan delta (Tg ) is same as power factor in most capacitors.


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DC / AC CAPACITORS

Thisimagecannot currently bedisplayed.

Capacitors


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Capacitors:

SMD ceramic at top left;

SMD tantalum at bottom left;

through-hole tantalum at top right;

through-hole electrolytic at bottom

right. Major scale divisions are cm.

A 12 pF 20 kV fixedvacuum capacitor


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CAPACITOR COLOUR CODE TABLE

ColourDigit

A

Digit

B

Multiplie

r

D

Tolerance

T > 10pf

Tolerance

T < 10pf

Temp.

Coeff.

TC

Working

voltage

V

Black 0 0 x1 20% 2.0pF

Brown 1 1 x10 1% 0.1pF -33x10-6

Red 2 2 x100 2% 0.25pF -75x10-6 250v

Orange 3 3 x1000 3% -150x10-6

Yellow 4 4 x10k +100%,-0% -220x10-6 400v

Green 5 5 x100k 5% 0.5pF -330x10-6 100v

Blue 6 6 x1m -470x10-6 630v

Violet 7 7 -750x10-6

Grey 8 8 x0.01 +80%,-20%

White 9 9 x0.1 10%


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A ceramic disc type capacitor with the code 473Jprinted onto its body.

47pF * 1,000 (3 zero's) = 47,000 pF , 47nF or 0.047 uF

J indicates a tolerance of +/- 5%

Capacitor Tolerance Letter Codes Table

Letter B C D F G J K M Z

ToleranceC 10pF % 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 +80-20

Capacitor

Colour CodeMarkings


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Energy Storage Photoflash, Timers, Vehicles

Resonant Circuits Oscillators, Tuning

Smoothing Power Supplies

H.F. Filters DC Supplies, R.F. Suppression

Phase Shifting Motors, Fans

Measurement & sensors Vacuum, Electrical &mechanical parameters

Capacitive Switching Touch Control

Transient Suppression Power Supplies

Peak Voltage Generation Auto Industry

Power Factor Improvement Power Supply & Industry

CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS


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1-PH. CAPACITOR RUN MOTORWINDING

1-PH. CAPACITOR START-CAPACITOR RUN MOTOR WINDING

1-PH. CAPACITOR STARTMOTOR WINDING

120 F230V

12 F440V

Note capacitor voltagesfor 230 V supply

Rotor

120 F230V

12 F440V

CAPACITORS IN

SINGLE PHASE MOTORS


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The capacitor is hidden inside the pistol's grip. Its rating is

about 800 F at 300V.

Pulling the trigger discharges the capacitor and creates amagnetic pulse which accelerates a small piece of metal.

The kinetic energy is about 0.10 Joule.

THE RAIL GUN


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STRAY CAPACITANCE

Unwanted capacitance arises on account of following:

HT overhead wires to Earth and between HT lines.

Between equipment and container housing / box.

Between wires/cables running parallel.

Occasionally lead to Static Electricity in machines.

These can affect the performance of HT Transformers and

equipment adversely and their effect has to consider while

designing.


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Capacitor types:

Electrostatic : Use insulating material between electrodesto act as dielectric. These are non-polar in nature.

Electrolytic: Use solid or liquid electrolytes and have

higher capacitance values. Dielectric layer is an oxide formedon metal plate surface.

They are inherently polar due to their construction.

Electrochemical(or EC capacitors): Dielectric layerforms naturally with applied voltage


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Fan, Motor & Lighting Capacitors


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A.C.Motor Start Electrolytic Capacitors

DC Electrolytic Capacitors


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Power Capacitors

&

Capacitor Banks


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Electronic Capacitors


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a) Working Voltage Stress in Capacitors

(A.C., Motors, Fan & Lighting) 55-65 KV/mm ACTest Voltage 110 -130 KV/mm

Peak Working Voltage 70-100 KV/mm

PP film used in 440 V AC rated capacitor is 6 to 9 m thick,which gives working dielectric stress as 55-65 V/ m AC.

This is the highest working stress used on anymaterial in industry.

b) PVC wire Thickness 0.5mm-500 V/mm

b) BDV of DRY AIR 3 KV/mm DC


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SELF HEALING CAPACITORS

MPP capacitors most widely used today are of

Self- healing type.

Metallizing thickness around .02 microns

Defective or weak spots causing heavy current transients inservice evaporates metal around it, restoring healthy working

of capacitors.

Capacitance drops infinitesimally with each self healing.

Long life span of capacitor

Used in most AC applications in electrical industry

C t ti


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Electrolytic

Capacitors

Construction

Electrostatic Capacitors

Ceramic capacitors


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Thick film capacitor electrodes are screen printed onto sheets of doped BariumTitanate ceramic using interleaved pattern. These sheets are stacked under

pressure, dried, cut to size and sintered at a temperature around 1300C.

Electrodes are of a metal with a melting point higher than the sintering

temperature, and platinum (1774C) or palladium (1552C) are normally used.

p

The type of chip

capacitor that

predominates

because of its useful

range is the multilayer

ceramic chip (MLC).

The basis of this

structure is shown


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Tuning Capacitor in radioVariable Capacitor Trimmer Capacitor


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H.T. Capacitor Bank at the Substation

C O C C C O S


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ALUMINIUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

Anode: Aluminium

Cathode:Aluminium

Electrolyte: solid / liquid /paste chemicals

Dielectric: Oxide layer film on Anode

Anode shape: Foil / formed

Cathode Shape: Foil / Can

Connection Leads: Tabs

Electrolytic Capacitors are essentially Polar.


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Applications of Electrolytic

Capacitors:

Blocking & DC Bypass

DC Filters

Energy Discharge ApplicationPhotoflash, Strobe, Military(Laser Radar)

Audio Systems

A.C.Motor Start

Power Supply filters/ Ripple control


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Dry Tantalum Capacitor:

Electrode1: Tantalum wire

Electrode2 Silver coating, graphite, solder

Electrolyte: Tantalum pentoxide, coated with MnO2

Advantages:

High volumetric efficiency

Easily mounted on PCB

Superior freq. Characterist icsHighly reliable- Do not lose capacitance with time.

Do not wear out

Wide temp. range 55 to +125 deg C, with no capacitance change


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Tantalum Capacitors

Tantalum Chip Capacitors

Tantalum capacitors Applications

Cell phones

Laptops

Contributed to smaller sizes

Vehicular circuits


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So far we knew

ELECTROSTATIC AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS

There is third type of capacitor in the world today:

ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS(EC CAPACITORS)

Whose varieties are known as Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC)

ULTRACAPACITORS, SUPERCAPACITORS,Gold Capacitors, etc.

FARAD IS NO LONGER TOO LARGE A UNIT

ULTRACAPACITORS ARE RATED IN FARADS OR KILOFARADS.

EC Capacitor (Ultracapacitor) principle


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EC Capacitor (Ultracapacitor) principle

No separate dielectric. Oxide layer of nanometer thickness naturally formed

throughout porous electrode surface with electrolyte contact


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Source: www.cap-xx.com

RAGONE CHART(Per Litre)


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Stackable 2200 F

3.8-2.2v 14 Wh

5.5 x 4 x 3.3

Ultracapacitor

Sizes & Shapes


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RACING CARS


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Toyota TS030 Hybrid (2012)

in 24 Hr. endurance test , Japan

IC Engine (Petrol) + U-cap (No battery)

Rear Motor: 225 KW (300HP)

Front motors used for regen. braking &

recharging of U-caps

Total Power 830 BHP

Formula Zero Karts

Fuel Cell Power 8.2 kW Ultracapacitor power (8 sec) 40 kW Total electric power 46 kW (66 HP) Emissions 6 min. of racing: 0.3 ml of water

RACING CARS

Major ity of 31 racing cars used U-caps

CAPABUS A/C - 41 SEATERSHANGHAI CHINA

Supercapacitor light metro train

G (G d ) Chi


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SHANGHAI, CHINA

Source: Sinautec Automobile technologies LLC

POWER SOURCE: Ultracapaci tors

A) 5.9 KWH EDLC (3.5 miles with A/C)

Charging by pantograph from O/H lines

at bus stops (Umbrella Stops)

B) 2.25 KWH EDLC +60 KWH Battery

(45 miles with A/C) for Intercity

Charging: EDLC-30-240 S, Battery- 6Hrs

China introducing 2-car metro

trains with U-cap power from 2014

with 320 passenger capacity.

Underfloor power pick-ups

charge U-cap unit at stations.(CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive)

Plan to introduce in 100 cities

Guangzou (Guangdong),China

28F/ 450V / 910 Wh

U-cap pack for busSource: Railway Gazette

Light Rail Vehicles- Korea


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Light Rail Vehicles Korea

REGEN. BRAKING & STORAGE (KERS) AT SUBSTATIONSAVES 30% ENERGY

1500 KWh 1500 V DC system on 2 routes

(4896 EDLCs 2.7V / 5000F)

Regen: 20,155 KWh & 15464 KWh/day

Total Investment: $ 1.13 million

Payback period - 2.1 years

Siemens, Redox Engineering, LLC, Supercapacitor seminar, 2009

Ride through /Bridge PbA Battery Replacement


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Ride through /Bridge PbA Battery Replacement

Industrial UPS

Ride through /BridgePower

1 MW DISCHARGEMax. 15 seconds

~ 2000 Nos. x 2000F

Ucap vs PbA Battery1/3 vol 1/5 wt

ULTRACAPACITOR STANDARD RACK

Siemens, Redox Engineering, LLC, Supercapacitor seminar, 2009

Life: 15 yearsLow/No maintenance


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THANK YOU

Documents

Passive Components [Compatibility Mode]