PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OIL - Infineum · PDF filePASSENGER CAR ENGINE OIL ... •ACEA – European ... Phosphorous retention Seq. IIIGB 1996 GM 3.8L V6 Wear control Seq. IVA 1994 Nissan

© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.

INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION

PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OIL



INTRODUCTION AND AGENDA

• The Components of a PCEO Additive Package

• Industry and OEM specification for PCEO

• PCEO Formulation Considerations

• Summary



OVERARCHING FORMULATION CONSIDERATIONS

• ACC Code of Practice, ATC Code of Practice, API EOLCS guidelines, and ATIEL guideline

• Desired performance level or specifications

• Viscosity grade coverage

• Customer / oil company requirements

• OEM requirements including factory fill or service fill applications

• Basestock availability and quality

• Component and viscosity modifier (VM) technology



basestock, 72-89%(m)

additive package, 5-12%(m)

viscosity modifier, 5-15%(m)

pour point depressant, <1%(m)

WHAT GOES INTO A FINISHED PCEO?



WHAT GOES INTO A PCEO ADDITIVE PACKAGE?

Component Function Typical Type

Dispersant suspension of soot, sludge, and deposit precursors

PIBSA/PAM

Detergents prevention of rust, corrosion, and deposit adhesion

calcium or magnesium based sulphonates, phenates, and salicylates

Antioxidants prevention of oxidation via radical traps and peroxide decomposition

ZDDP, diphenylamine, hindered phenols, metal and/or sulfur-based

Antiwear agents prevention of surface microwelding and tearing

ZDDP

Friction modifiers reduction of boundary layer friction short-chain organic acids, ‘solid’ lubricants

Antifoamant reduction in foaming tendency and stability polydimethylsiloxane



OIL AND ADDITIVE INDUSTRY VALUE CHAIN

Additive Component

Suppliers

Additive Companies

Lubricant Companies

Lubricant Sale

Channels

Vehicle Owners

Integrated Petroleum Companies

Government / Legislators

Engine Builders

Industry Committees

product flow

req

uir

emen

t fl

ow

regulatory bodies

new environmental

legislation

new hardware requires higher

quality oil

new oil specifications

Regulatory setters

Lubricant Supply

Lubricant Users

new additives new oils



ORGANISATIONS CLASSIFYING ENGINE PERFORMANCE

• Industry Associations – National

• API – American Petroleum Institute • JASO – Japanese Standard Organization

– International • ILSAC – International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee • ACEA – European Automobile Manufacturers Association

• Vehicle or Original Engine Manufacturers (OEMs), such as: – General Motors (GM) – Volkswagen (VW) – Daimler – Volvo – Scania



Additive Companies

Lubricant Companies

Test Procedures

EMA – Engine Manufacturers association (HDD) JAMA – Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association AAM – Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers ACC – American Chemistry Council ATC – Technical Committee of Petroleum Additive Manufactures in Europe ATIEL – Association Technique de L’Industrie Europeenne des Lubrifiants ASTM – American Society of Testing and Materials CEC – The Coordinating European Council for test development

INDUSTRY GROUPS

Government / Legislators

Engine Builders

Industry Committees

regulatory bodies

new environmental

legislation

Oil specifications

new hardware requires higher

quality oil

ILSAC/JAMA/AAM (PC) EMA (HD)

ACEA (PC and HD) JAMA (PC and HD)

API, ILSAC ACEA JASO

Test Rules: ACC ATC

Base stock and VGRA rules:

API ATIEL JASO

ASTM CEC

JASO

Licenses API

Legend: NA EU Japan PC: Passenger Car HD: Heavy Duty Vehicles



1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

SASB

SCSD

SESF

SGSH

SJSL

SMSN

CACB

CC

CD-II

CF-2

CD

CE

CF-4CG-4

CH-4CI-4/4+

CJ-4

CF

HDEO, 4-cycleHDEO, 2-cyclePCEO

9

EVOLUTION OF API ENGINE OIL SPECIFICATIONS



ILSAC

10

What is ILSAC?

– International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee

– A committee consisting of major US vehicle manufacturers and JAMA formed in 1992

– Chrysler, General Motors (GM), and Ford

– Honda, Isuzu, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Subaru, and Toyota

• Designed to be more responsive and nimble than the Tripartite (API, ASTM, SAE)

What does ILSAC do?

• Set minimum performance standards for gasoline passenger car vehicles, generally more stringent than API requirements



EVOLUTION OF ILSAC ENGINE OIL SPECIFICATIONS

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

GF-1 API SH

GF-2 API SJ

GF-3 API SL

GF-4 API SM

GF-5 API SN



API SN AND ILSAC GF-5 OVERVIEW

• API SN designed to:

– Improve deposits control

– Improve sludge control

– Ensure seal compatibility

• API SN-RC (resource conserving) and ILSAC GF-5 provide additional benefits, assisting OEMs in meeting regulatory requirements and providing additional benefits to the end-user: – Emissions system protection (reduced phosphorous and sulfur, and retained

phosphorous requirement)

– Improved fuel economy (Corporate Average Fuel Economy Requirements, CAFE)

– Turbocharger protection

– Engine protection for fuels containing up to 85%(m) ethanol (E85)

• GF-5 mandatory use for API Certification Mark was October 1st 2011



ILSAC GF-5 ENGINE TESTS

Parameter Test Engine Description

Oxidation and deposits control

Seq. IIIG 1996 GM 3.8L V6

Aged oil viscosity Seq. IIIGA (or ROBO) 1996 GM 3.8L V6

Phosphorous retention Seq. IIIGB 1996 GM 3.8L V6

Wear control Seq. IVA 1994 Nissan 2.4L I4

Sludge and varnish control Seq. VG 2000 Ford 4.6L V8

Bearing corrosion resistance and shear stability

Seq. VIII Coordinated Lubricants

Research (CLR) 0.7 single cylinder

Fuel economy Seq. VID 2008 GM 3.6L V6



SPECIFICATION EVOLUTION – ILSAC GF-4 to ILSAC GF-5

Parameter Units GF-4 GF-5

Fuel Economy

Fuel economy [%] Seq. VIB Seq. VID

Deposits

Seq. IIIG piston deposits [merits] > 3.5 > 4.0

TEOST 33C [mg] < 30 (ex. 0W-20)

Emissions System Compatibility

Seq. IIIGB phosphorus retention [%] > 79

Sludge

Seq. VG Engine Sludge [merits] >7.8 >8.0

Seq. VG Rocker Sludge [merits] >8.0 >8.3

Seq. VG Oil Screen Clogging [%] <20 <15

Other

Used oil low temp. pumpability [cP] Seq. IIIGA Seq. IIIGA or ROBO

E85 emulsion retention [%] =100%

Elastomer compatibility 5 materials



ENGINE OIL LICENSING AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEM (EOLCS)

• designed to define, certify, and monitor engine oil performance

• defined as a voluntary licensing and certification program

• assist customers in identifying products by licensing two (2) marks:

– API Service Symbol (i.e. ‘donut’) for:

• API S_ = service categories for cars, vans, and light trucks with gasoline engines

• API C_ = commercial category for heavy-duty trucks and vehicles with diesel engines

– API Certification Mark (i.e. ‘starburst’) for:

• current ILSAC performance level

• ensure compliance by auditing:

– verifying physical and chemical properties of oil with licensing data on file at API

– subjecting a randomized, limited number of products to engine and bench testing

15



COMPARISON OF LICENSING MARKS

16

API Service Symbol

‘donut’

API Certification Mark

‘starburst’



EOLCS LICENSING

17

• All engine tests must be conducted per the ACC Code of Practice

• Marketer is ultimately responsible for product performance, however they may utilize the following guidelines in lieu of engine testing, when appropriate:

– API Base Oil Interchange (BOI)

– API Viscosity Grade Read-Across (VGRA)

• Marketer must disclose:

– Physical and chemical properties

– Bench test data

– Product traceability code

• Marketer must agree to monitoring and enforcement procedures

• Each viscosity grade and brand requires an individual license



ACC CODE OF PRACTICE: WHAT IS IT?

• ACC is the American Chemistry Council, which is involved in a wide spectrum of activity affecting the chemical industry

• For our purposes, the ACC is taken to mean the North American lube additive industry

• It’s Code of Practice is a minimum standard covering lubricant additive validation and reporting

• Code does not . . . – Establish needs or develop tests; set limits; deal with labeling or licensing; after

market testing.



ACC CODE OF PRACTICE: MAIN FEATURES

• Engine Testing – Test stands are calibrated, referenced, and monitored with ASTM Test

Monitoring Center (TMC)

– Scheduled tests are pre-registered with monitoring agency (RSI) and can only be run in stands meeting acceptance criteria

– Scheduled tests can be placed at a laboratory of choice, but test stands are randomly assigned

– Test results are severity adjusted then judged against criteria for averaging results

• Additive Package Formulation – Minor formulation modifications are controlled against allowed limits and

criteria (16 detailed sets of guidelines in Appendix H and I of the ACC code

• Results – Results are communicated to customer via a Candidate Data Package

• Compliance – Annual audits



BASE OIL INTERCHANGE (BOI) GUIDELINES

• Developed to improve efficiency while maintaining confidence in engine oil performance when interchanging basestocks

• Based on engine test data demonstrating that base stock changes within a defined range have no significant impact on the tests/parameters of interest

• May be quite simple (i.e. no restriction among API groups) or subject to numerous criteria on saturates, sulfur content, viscosity index (VI) and base oil viscosity (BOV)



BOI EXAMPLE – SEQUENCE IVA



VISCOSITY GRADE READ ACROSS (VGRA) GUIDELINES

• Similar to BOI, developed to improve efficiency • General principles of VGRA include read-across from most difficult to less-difficult

viscosity grades – from high viscosity modifier (VM) treat to low VM treat – from high volatility basestock to low volatility basestocks



VGRA EXAMPLE – SEQUENCE IVA



EUROPEAN ENGINE OIL QUALITIES – ACEA

• ACEA Sequences

– ACEA A/B & C covers Light Duty service for Passenger Car Diesel and Gasoline

– ACEA E covers Heavy Duty service for Trucks, buses etc…

– Are defined by the OEM grouping ACEA.

– They define a minimum quality level for products for use in ACEA members’ engines

– ACEA performance claims are self-certified

• The conduct of the development program must conform to ATIEL & ATC codes and oil marketers are required to abide by these rules for base oil and viscosity grade interchange.

• The whole system is called EELQMS (European Engine Lubricant Quality Monitoring System), equivalent to EOLCS in US

– Include European tests mainly but also some North American tests mainly on HDD side

– Bench tests include Noack volatility, HTHS, shear stability, Seals



– ACEA 2012 introduces additional measures to protect against biofuels

– ACEA 2012 released at the end of 2012

– However there are still some additional engine tests that are being developed

EVOLUTION OF ACEA SPECIFICATION

ACEA 2010

CHEMICAL LIMITS

10TBN for A3/B4-10 0.9% ash min for

A3/B3-10

BENCH TESTS

GFC Oxidation LTPT test

ACEA 2012

ENGINE & BENCH

TEST

OM646Bio test (CEC L-104)

DV6 Medium Dispersivity (CEC L-106)

M271EVO (Sludge control)

DELAYED

Low Temperature Pumpability (CEC L-105-12)

Oxidation bench test (GFC-Lu-43-A-11)

NEW

NEW

DELAYED



Sequence issue First allowable use Mandatory for new claims

Oils with this claim may be marketed until

2004 1st November 2004 1st November 2005 31st December 2009

2007 1st February 2007 1st February 2008 23rd December 2010

2008 22nd December 2008 22nd December 2009 22nd December 2012

2010 22nd December 2010 22nd December 2011 22nd December 2014

2012 14th December 2012 14th December 2013 ….

TIMETABLE FOR ACEA PRODUCT CLAIM

• ACEA 2012 is the only current ACEA Sequence, all others are now obsolete



SAPS AND LUBRICANTS – CONVENTIONAL (FULL), MID AND LOW SAPS

• SAPS – Sulfated Ash, Phosphorus, Sulphur

• There is no formal definition, but

• Full / Mid / Low generally categorised for PCMO

ACEA specification C1 / C4 C2 / C3 Ax/Bx

Mass % Low SAPS Mid SAPS Conventional SAPS

Sulfated Ash ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.8 ≥ 0.9

Phosphorous ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.090 ≥ 0.100

Sulphur ≤ 0.2 ≤ 0.3 ≥ 0.4


INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 28

ACEA A3/B3

Sulfated Ash 0.9 to 1.5

ACEA A3/B4

(ACEA A3/B3 + Direct Injection Diesel Engines)

Sulfated Ash 1.0 to 1.6

ACEA C3 Sulfated Ash ≤ 0.8

Phosphorus ≥ 0.070 to ≤ 0.090

Sulfur ≤ 0.3

ACEA C4

Sulfated Ash ≤ 0.5

Phosphorus ≤ 0.090

Sulfur ≤ 0.2

ACEA A1/B1


ACEA A5/B5


ACEA C2

Sulfated Ash ≤ 0.8 Phosphorus ≤ 0.090

Sulfur ≤ 0.3

ACEA C1


Phosphorus ≤ 0.050

Sulfur ≤ 0.2

ACEA A1/B1

(≥ 2.6 for xW-20)

ACEA SEQUENCES

HTHSV >

3.5

HTHSV >

2.9

HTHSV >

2.6

Basic Performance

Full SAPS

Extended Drain

Basic Performance

Full SAPS

Extended Drain

+ Biodiesel

Basic Performance

Mid SAPS

+ Biodiesel

+ DPF/TWC

Basic Performance

Low SAPS

+ Biodiesel

+ DPF/TWC

Incr

easi

ng

FE p

erfo

rman

ce



Engine Tests Performance Measure Comments

PSA TU5JP-L4 Piston deposits, Oxidation 4 cyl, 1.6L gasoline engine

PSA TU3M Valve train wear and scuffing 4 cyl, 1.4L gasoline engine

OM646LA Cam & cylinder wear, bore polishing MB 4 cyl, 2.2L diesel engine

Sequence VG Sludge, Varnish Ford, 4.6L, V-8 gasoline

engine

M271 Sludge MB 4 cyl, 1.8 gasoline engine

VW TDI Piston deposits, ring sticking 4 cyl, 1.9L, diesel engine

PSA DV4TD Soot induced oil thickening 4 cyl, 1.4L, diesel engine

M111 Fuel economy MB 4 cyl, 2.0 gasoline engine

ACEA 2012 A/B/C SEQUENCES ENGINE TESTS



FUEL

ECONOMY

Infineum Confidential Information

EUROPEAN OEM SPECIFICATIONS

BMW LL-01

HT

HS

V >

3.5

MB229.5

Full SAPS

A3/B3/B4

A1/B1 - A5/B5

VW502 00 / 505 00

Low SAPS

C4

Mid SAPS

C3

HT

HS

V >

2.9

Renault 0700

Renault 0710

C1 C2

Porsche A40

MB229.3

VW501 01 / 505 00

MB229.51

MB229.31

BMW LL-04

Renault 0720

VW504 00 / 507 00 Porsche C30

Dexos 2

Ford 913C Ford 913D

BMW LL-01 FE BMW LL-12 FE

Ford 917A

Ford 934B

Ford 948B Ford 925B

HT

HS

V >

2.6

PSA B71 2296

PSA B71 2300

PSA B71 2290 PSA B71 2312

BMW LL-14 FE+

MB229.52 MB226.5

MB226.51

VW502 00 / 505 01

Volvo A3/B4

Volvo A5/B5

Volvo RBSO-2AE

PSA MA7 STJLR51.5122

STJLR03.5003

STJLR03.5004

STJLR03.5005

Ford 950A



PCEO Formulation Considerations

WHAT’S NEXT?

+ Effects - Effects

Viscosity Modifier

Additive Package



FORMULATION CONSIDERATIONS: DETERGENTS

Background Many configurations available including: • salicylates, phenates, and sulphonates • neutral and highly overbased • magnesium and/or calcium

Formulation Considerations

1. Mixture of detergents generally used to provide an balance of attributes

2. Neutral provide detergency for piston cleanliness while overbased provide a source of alkalinity reserve

3. Sulfonates more effective at lower temperature (piston skirt) while phenates more effective at higher temperature (piston crown)

4. Salicylates provide detergency and antioxidant protection, and their low sulfur content enables greater flexibility in restricted formulations

5. Metal variety can affect wear performance 6. Source of ash, a restricted parameter in some applications



FORMULATION CONSIDERATIONS: DISPERSANTS

Background Many configurations available including: • high and low molecular weight • chloro or thermal • borated or non-borated


1. concentration and type chosen to provide: • sludge and filter plugging control • piston and engine cleanliness • control of soot-induced oil thickening

2. contributes significantly to additive package and finished oil viscosity, so high treat rates can be detrimental to fuel economy performance

3. detrimental to CCS viscosity 4. chloro-dispersant contains residual chlorine, a restricted

parameter in some applications 5. may be detrimental to compatibility with certain elastomers 6. borated dispersants are beneficial in wear and elastomer

compatibility, at the expense of sludge control efficiency



FORMULATION CONSIDERATION: ZDDP

Background Many configurations available including: • high or low molecular weight • primary or secondary


1. provide dual-functionality as both an antioxidant and antiwear component

2. lower molecular weight provides better wear protection while higher molecular weight provides better thermal stability

3. secondary provides better wear protection while primary provides better thermal stability

4. source of ash, a restricted parameter in some applications

5. contribute phosphorous, a controlled parameter for emissions system protection

6. highly efficient and cost-effective



FORMULATION CONSIDERATIONS: ANTIOXIDANTS AND FRICTION MODIFIERS

Antioxidants

Background Several options available beyond ZDDP including: • aminic and phenolic • metal- and/or sulfur-based


1. response of oil to oxidation varies significantly by engine test, so a combination of antioxidants typically used to achieve performance

Friction Modifiers

Background Several options available including: • organic • inorganic


1. some are highly surface active and can detrimentally impact wear performance

2. organic FMs may cause stability issues in the additive package or finished oil



FORMULATION CONSIDERATIONS: VISCOSITY MODIFIERS

Background Many options available including: • OCP, PMA, styrene/isoprene copolymer • functionalized (dispersant) or non-functionalized


1. exhibit different degrees of temporary and permanent viscosity loss in high-shear operating conditions

2. exhibit different contributions to low temperature performance

3. typically detrimental to engine cleanliness

4. selection of VM may benefit fuel economy

5. VM diluent contributes to finished oil volatility



• Summary of the engine tests in current ACEA & API specifications and the associated oil properties which these engine test stresses on are listed in the table below.

FORMULATION FOR KEY INDUSTRY ENGINE TESTS

Properties Relevant Industry Test

Black sludge M271SL, Seq VG

Soot induced oil thickening DV4

Piston cleanliness, ring sticking VW TDI, TU5

Oxidative oil thickening TU5, Seq. IIIG

Valve train wear OM646LA, TU3, Seq IIIG, Seq IVA

Fuel economy M111FE, Seq VID

Bearing corrosion Seq. VIII



SUMMARY

• PCEO formulation requires careful component and basestock selection to achieve balanced performance in combination engine and bench tests defined by a specification

• Diversity in specification requirements due to diverging OEM needs, engine platforms and consumer preferences cause increased fragmentation of products in the marketplace.

• Marketers must offer oils that meet both industry and OEM

specifications



Permission is given for storage of one copy in electronic means for reference purposes. Further reproduction of any material is prohibited without prior written consent of Infineum International Limited. The information contained in this document is based upon data believed to be reliable at the time of going to press and relates only to the matters specifically mentioned in this document. Although Infineum has used reasonable skill and care in the preparation of this information, in the absence of any overriding obligations arising under a specific contract, no representation, warranty (express or implied), or guarantee is made as to the suitability, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information; nothing in this document shall reduce the user’s responsibility to satisfy itself as to the suitability, accuracy, reliability, and completeness of such information for its particular use; there is no warranty against intellectual property infringement; and Infineum shall not be liable for any loss, damage or injury that may occur from the use of this information other than death or personal injury caused by its negligence. No statement shall be construed as an endorsement of any product or process. For greater certainty, before use of information contained in this document, particularly if the product is used for a purpose or under conditions which are abnormal or not reasonably foreseeable, this information must be reviewed with the supplier of such information. INFINEUM, PARATAC, SYNACTO, VISTONE and the interlocking ripple device are Trade Marks of Infineum International Limited. © Infineum International Limited 2015. All rights reserved

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PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OIL - Infineum · PDF filePASSENGER CAR ENGINE OIL ... •ACEA – European ... Phosphorous retention Seq. IIIGB 1996 GM 3.8L V6 Wear control Seq. IVA 1994 Nissan