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CURRICULUM ASSOCIATES®, Inc.

PHOTO CREDITS:

Pages 29, 110 Royalty Free/Corbis

Pages 30–32, 70, 112 ©2001 ArtToday.com

Page 52 Courtesy of Susan Hawk

Page 68 H. G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Society

Page 71 C. E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Society

Page 72 Courtesy of Lisa Greenleaf Gollihue

Pages 85–88 NASA

Page 92 Digital Imagery ©2001 PhotoDisc, Inc.

Pages 93–96 NOAA Photo Library/Central Library

Page 96 American Red Cross, NOAA PhotoLibrary/Central Library

Pages 109, 111 Earth from Space, NASA

ILLUSTRATION CREDITS:

Pages 4–8, 28, 60, 76–80, 84, 100, 108, 112 Lisa Greenleaf Gollihue

Pages 12–16, 20–24, 36–40, 44–48, 53–56, 60–64,100–104, 116–120 Leslie Alfred McGrath

Page 69 Susan Hawk

ISBN 0-7609-1917-8©2002—Curriculum Associates, Inc.

North Billerica, MA 01862No part of this book may be reproduced by any means

without written permission from the publisher.All Rights Reserved. Printed in USA.15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Passageways is a reading book that has 15 interestingnonfiction selections. These are the kinds of selections that you might read in school books, in library books, in magazines,and in other books.

Each selection is followed by 18 multiple-choice questions.These questions give you practice with key reading strategies.Each selection also has 3 Explorations in Writing questions.These questions ask you to write about what you have read.

Passageways will help you understand and enjoy what youread. You will become a better reader. And you will get themost from your reading!

FOR THE STUDENT

The Apple: From Seed to Fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Young Abraham Lincoln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Let’s Vote on It! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Poison Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Balto, Hero of Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Hello . . . It’s for You! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

The Many Uses of Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Shake, Rattle, & Roll: Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Let’s Make Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Sally Ride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Extreme Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Pizza, Pizza, Pizza! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

The Big River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

A Different Kind of Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Explorations in Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124–128

TABLE OF CONTENTS

28

FROGSP O I S O N

FROGSGetting StartedYou’ve probably

seen lots of frogs.They live in pondsand maybe even in your yard. Buthave you ever seen a poison frog?Probably not.

Poison frogs live in the rain forests ofCentral and SouthAmerica.

How are poisonfrogs different fromother frogs? Readthe followingselection to find out.

POISON FROGS

29

P oison frogs live in rain forests. These forests are warm

and wet. The trees grow very tall. Their leaves spread out

and make a roof over the forest. This roof is called a canopy.

It keeps most of the bright sunlight away from the ground.

It also keeps the rain forest warm and damp.

A poison frog needs a warm, damp place to live. If the air

is not damp enough, the poison frog will dry out and die.

POISON FROGS

A rain forest makes a good home for poison frogs.

30

T here are about 170 different kinds of poison frogs.

These frogs can be deadly, but they are pretty small. Some

are as small as insects. Many are less than one inch long.

Most are no more than two inches long.

Some poison frogs live in trees. Certain kinds of plants

are important to them. These plants have clusters of long

leaves. Water often forms small puddles where the groups

of leaves join together. The frogs lay their eggs in the

puddles. The eggs hatch into baby frogs called tadpoles.

The frogs take good care of their tadpoles. In about three

weeks, the tadpoles turn into frogs.

Some poison frogs live on the ground. These frogs cannot

climb into trees. They lay their eggs in small ponds or under

damp leaves or rocks.

POISON FROGS

A poison frog is small—but deadly!

31

M any rain forest animals hunt only at night. During the

day, they hide among plants. They don’t want their enemies

to see them and eat them. But poison frogs hop around

openly during the day. They don’t have to hide. Poison seeps

out through small holes in their skin. So poison frogs don’t

taste very good. Animals that catch them spit them right out.

Rain forest animals that hide in plants are often the same

color as the plants. But poison frogs are brightly colored.

They might be red, blue, orange, or yellow. Some have dots

or patterns on their skin. Their bright colors seem to warn

hungry animals: “ Keep away. I am poisonous. One bite and

you’re dead!”

What do poison frogs eat? They eat

small insects, such as ants, beetles, flies, and

spiders. Lots of insects live in the rain forest.

They like the warmth and dampness there.

Poison frogs have plenty of food.

POISON FROGS

P oison frogs don’t get sick very often. Scientists think

that the frogs’ poison destroys germs that would make them

sick. Their poison is strong enough to kill germs.

Some poison frogs live as long as nine years. That’s a long

time for a frog!

Some Indians who live in the rain forest use darts for

hunting. They rub the dart tips against a poison frog’s skin.

The frog’s poison gets on the darts. The poison on the darts

kills the animals.

A frog’s poison can also kill a person if it gets through

the person’s skin.

So, what if you’re in a rain forest and see a tiny, brightly

colored frog? Don’t touch it! It could be a poison frog.

32 POISON FROGS

Finding Main Idea and Details

The main idea is the most importantidea. The details are the pieces ofinformation that tell more about the main idea.

1. What is the article mostly about?� rain forests� rain forest plants� poison frogs� what poison frogs eat

2. Which of these details was notmentioned in the article?� Poison frogs are brightly

colored.� Poison frogs might lay their

eggs under rocks.� Poison frogs carry tadpoles

on their backs.� Poison frogs eat many kinds

of insects.

3. About how many kinds of poisonfrogs are there?� 170� 100� 17� 1,700

Finding Word Meaning in Context

Use context clues to find the meaningof a new word. Context clues are wordsin a sentence that help you figure outthe meaning of the new word.

4. On page 30, what does the wordclusters mean?� “bunches”� “stems”� “berries”� “thousands”

5. Look at page 31. The word seepsmeans� “floods.”� “sprays.”� “flows.”� “boils.”

6. On page 32, the word germs tellsabout � food.� sickness.� plants.� enemies.

33POISON FROGS

Recognizing Cause and Effect

When one thing causes another thing to happen, it is called cause and effect.The cause is the reason why somethinghappens. The effect is what happens.

7. Poison frogs live in the rain forestbecause they need� a dry place to live.� a cold place to live.� a dark place to live.� a warm, damp place to live.

8. Other animals don’t eat poisonfrogs because poison frogs� taste bad.� feel slippery.� look ugly.� smell bad.

9. You should not touch a brightlycolored frog because� it might be poisonous.� you might hurt it.� you might rub the color off.� it might have germs.

Comparing and Contrasting

Comparing is finding how two or more things are alike. Contrasting is finding how two or more things are different.

10. Some poison frogs are the same size as� monkeys.� insects.� dogs.� horses.

11. Unlike many other rain forestanimals, a poison frog� eats insects.� lives in trees.� doesn’t have to hide

during the day.� always has to hide

during the day.

12. The rain forest canopy is most like � a roof.� a doorway.� a window.� a chimney.

34 POISON FROGS

Understanding Sequence

Sequence is the order in which thingsare done or events happen.

13. Which does the selection tell aboutfirst?� how poison frogs lay eggs� what poison frogs eat � what poison frogs look like� where poison frogs live

14. Which event happens first?� The frogs lay eggs. � The frogs take good care

of the tadpoles.� The tadpoles turn into frogs.� The eggs hatch into tadpoles.

15. Which of these does the author tellabout last in the selection?� what poison frogs do during

the day� where poison frogs find food� why poison frogs don’t often

get sick� why poison frogs live in

rain forests

Drawing Conclusions

Drawing conclusions can help youfigure out things that are not writtenin a selection. To draw a conclusion,think about the facts. Then think aboutwhat you know in your own life.

16. From the selection, you can tellthat poison frogs probably� make a good meal.� make excellent pets.� don’t have many animal

enemies.� have many animal enemies.

17. Which of these is the mostdangerous for a poison frog?� wetness� dryness� small puddles� tall trees

18. Which of these would you probablynot find in a rain forest?� poison frogs� tall trees� insects� cactuses

35

Go to page 125.

POISON FROGS

Explorationsin Writing

125

Explorations in Writing Write your answers on a separate piece of paper.

POISON FROGS (pages 28–32)

1. The author explains why poison frogs live in the rain forest. Write a fewsentences that tell why the rain forest is a good place for poison frogs to live.

2. A fact can be proved. An opinion is what someone thinks or feels.• Here is a fact from the selection: Poison frogs live in the rain forest.• Here is an opinion based on the selection: Poison frogs are pretty.Write another fact from the selection. Write another opinion based on theselection. Give at least one reason for the opinion.

3. Write a few sentences telling what you have learned about poison frogs.

Balto, Hero of Alaska (pages 36–40)

1. In this selection, the author tells the true story of Balto. What was yourfavorite part of the story? Why? Write about it.

2. A fact can be proved. An opinion is what someone thinks or feels.• Here is a fact from the story: Nenana is 650 miles from Nome.• Here is an opinion based on the story: Balto was the best sled dog ever.Write another fact from the story. Write another opinion based on the story. Give at least one reason for the opinion.

3. Think about the story. Use your own words to retell the story.

Hello. . . It’s for You! (pages 44–48)

1. The author tells about being a telephone operator in the late 1800s. Write a few sentences telling what that job was probably like.

2. A fact can be proved. • Here is a fact from the story: In 1876, there was a big fair in Philadelphia.Write two more facts from the story.

3. Read again the section called “Changes!” on page 48. Write a few sentencestelling what this section is about.

Explorationsin Writing