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PARTICLES
The words that hold a Japanese sentence together
The function of particles
• Particles in Japanese join parts of the sentence together.
• A particle can tell us a lot about the word before it.
Particles – a summary
WATopic marker
MO Also
NO Possessive DE‘by’ / do ‘at’ a place
WOObject marker
TO With / and
NI‘at’ with time
NI ‘to’ a place
Flickr photo by Davi M
はNote: This particle is actually written with hiragana “ha”
The Topic Marker は
• は [wa] tells us the topic of the sentence.
• It tells us WHAT is being discussed.
• It is hard to translate into English but it is similar to saying ‘as for …’.
Examples for は
• ぼく は 12さい です。• I am 12 years old. (As for me, I’m 12).
• ひろ は せんせい です。• Hiro is a teacher. (As for Hiro, [he’s] a
teacher.
Flickr photo by Spitzgogo
The Possessive
の
The Possessive の
• の [no] can act like ‘apostrophe s’ in English.
• It tells us who owns something.
• It also serves to join 2 nouns together when they relate to each other. Eg. Tomorrow morning, Tuesday next week, and so on.
Examples for の
• ぼく の なまえ は ひろ です。• My name is Hiro.
• せんせい の ほん です。• It is the teacher’s book.
• にほんご の せんせい。• Japanese Teacher (teacher of Japanese)
Flickr photo by tanakawho
Flickr photo by El Negro Magnifico
The object marker を
The object marker を
• を [wo] tells us the object of the verb.
• If the verb is ‘do’, it tells us what we are doing. If the verb is ‘eat’, it tells us what we are eating.
• ‘Eat a hamburger’ – hamburger is the object
• ‘Play tennis’ – tennis is the object.
Examples for を • まど を あけてください。• Please open the door.
• ひろ は おんがく を ききます。• Hiro listens to music.
Flickr photo by B Tal
Flickr photo by an untrained eye
Movement “to” a place
に
The particle に
1. に [ni] tells us the place we are going to.
Example:
a. かわ に いきます。 Go to the river
Time “at” which
something occurs
に
Flickr photo by Joe PennistonFlickr photo by Robbert van der Steeg
The particle に
1. It also tells us the time we do something. It comes after the TIME or DAY of the week.
Example:a. ろくじ に おきます。 Wake up at
6:00
The “location”
of something:“in” / “on”
に
Flickr photo by John Althouse Cohen
The particle に
1. It also indicates the location of something. “on the table” etc.
Example:a. いす の うえ に あります。 It
is on the chair.
Flickr photo by L. Marie
“Also”
も
Flickr photo by Caucas’
The particle も
• も means “also”
• It can replace を or は but can be used together with に or へ
Examples for も
• すし を たべます。さしみ も たべます。• I eat sushi. I also eat sashimi.
• とうきょう に いきます。おおさか にも いきます。
• I will go to Tokyo. I will also go to Osaka.
The particle で
• で tells us how we get somewhere. Like “by means of”, “using”
• Tells us “where” we do something– Listen to music in de house!!!
Flickr photo by Destinys Agent
What you use to do something
で
Flickr photo by moriza
Where u do de activity
で
How you get somewhere
Flickr photo by rAmmoRRison
で
Examples for で
• バス で いきます。• Go by bus.
• ぎんこう で はたらいています。• Work at the bank.
• こうえん で あそびます。• Play in the park.
“with” after a
person / animal
と
Flickr photo by jm3Flickr photo by onkel wart
The particle と
• と is used between nouns to mean “and”
• と also indicates who or what you do something “with”
Examples for と
• いす と つくえ が あります。• There is a chair and a desk.
• いぬ と あそびます。• Play with the dog.
• あした、ともだち と テニスを します。• Tomorrow, I will play tennis with my friend.