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Part IV
Writing in the Past and in the Future
Rich Tennant
I ’m not, svre ""ha.t, s \:JellínS ~bovt,. It,’
’ d ~ll ín Sp~nísh. "\3>vt, 1 t,hínk he’s CélllínS
~ monst.er.
ln this part ... , here’s more to life than the present. Although the past /J is gone with the wind, 1 can think 01 many situations in
which a student, a traveler, or a businessperson will have to use the past tense to express thoughts, ideas, or questions. This part presents the lormation and use 01 the most commonly used past tenses in Spanish - Irom the preterit to the imperlect. And il you have hopes and dreams lor the luture, this part also helps you express them through the use of the present tense, expressions of the near future, and the luture tense (Ior the distant luture).
Leaving It Completely in the Past 。 “” ij (,•“ υι; ‘““‘ U 0 (1 ‘” o “‘ G ‘“ ωι ’“i ’ ÇJ
ln This Chapter
Forming the preterit 01 various types 01 verbs
Using the preterit to express a past action
ιC' ‘ i> (',‘;;,\ ‘ ιο ’‘3 o (j ()υιαια ‘’ ç, 이 o ,:1 α Q ιo q ’ 0 。
‘ιome people look back on the past with lond memories. For others, however, the past is 4!ttSØ' a time they’d like to lorget! No matter how you leel about it, the past is a time that can help you learn and grow. In Spanish, several different tenses alIow you to express past actions. One of them is the preterÎt, which expresses an action, event, or state of mind that occurred and was completed at a specific time in the past. (For example, She closed her book or He caught the ball.) In other words, il you had a digital camera, it would capture that moment instantly. If you remember that an action ended at a definite moment, you’1I have no trouble using the preterit, and you won’t get the preterit conlused with another Spanish past tense you ’1I see in a later chapter.
In this chapter, 1 show you how to form the preterit 01 regular verbs, verbs with spelling changes, verb with stem changes, and irregular verbs. Along the way, 1 include helplul hints on how to remember the changes and irregularities you’1I have to know and memorize. 1 also provide a detaHed explanation on when to use the preterit 50 you won’ t make mistakes when the tense is calIed for and appropriate. By the end 01 this chapter, you’1I be able to express what you did in the past - for better or for worse!
FormÎnfj the Preterit Forming the preterit isn’t as chalIenging as you may believe. AlI regular verbs and verbs with spelling and stem changes whose infinitives end in -ar have the same preterit endings ‘
The same holds true for verbs whose infinitives end in -er and -ir. And alI irregular verbs have the same endings, and most lalI into categories that make them easy to digest. The following sections show you the way.
Reljufar flerbs Forming the preterit of regular verbs is rather easy, because although there are three different infinitive endings - -ar, -er, and -ir - you use only two different sets 01 endings for the preterit. Only -ir verbs with present tense stem changes undergo a change in the preterit, and there are just a few verbs with spelling changes.
To form the preterit of regular verbs , you drop the -ar, -er, or -ir infinitive ending and add the preterit endings. The fo lIowing table shows the conjugation of an -ar verb:
I 12 Part IV: Writing in the Past a삐
젠j
q鍵
yo mlr8
tú miraste
él, ella, Ud. miró
Yo miré 10 televi5ión. 1I watched te/evision.)
Here’s the conjugation 01 an -er verb:
bebí
tú bebiste
él, ella, Ud. bebió
Finally, allow me to give you this -ir conjugation
recibí
tú recibi5te
nosotros miramos
vosotros mirasteis
e1l05, ellas, Uds. miraron
nosotro5 bebim05
V050!ros bebi5tei5
ellos, ellas, Ud5. bebieron
nosotros recibimos
VQsotros recibisteis
él, ella, Ud. recibi따 e1l05, ellas, Uds. recibieron
iOuére미bi5te? (What did you receive?)
The nosotros preterit lorms 01 -ar verbs and -ir verbs are the same as their presenttense forms
Nosotros hablamos. (We speak; We spoke.)
Nosotros subimos aI ático. (야Iè go up 10 Ihe attiι μfe wenl up 10 Ihe attic.)
Here are some more examples that show you how to write a sentence by using the preterit tense:
‘J/ Todo야s los a허h삐umnos aprendieron mucho. (Alllhe sludenls learned a /01.)
iK‘J/ Yoe썼뼈뼈o야m때때e않빼빼sh뼈tu뼈뼈빠빼빼l떠폐따빠뼈d띠따빠뼈i댄따때6싶뻐e마le앉때웹鋼s얘웹빼p뼈뼈a뼈ño이lκ(1μ“lμωsl“ωu,띠I띠d이le얹dS,φpaαam
J/ Mi amigo ecribió un poema en españ이. (My friend wrole a poem in Spanish.)
You just got back lrom a vacation with a tour group. Express what dillerent people did on the tour by giving the preterit 01 the verb indicated
Q. φebeηT디 mucha agua y n050tr05 mucho calé
A. Tú bebiste mucha agua y nosotros bebimos mucho calé
----I l
, 4
때
n r n s m ·m ” -마
밍 聊
F L g
t
빼
없
’ L 염
밍
t 매
L ” ” F
·u
췄솔
학평‘
1. (comer) Yo
2. (comprar) Vosotros
3. (correr) Nosotros campo.
demasiado pero ella poco
aretes y nosotros relojes
en el gimnasio y vosotros en el
4. (escribir) Tú
5. (gastar) T디
6. (hablar) Yo
tarjetas postales y ellos cartas.
mucho dinero pero Juanita poco.
con todo el mundo pero ellos con nadie
fJerhs witn spelfint} cnant}es Only two categories 01 verbs have spelling changes in the preterit tense:
품 Thosewith짧 gar, and -zar endings (whose c願yo뼈 Chapter 7 when dealing with the subjunctive)
V' Those that have a vowel belore their -er or -ir ending
The lollowing sections dive into these changes
I!erbs endin9 in -caη -9aι and -zar
Verbs ending in -ear, -gar, and -zar have the same change that they have in the subjunctive (see Chapter η, but only in the yo lorm 01 the preterit. This is necessary to preserve the original sound 01 the verb‘ The lollowing table presents a relresher course:
c changes to qu tocar (10 louch) yo toqué (1 louched)
yo jugué (1 played)
yo empecé (1 began)
g changes to gu jugar (10 play)
z changes to c empezar (10 begin)
Here are some example sentences that highlight these endings:
제 Yo expliqué el problema. (1앉plained Ihe problem.)
V' Yo lIe밍lé antes de ellos. (1 arrived before Ihem.)
‘'" Yo almorcε con mis amigos. (1 ale lunch ωilh my friends.)
I!erbs that change i tu IJ Verbs that contain a vowel immediately preceding their -er or -ir ending change i to y in the third-person sing비ar (él, ella, Ud.) and plural (ellos, ell잃, Uds.) lorms. All other forms have an accented i: í.
The i to y change doesn’t hold true lor the verb σaer (10 bring)
Él no trajó su p잃aporte. (He didn '1 bring his passp야t)
? 14 PartIV:W끼ting in the Past and i빼
핫맺J
The tables that follow show high-frequency Spanish verbs that require the i to y change:
yo cal nosotros caímos
tú caíste vosotros caísteis
él, ella, Ud ellos, ellas, Uds.
티 lurisla se cayó allago. (The tourist fe /l in the lake.)
yo crel nosotros creímos
tú creíste vosotros creísteis
él, ella , Ud. creyó ellos, ellas, Uds. creyeron
Ellos no me creyeron. (They didn't believe me.)
yo leí
tú leíste
él, ella, Ud. 1
nosotros leímos
VDsotros Jeísteis
e110ι ellas, Uds. leyeron
i.leyó Ud. esle artículo? (Did you read this article'!)
01 nosotros oímos
tú oíste vosotros oísteis
eIlos, ellas, Uds. oyeron
Verbs ending in -uir (concluir [to conc/ude ], destruir [to deslroy] , sustiluir [to substitute] , and so on) follow the i to y change, but they don't accent the i in the tú, nosotros, and vosotros forms. The following table presents an example:
‘ yo conc lU비 JI l
tú concluiste
§1, ella, Ud. concluyó
Ellos concluyeron sus estudios. (
nosotros concluimos
vosotros concJuisteis
e110ι ellas, Uds. concluyeron
concluded their studies.)
, ‘ ‘
i l l
•
‘ / -때
n r a ν
m ·m ” ’ • 밍
하 뼈
n b t
빼
않
I L ” u R t 매
• ” ” n b
Verbs with stem chantjes The only verbs with stem changes in the preterit tense are -ir inlinitive verbs that have a stem change in the present tense (see Chapter 4). Be careful, though! The change is different in the preterit tense than it is in the present. Here’s how you form the preterit: Change e to i or 0 to U only in the third-person singular (él, ella, Ud.) and plural (ellos, ellas, Uds.) forms ‘ The following tables show what these verbs look like in the preterit tense:
!ú
61, ella, Ud. prefirió
Ella
nosotros pedimos
voso!ros pedisteis
e1I0s, ellas, Uds. pidieron
su ayuda. (We asked for his help.l Nosotros
해3
nosotros dormirnos
vosotros dormisteis
ellos, ellas, Uds. durmieron
The verbs reír (10 laugh) and sonreír (10 smile) change -e to -i in the stem of the third person singular (él, ella, Ud.) and third-person plural (ellos, ell잃, Uds.) forms, and add accents in the tú, nosotros, and vosotros forms. Here’s the conjugation
re, tú reíste
él, ella, Ud. rió
Ellas rieron de él. (
nosotros reímos
vosotros reísteis
ellos, ellas, Uds. rieron
216 Pa때rt에빼t“배IV:W빠Vr디때it
‘짧
“
Here are some examples that use other verbs with these changes:
‘'" ÉI mintió. (He lied.)
v Ellos sirvieron vino. (They served wine.)
v EI hombre murió. (The man died.)
Express what happened yesterday by completing the conversations you had with and about friends and others. Change the verbs 1 provide from the infinitive to the preterit tense
ι (reírse) ι chistes.
A. se riojme reí
7. Gugar) l
8. (caerse) ιQuiεn
9. (leer) ‘ 10. 여ormir) l
11. (platicar) l
12. (sentirse) ι
13. (oír) lQué chismes
14. (abrazar) l
15. (vestirse) ιA qué hora media
16. (distribuir) ιQuξ folletos.
lrret)utar f/erbs
Ud. con 105 chistes de Luz? Sí, yo
t디 aI tenis? No, yo
? Nosotros
Ud. este artículo? No, yo no 10
.José una siesta? Sí, el y yo
Ud. con sus amigos? Sí, yo
Uds. bien ayer? Sí, n050tr05
Ud.?Yo no
tú a tus padres? Yo 105
Uds. Nosotros
Pablo y Juan‘ No sé pero yo
desus
al fútbo l.
una siesta
con ellos
bien
ningunos
a las seis y
Many verbs that are irregular in the present tense also are irregular in the preterit, which makes them easier to recognize as irregular verbs. Some of these irregular verbs may be grouped according to the changes they undergo. Unfortunately, a small number of verbs are completely irregular and must be memorized. 1 cover both in the sections that foll。、v
Most irregular verbs fall into categories, which makes them easier to remember. The irregular verbs in the categories in this section have the following endings in the preterit tense:
vyo:-e
vt디: -iste
‘/ ε1, ella, Ud.: -0
‘ --” / • 때
n r e m -m u ! 마
하 聊
F b t
빼
‘ 않
’ L 염
r a ‘ t 매
L ” n b
v nosotros: -imos
v vosotros: -isteis
‘'" ellos, ellas, Uds.: -ieron (or -jeron if the stem ends in -j)
f/erbs lIIith i in the preterit stem Some Spanish verbs with an e or an a in their stem change the e or a to i in the preterit. The lollowing tables present lour such verbs
tú
él, ella, Ud. dijo
vosotros dijisteis
ellos, ellas, Uds. dijero"
vme nosotros vinimos
tú viniste vosotros vinisteis
él, ella, Ud. vi"o ellos, ellas, Uds. vinieron
yo qUlse
tú
tú hiciste
él, ella, Ud. hizo
4했 In the third-person singular preterit 01 hacer, -c changes to -z to maintain the original sound 01 the verb
'18 PartIV:W끼ting in the Past ar빼 the Future
Verbs lIIith u in the preterit stem SOffie irregular Spanish verbs with an a or an 0 in their stem change the a or the 0 to u. The following tables present examples 01 such verbs:
vosotros cupisteis
§1, olla , Ud. c뻐o 0110ι ollas, Uds. cupieron
Nosotros no cupimos todos en 리 coche. (We didn't al! fit in the car.)
Verbs lIIith ull in the preterit stem
nosotros supimos
vosotros
ellos, ellas, Uds. supieron
nosotros pusimos
vosotros
ollos, ellas, Uds. pusieron
nosotros pudimos
vosotros pudisleis
ellos, ollas, Uds
Three Spanish verbs use uv before their preterit endings. Be carelul, though, because tenerdoesn’t follow the same pattern as andar and estar:
nosotros anduvimos
tú anduvisle vosotros anduvisteis
él, olla, Ud. anduvo ollos, ollas, Uds. anduvieron
Nosolros anduvimos al lealro. (We walked to the theater.)
yo estuve
tú estuviste
él, elia, Ud. estuvo
estuve en casa.
yo tuve
tú tuviste
él, elia , Ud. tuvo
Chapter 13: leaving It Completely i때
nosotros estuvimos
vosotros estuvisteis
elios, elias, Uds. estuvieron
nosotros tuvimos
vosotros tuvisteis
ellos, elias, Uds. tuvieron
Ella tuvo un catarro. (She had a cold.)
Verbs with i in the preterit stem Some irregular Spanish verbs have a j in their preterit stem. This category includes all verbs that end in 깅ucir as well as the verb decir (10 say; see the section “Verbs with i in the preterit stem"). Note that there’s no i in the third-person singular or plural preterit endings. Here are some examples
yo traje
tú trajiste
él, elia, Ud. traio
Ellos
tú conduiiste
él, ella, Ud. condujo
The preterit of dar and rler
their books to class.)
nosotros
vosotros condujisteis
elios, elias, Uds. conduieron
The Spanish verbs dar and ver have the same irregular preterit endings. You drop their respective -ar and -er infinitive endings and then add their preterit endings to d-and v-:
~ 20 Part IV: W끼ting in the Past and in the Futur
‘鍾
di nosotros dimos
tú diste vosotros disteis
él, ella, Ud. dio ellos, ellas, Uds. dieron
nosotros vimos
vosotros visteis
ellos, ellas, Uds‘ vieron
The prete서t uf ser and ir The two irregular verbs ser (10 be) and ir (10 go) have the exact same preterit lorms. How can you tell which verb is being used in a sentence? You have to look at the context 01 the sentence. The highly irregular conjugations 01 these two verbs are as lollows:
fui
tú fuiste
1, ella, Ud. fue
The lollowing examples show these verbs in action
ir. Yo 떠 al mercado. (1 wenllo Ihe markel.)
ser: Yo fui con él en el mercado. (1 was wilh him in Ihe markel.)
Write the story 01 your day with Iriends in your journal. Give the correct lorm 01 each verb by changing its infinitive to the preterit tense
Hoy, yo (hacer) (17) una cosa y mi hermano (hacer) (1히 otra. Yo (ir) (1잉 de compras y εl 이r) (20) al estadio de 1디tbol. Mis amigos y yo (querer) (2 i) comprar un regalo para Julia. Mis ami땅。 s (venir) @긴 a mi casa. Todos (caber) α3) en mi coche.
Yo (conducir) (24) al centro. En una media hora nosotros (estar) (25) allá. Nosotros (andar) (26) por muchas tien-
das y (ver) αη muchas cosas interesantes. Yo (ponerse) @에 una camisa. Mis amigos me 여e다r) (2잉
“Cómprala!" Yo (dec띠irse) (30) a comprarla. Desafortunadamente, yo no (poder) (31) encontrar mi cartera. EI dependiente no (saber)
@긴 porque yo (empezar) (33) a llorar. Yo (traer)
” “ 웠
n 「
a c m . m ” ’ · 따
따 때
n u n b t
뼈
’ L ” u 망
t 뻐
-L ” n
·u
(34) mi dinero en mi cartera. Luis (tener) (3잉 un billete de cincuenta dólares. ÉI me (dar) (36) su dinero. Yo (s앙?
。7) optimisita. Finalmente, yo (encontrar) (38) mi cartera en la guantera de mi coche.
Usinø the Preterit You can use the preterit tense in many ways to convey past actions, events, or states 01 mind. You use the preterit to express the lollowing:
’'" An action or event that began at a specific time in the past
El a띠ón despegó a las seis. (ηle plane look off al 6 0 ’'c/ock.)
v An action or event that was completed at a specific time in the past:
Anoche fuimos a una fiesta. (Lasl nighl ωe went to a par,이
lt that was completed in the past within a
Preparé la cena. (1 prepared dinner.)
v A series 01 events that were completed within a definite time period in the past:
Me desperté, me bañé y me vestí antes de desayunarme. (1 woke up, 1 balhed, and 1 gOI dressed before ealing breakfast.)
Strange as it may seem, some verbs can have special meanings when used in the preterit. The lollowing verbs may have dillerent meaning in the past tense lrom the usual meaning 01 their infinitive lorm
Y" Conocer, which usualIy means to knoω" may mean to meet in the preterit
La conocimos en España. (We mel her in Spain.)
‘'" Saber, which usually means 10 know, may mean 10 learn in the preterit
ιCuándo supiste la verdad? (W꺼en did you learn Ihe t.rulhη
Y" Tener, which usually means to have, may mean to receive in the preterit:
Tuvo un regaIo de mÍ. (He received a gift from me.)
Y" Querer, which usually means to want, may mean to reωse when negated in the preterít:
No quisieron discutirlo. (They refused 10 discuss it.)
ler, which usually means 10 be able 10, may mean 10 man
Pudimos hacerlo. (We managed [finally αere ableJ 10 do κ〕
~22 Par때때rt비빼tIV:W빠r꺼빼it
蠻Last night you had a date with your special someone. Write an e-mail to a friend to tell her all about it. Translate the following past tense sentences into Spanish, writing from your point of view.
Dear Luz,
39. He arrived at your house at 7 p.m ‘
40. You went to the movies
41. You asked for a bag of popcorn and a drink
42. He had a box of candy
43. The movie was bad
44. He almost fell asleep.
45. After the movie, you walked in the park.
46. Finally, you returned home.
47. He wanted to kiss you.
48. You said, “ Of course!"
Sincerely, Pilar
AnsWer Keμ 짧 comíjcomió
comprasteisjcompramos
corrlmosjcorristeis
escribistejescribieron
gastastejgastó
habléjhablaron
Chapter 13: lea빼
짧용 jugastejju밍lξ. Verbs ending in -gar change g to gu only in the yo form of the preterit
se cayójnos caímos. Verbs that contain a vowel immediately preceding their -er or -ir endings change i to y in the third-person singular and plural forms. All other forms have an accented i‘ í. Caerse is a reflexive verb and requires the use of a reflexive pronoun before the verb (see Chapter 11).
leyó/leí
durmiójdormimos. Change 0 to u only in the third-person singular and plural forms.
platicójplatiqué. Verbs ending in -car change c to qu only in the yo form of the preterit
se sintieronjnos sentimos. Change e to i only in the third-person singular and plural forms.
oyójoí
abrazastejabracé. Verbs ending in -zar change z to c only in the yo form of the preterit
se vistieronJnos vestimos
뿔탱 distribuyeronjdistribuí. Verbs ending in -uir change i to y but don’t accent the i in the tú, nosotros, or vosotros forms
hice. Some verbs with an e or an a in their stem change the e or a to i în the preterit
hizo. Hacer has an irregular third-person singular preterit form
fui. Ser and ir have the same irregular preterit forms.
fue
quisimos
vinieron
cupieron. Some verbs with an a or an 0 în their stem change the a or the 0 to u in the preterit
conduje. Some verbs have aj in their preterit stem, including those that end in 강ucir, as well as the verb decir.
~24 Pa하빠rt떠빼t IV: Wr디때it
뭘뿔 estuvimos. Estar uses uv before its preterit stem.
anduvimos. Andar uses uv before its preterit stem
훌뿔 vimos. Ver drops the -er infinitive ending and then adds the irregular preterit ending
흩엉 mepuse
톰쩔 dijeron
11!11 me decidí.
플I pude
ID supo
톰 empecé
쩔쩔 traje
m tuvo.
ID dio
뿔뿔 fui
흩뿔 encontré.
Llegó a mi casa a las siete de la noche
뿔뿔 Fuimos aI cine.
톰엉 Pedí un saco de palomitas y un refresco.
멍필 Él tuvo una caja de dulces.
m La película fue mala.
댐명 Casi se durmÎó.
@웰 Despu싫 de la película anduvimos por el parque.
뿔쩔 Finalmente regresamos a mi casa.
ÉI quise besarme.
뿔엉 Yod젠e, “ iPor supuesto!"
Looking 8ack with the Imperfect o @ @ 0)‘“‘3 ‘’‘ φ
ln This Chapter
Forming the imperlect 01 regular and irregular verbs
생 Using the imperlect to express a past action
[l> Pitting the preterit against the imperlect
‘’ o 0 ‘
o @ @ 000 ‘9 잉 @ ‘ o @ ‘,’ “ ‘’ ‘’ 0&0 0 “ ‘ o @
11 an you describe a beautiful place you once visited? Do you remember what you used ‘I사o do when you were younger? Another past tense, the imperfect, allows you to give descriptions and to speak about what you were in the habit 01 doing in the past. Whereas the preterit tense allows you to express what you did in the past, the imperlect allows you to express what was happening or what used to happen previously. To put it in a visual sense, il the preterit tense captures a snapshot 01 a past action with the click 01 a button, the imperlect tense captures the motion 01 a past action with a video camera. For example, “He was swimming (used tofwould swim) every day." lf you recall that an action e자ended over an indefinite period of time, you’11 have no trouble using the imperlect, and you won’t conluse it with the preterit‘
ln this chapter, you see how to lorm the imperfect 01 regular and irregular verbs ‘ αou’ 11 be delighted to discover that there are no verbs with spelling or stem changes in this tense!) You also work on using the imperlect, and 1 include plenty 01 explanations and clues to help you decide when the imperfect, rather than the preterit, is the tense 01 choice. The various exercises in this chapter, along with those in Chapter 13, will give you the practice you need so that you can easily select the proper past tense lor any situation.
Perfectint) the lmperfect Unless you’ve studied a romance language belore, the imperlect is a tense you’ve never worked with. That’s because we have no grammatical English equivalent lor this past tense lfyou’re unlamiliar with the imperlect, you need to know, belore you work on lorming it, that it expresses a continuing state or action in the past - an action that was taking place or that used to happen repeatedly over an indefinite period 01 time. You also use the imperfect to describe scenes, settings, situations, or states in the past. (For more specific uses of the imperfect tense and examples 01 these uses, see the later section “Uses 01 the lmperlect ’V ln the imperlect, beginnings and endings are unimportant; only the events taking place have significance. Here are a few examples:
Durante el verano yo 찌ajaba. (During the summer 1 used to [ωouldJ trauel.)
lAdónde iban? (Where were they goingη
La pnerta eslaba cerrada. (The window ωas closed.)
? 2 6 Part IV: Writing in the Past and in the Future
샤뺀~8 jι ~"、
l매} Here’s a handy tip to remember: The imperfect expresses what the subject “would do" if “would" has the sense of “used to"
GeneraImente, me despertaba a las seis. (Generally, 1 would wake up al six 0 ’'c/ock.)
The following sections now work on helping you lorm the imperfect 01 both regular and irregular verbs (01 which there are lew)
Forminfj. the imperfect of refj.ufar flerbs Just as with the preterit, forming the imperlect 01 regular verbs is rather easy. Although there are three different infinitive endings for regular verbs - -ar, -er, and -ir - you use only two different sets 01 endings to lorm the imperfect 01 these verbs
You form the imperlect 01 a regular verb by dropping the -ar, -er, or -ir infinitive ending and adding the proper imperlect ending. The endings lor -er and -ir verbs are the same, as you’ 11 see in the lollowing conjugation tables.
Here’s the imperlect conjugation 01 융rverbs
mîraba
tú mirabas
él, ella, Ud. miraba
Here’s the imperlect conjugation 01 -er and -ir verbs
yo bebía
tú bebías
ella, Ud. bebía
recibía
tú recibías
él, ella, Ud. recibía
nosotros mirábamos
vosotros mirabais
ellos, ellas, Uds. miraban
nosotros bebíamos
vosotros bebíais
ellos, ellas, Uds. bebían
e lIas, Uds. recibían
Here are some examples of the imperfect in action, using regular verbs:
Los turistas admiraban a los animales. (The lourisls were admiring Ihe animals.)
Los monos comían cacabuetes. (The monkeys ωere ealing peanuls.)
Los tigres preferian dormirse. (The ligers preferred 10 go 10 sleep.)
4췄
‘繼
Chapter 14: Looking Back with tl빼Iperfect 2낀
FormÎl1t) the imperfect of irret)utar flerbs It’s your luc셰 day! You don’t have to memorize any Spanish verbs with stem or spelIing changes in the imperfect tense, because there are no changes in these verbs
No conocía a ese hombre. (1 didn ’'t know Ihal man.)
ElIa no te entendía. (She didn ’'1 undersland you.)
In fact , want some more good news? There are only three Spanish verbs that are irreg. ular in the imperfect tense. 1 show these irregular verbs in the tables that fo lIow:
yo ib.
tú ib.s
él, ell., Ud ‘ iba
Nosolros íbamos .1 resl.ur.nle.( We were
er.
tú eras
vel3
tú veías
él, 011., Ud. veí.
nosotros éramos
vosotros erais
ellos, ell.s, Uds. er.n
nosotros veíamos
vosotros veíais
ollos, ellas, Uds. veí.n
In your journal, discuss what various people around you were doing during a blackout by using the imperfect tense. 1 incIude the infinitive of the verb and you must change it to the imperfect. Here’s an example to get you started
ι nosotrosjesc뼈ar r뼈ica
A. Nosotros escuchábamos m디sica 아le were Iistening to music.)
228 Pa때rt버t“배IV:W뻐Vr꺼빼.it
~ξξγ μ싹", yξVlstc\:
vosoh-os/ J..OV"“\lV' lA.\tð\ siest-C\!
ellos/ J.isct싸YC'。‘ s“ S 싼센8~ 4 얘끼U에C\Y 01.1 bOl.l。‘εesto
r μ\is v..evμ“lI\\tC\S! escvlbiv sμs t Ol.veðl.s:
ι A",(7\.기이aζ'eY ξiev-òòos:
7. \tosoh-os!pyepCl.Ye>\V' ldlcξ10\0\:
g P",,,lo y Josεj,씨.Î.v""Y 10\ televìsió",:
'1. Gey",l .J.ojteld。“eO\Y 0\ st.\ ‘\OVtO\:
10. 써S pMves/l“‘piðl.Y" 1"" Cð\SO\!
11. V.As./co lI-\ev""l veSrOll.\YOI.‘,te:
←←←니2. V.J. 끼y c\ 10\ .f!O\Y"^"""cto\:
Uses of the lmperfect You’11 have no problem knowing when to use the imperfect tense if you can remember that the imperfect is a descriptive past tense. You use the imperfect in the following situations
v To describe ongoing or continuous actions in the past (which may or may not have been completed)
Yo 10 veía todos los días. (1 saw him every day.)
‘ ... To describe repeated or habitual actions that took place in the past:
Ella vi헤aba mncho. (She used to travel a lot.)
’ ... To describe an action that continued for an unspecified period of time‘
Vivi뻐,os en México. (We lived in Mexico.)
v To describe a person, place, thing, weather condition, time, day of the week, state of mind, or emotion in the past
• Estaba contento. (1 was happy.)
• La casa era muy grande. (The house was very big.)
• Hacía frío. (lt ωas cold.)
• Eran 1잃 dos. (It ωas two 0 .c/ock.)
• Era ellunes. (It was Monday.)
• Quería comprenderIo. (1 wanted to understand it.)
• Creía que no era urgente. (He thOl땅ht π wasn ’'t urgent.)
‘짧
Chapter 14: Loo빼 Back with t뻐聊rfect 22~
‘,. To describe actions that took place simultaneously
Yo escuchaba la radio mientras mi amiga miraba la televisión. (/ ωas listening to the radio ωhile my friend was watching teleuision.)
•,. To describe a situation that was going on in the past when another action or event, expressed by the preterit (see Chapter 13), took place
Yo escuchaba la radio cuando alguien sonó a la puerta. (/ was listening to the radio when someone rang the doorbell.)
press an event or action that began in t using hacía (que) or desde hacía (had been)
• ιCuánto tiempo hacía que trabajas allá? ιDesde hacía cuándo σabajas allá? (How long had you been working thereη
• Hacía tres OOos (que trabajaba allá). Trabajaba allá desde hacía tres OOos. (/’'d been working there for three years.)
For Spanish homework, your teacher asked you to write a description 01 a photo. Use the imperlect tense to describe what was happening in the picture you chose. 1 provide the verb, and you provide its imperlect conjugation.
앤er) (13) 10, 센깐앤릉깐 macer)_‘ { (14)
b l.\e“ \-ie\t'‘po. 1-10 (haber) (15) 'I.\be' e , e1 ζ'ielι Lo?\.ço?\~mCl
Cor녕, (i r) (16) ",1 p",r<~μe. 씨 ",,,,J-re (empl때 I (17) ω'\ cøcheci+。 ‘""e,\-r"" "" p",J-re (hablar)
τJJI8) co써 h뻗앤씬씬。η fey \to?\\\J..o 한싼깐뺏ner) 낀~뻔 ðl,~Ì?,?,,~,엔o e , 1"" "'''''0'. é.1Jestar!= (2미씬Y
ζ0안e\ti-o. lJ\tOl. \A'\l..\chO\εv.", (mirar) (21) '" 1", ~'"써.i.llð\.
EII", Olevar) (22) ‘ ... ves\-i.J..。 ‘:;'\Yo\C\vll1o y ‘"",ro y (comer)
(23) 1.\“ v.el",J-o. EII", (parecer) (24)
르씬뻔깐깐뻔했. (5er} (25) ev,J-e , !-e 익μe(querer)
(26)ver 써 bebε F。‘'11.\e ell", (sonreír) (27). I
Comparint) the Preterit and the lmperfect The preterit tense (see Chapter 13) expresses an action that was completed at a specific time in the past. You could represent such an event or action by drawing a dot Boom! The action took place and was completed, and that’s the end 01 it
The imperlect tense, on the other hand, expresses a past action that continued over an indefinite period 01 time. You could represent such an action or event with a wa'ηI line: It just kept moving and moving without an end in sight. The action continued
230 Part IV: Writing in t빼ast and i뼈
j
‘蠻
。ver a period 01 time in the past: it ωas happening, used 10 happen, or would (meaning used 10) happen.
In some instances, either the preterit or the imperlect is acceptable as a past tense The tense you use may depend on the meaning you want to convey. For instance, il you want to convey that the action was completed, you can say
E11a estudió. (She sωdied.)
If you want to convey that the action was ongoing or continuous, you can say
E11a estudiaba. (She was studyir땅〕
ln the 10IIowing list, 1 compare some examples 01 the preterit and the imperlect
Preterit: E110s b떠laron. (They danced.)
Imperfect: E110s bailaban. (They ωere dancing.)
Preterit: Yo salí anoche. (1 ωenl out last night.) Yo salí dos veces. (1 went oul two “mes.)
Imperfect: Yo salía cada noche. σ ωenl oul each nighl.)
One big difference is that you use the imperlect to describe a person , place, thing, state 01 mind , time, day, or weather condition in the past
E11a era optimista. (She ωas optimislic.)
EI viaje era agradable. (The πm ωas nice.)
Esperaba ganar. (He ωas hopir핑 m ωin.)
Era la una. (/1 ωas one 0 ’'clock.)
Era martes. (/1 was Tuesday.)
Llo띠a. (It ωas raining.)
You recently wrote a composition for Spanish class in the present tense, but your teacher wanted it written in the past tense. Oops! Rewrite the composition, changing aII the verbs in the present tense to the preterit or imperlect tense
Es (28) sábado. Hace (29) Irío. Está 。이 nevando. EI soI no brilla (3 1) y hay 떠 muchos nubes en eI cielo. Los pájaros no cantan α3) Notengo 여 nada de particular a hacer. De
repente eI telélono suena (35) y yo contesto (36)
Es (3η mi amigo) Manuel. Me dice (38) que se aburre C:뻐,) mirando Ia televisiôn. Me pregunta (4이 si quiero (4 1) salir. Yo creo (42) que e응
(43) una buena idea. Yo sugiero (44); “ Nosotros podemos (45) construir un muñeco de nieve." A Manuel no le gusta
(4이 esa idea. Él prefiere (47) construir una fort-aleza de nieve. Yo acepto (48) esa idea. Yo Ie pido (49) permiso a mi madre para salir. Naturalmente, ella dice (50) “Sí" inmediatamente. Nosotros nos decidimos (51) a reunirnos a la una y n050tr05 colgamos 잉) eI teIεlono. EI día es 떠〕 maraviIloso.
Chapter 14: lo뼈
Certain words in Spanish act as clues that you should use the preterit or the imper-lect tense, because they show that an action occurred at a specific time or imply that an action was ongoing over a period 01 time. The sections that lollow will help you determine which past tense you should use in a given situation
Cfues to the preterit You olten use the preterit tense along with words and expressions that specily a time period. Table 14-1 presents many 01 these common words and expressions.
4 -빼
-빼
τ --해 anoche
anleayer
ayer
ayer por la noche
de repenle
el año pasado
el olro día
el verano pasado
linalmenle
la semana pasada
por lin
pnmero
un día
Clues to the Preterit Tense
Meaning
18st night
day before yesterday
yesterday
last night
suddenly
lastyear
the other day
lastsummer
끼'nally
lastweek
finally
first
one day
una vez one tfme
Here are some example sentences that show how you use these words with the preterit
Anoche me quedé en casa. (Last night 1 stayed home.)
De repente, oímos uu ruido fuerte. (Sudden/y we heard a /oud noise.)
FiuaImente, 10 terminé. (Fina/(χ 1 finished it)
Cfues to the imperfect You often use the imperlect tense with words and expressions that imply habitual action or repetition in the past. Table 14-2 lists many 01 these words and expressions
232 PartIV:W끼ting in the Past a삐
‘중첼
Table 14-2 Spanish
a menudo
a veces
cada día
con frecuencia
de vez en cuando
en general
frecuentemente
generalmente
habítualmente
normalmente
slempre
todo el tiempo
tOd05 105 día5
usualmente
Clues to the Imperfect Tense
Meaning
oκen
sometimes
each daι everyday
frequently
from time to time
generalψ
frequently
generally
habitualψ
normally
always
all the time
everyday
usually
Here are examples that show how you use the imperfect tense with some words and expressions Irom the previous table:
Normalmente regresaba a las seis. (You normally returned home at six 0 ’'clock.)
Siempre jugaban 허 tenis. (They al,ωays played tennis.)
You want to talk to a friend about why certain people acted in a particular way in the past by using the preterit and the imperlect tenses. 1 provide the infinitives and you provide the preterit 01 the first verb and the imperlect 01 the second verb , Here’s an example to get you started:
Q. (irftener) Pablo muelas
al dentista porque un dolor de
A. Pablo fue al dentista porque tenía un dolor de muelas. (Pablo went to the dentist because he had a toothache.)
54. (comerfseguir) Yo no
55. (quedarsefestar) Mi novio
56. (caersefprestar) T디
57. (comprarfquerer) Los muchachos ver el partido de lútbol
chocolate porque
en casa porque
porque no
billetes porque
un reglmen.
en띠1“lermo
atención
‘蠻
‘@藝
C빼ter싸빼
58. (enviaηcelebrar) Luisa una carta a su amiga porque ella 5U cumplea디os
59. (sacar/hacer) Nosotros un traje de baño porque
You’re writing a composition for school about your friend , Eduardo, who received a sizable inheritance from his grandfather. Express what he did on one fine summer day by putting the verbs in parentheses in their proper tense: the preterit or the imperfect. Be on the lookout for the clue words 1 present earlier in this section
(ser) (6이 el verano. (hacer) (61) buen tiempo. (seγ') (6잉 el mediodía. Ayer Eduardo (recibir) (63)
una herencia de su abuela y (ir) (64) al banco con el cheque que (querer) (65) depositar en su cuenta. (pasar) 때 por una concesÎón de coches ‘ (llegar) (6D al banco pero desafortu-nadamente (estaη (6세 cerrado porque (ser) (69)
la hora de almorzar. No (haber) (70) otra cosa que hacer. En ese momento Eduardo (regresar) (71) a 1떠 concesión y (mirar)
(7긴 por los escaparates. Él (escoger) (73) un coche gris que le (gustar) (74) enormamente. Él (tener)
(7잉 mucha curiosidad. Él (entraη 0마 y (empezar) (7D a hablar con el vendedor. Élle (hacer)
。이 muchas preguntas 티 vendedor le (contestar) (79) con mucha paιiencia. Élle (explicar) (8이
todo. Ese coche (ser) (81) muy deportivo. Eduardo (desear) (8 긴 comprarlo. Élle (pedir) (83) el precio al
vendedor. (ser) (84) veinte mil dólares. Eduardo (tener) (8 잉 suficiente dinero y (comprar) 뼈 elcoche
(estar) 빼 tan contento. Ese día, Eduardo no (ir) (88) otra vez al banco. En vez de hacer eso, ε1 (i。(89) al campo en su coche nuevo.
Your teacher has asked you to write a composition for your Spanish class in which you tell how you celebrated Christmas. Express what you did in the past by using the preterit or the imperfect as needed. Here’s an example to get you started
ι You left your house at 10 am
A. Yo salí de mi casa a las diez de la mañana.
90. You celebrated Christmas at your sister's house.
91. There was a lot of snow.
92. You arrived safely.
93. Your sister prepared a delicious dinner.
sol
aUl!l poolì " P"니 κpoqκ1aA:'l,OI
κlaj"!paUlUl! uo l! jnd no,λ '001
'laj"aMS 100M Inmn"aq " paA!aJa1 nOÁ '66
lOl" j! pa껴!I a4S '86
'jalaJ"lq Ploll " 1ajS!S moκ aA"ll nOÁ 'L6
'SlJ!ll moκ pauado noκ JO 11" l"UU!P l"lJγ 96
“'S"UljSP4J κ Il"씨” κ,"S Oj P"lU"M "H 'S6
’P"II"J "pun 1n。κ‘llU!lU" 11" "l"M nOκ "1!4M 'v6
aJnJr밴11I뼈e Jsed aqJ U! 6剛
CI매h뻐a때pt떼e밍맘rη.↑14짜4: lo뼈0아떼k‘
Answer κeμ Yo leía una revista. (1 was reading a magazine.)
Vosotros dormíais una siesta. (You ωere taking a nap.)
Ellos discut빼 con sus amigos. (They ωere a탱umg ωith their friends.)
Tú jugabas al baloncesto. (You ωere playing basketball.)
Mis hermanas e잉cribían sus tareas. (My sisters ωere writing their homework.)
뿔쩔 Ana hacía ejercicios. (Ana was doing exercíses.)
풀쩔 Nosotros preparábamos la cena. (We were preparing the dinner.)
Pablo y José miraban la televisión. (Pablo and José ωere watching television.)
Geraldo telefoneaba a su novia. (Geraldo was calling his girlfriend on the phone.)
Mis padres limpiaban la casa. (My parents ωere c/eaning the house.)
Uds. comían al restaurante. (You ωere eating at a restaurant.)
Ud. iba a la farmacia. (You ωere going to the drugstore.)
era
hacía
뿔훨 había
iba
圖쟁 empujaba
훌훨 hablaba
tenía
estaba
뽑엉 miraba
llevaba
comía
parecía
era
queria
원 sonreía
236 Part IV: Writing i뼈
흩쩔 era (imperfect)
뿔웰 hacía (imperfect)
옐엉 estaba (imperfect)
brillaba (imperfect)
había (imperfect)
cantaban (imperfect)
뽑웰 tenía (imperfect)
짧웰 sonó (preterit)
contesté (preterit)
era (imperfect)
톰엉 dijo (preterit)
짧짧 aburria (imperfect)
짧쟁 preguntó (preterit)
뿔영 quería (imperfect)
잃월 creía (imperfect)
era (imperfect)
풀쩔 sugerí (preterit)
톰 podíamos (imperfect)
gustaba (imperfect)
prefería (imperfect)
짧영 acepté (preterit)
톰뿔 pedí (preterit)
뽑엉 dijo (preterit)
흩I decidimos (preterit)
m colgamos (preterit)
era (imperfect)
comíjseguía
se quedójestaba
te caístejprestabas
compraronjquerían
enviójcelebraba
sacamosβlacía
era (imperfect)
hacía (imperfect)
era (imperfect)
recibió (preterit)
iba (imperfect)
quería (imperfect)
pasó (preterit)
llegó (preterit)
隨앓 estaba (imperfect)
era (imperfect)
había (imperfect)
regresó (preterit)
miró (preterit)
escogió (preterit)
gustaba (imperfect)
tenía (imperfect)
entró (preterit)
empezó (preterit)
C빼ter 14: loo빼 Back with t뼈
~38 Part IV: W끼ting in the Past a빼
m hizo (preterit)
m contestó (preterit)
m explicó (preterit)
m era (imperfect)
m deseaba (imperfect)
m pidió (preterit)
$를 era (imperfect)
훌1iI tenía (imperfect)
E엉 compró (preterit)
뚱낌 estaba (imperfect)
m fue (preterit)
일엉 fue (preterit)
명iIl Celebré la Navidad en casa de mi hermana
m Había mucha nieve
몽III Yo llegué sin incidentes.
1m Mi hermana preparó una comida deliciosa.
훌댐 Mientras nosotros comíamos mi tió telefoneó (llamó).
몽!iI Quería decirnos “ Feliz Na찌dad."
E킹 Después de la cena nosotros abrimos nuestros regalos.
톨liiIII Yo le di a mi hermana una pulsera de oro.
톨댐 Le gustaba mucho
m Yorecibíu따uéter de lana muy bello.
lIl!Ill Me 10 pusé inmediatamente.
lIl!Ill Todo el mundo se divirtió.
Chapter 15
Seeing into the Future ü ‘’ “ “ Q ‘“ ” ‘"' (’ @ “ ‘\' ‘。 。 ‘, ‘’‘ (Þ {) 0'
ln This Chapter Using the present and ir + a to form the future
싸 Putting regular and irregular verbs into the future
Reviewing the uses of the future
‘”’ ‘a 0 Q 。 ‘> "’ ‘Ð
o 0 ‘s “ o ø ’ c
A t one time or another) every pet SOIl thinks about the future and makes plans based on hopes and dreams. For some dreamers, “ preparing for the future" means getting an
education. For others, it means getting a job, saving money, and starting a fam i!y. And then there are those who, each week without fai!, proceed to the nearest candy store to purchase lottery tickets with the fantasy of becoming an instant millionaire! What unites everyone is the fact that the future is a time you look toward. ln Spanish, you have three different ways to express future actions. One of them, believe it or not, is using the present tense. Another is to state what you’re “going to do." Finally, you can use the future tense, which expresses whatyou “will do."
This chapter covers these topics to allow you to look toward the future. You discover how to use the present tense to express a future action. You practice using the Spanish verb ir (10 go) + the preposition a to say what a subject is going to do. 1 also teach you how to form the future of regular and irregular verbs. You’ lllike this tense because there are no verbs with spelling or stem changes! Finally, you re띠ew the functions of this tense so that you can comfortably use it when you speak or write - in the future!
FormÎntj. and 타pressÎnt) the Future ln Spanish, you can express the future in three ways. One way is to use the present. lf that’s your method of choice, look back to Chapter 4 for all the detai!s on proper usage. Another way is to use the verb ir (to go) and the preposition a. You use this method \0 express what’s going to be done by the subject in the near future. For this, you need to know the present-tense conjugation of ir. These are the two methods 1 cover in the following sections. (For info on using the future tense, which requires some new stems and some new endings, see the future sections of this chapter.)
Discussint) the future b,μ usint) the present You use the present tense to imply the future when asking for instructions or when the proposed action will take place in the not-so-distant or near future. Here are two examples of these usages
?4,O Pa때rt비빼t배IV:W빠r끼it빼 in t빼l“t
‘鐘
i.Dejo de hablar? (Shalll stop talkingη
Ellos p잃an por nuestra c싫a. (They'll be stoppir핑 by our house.)
Usiru}. ir + a to express the near future You use the present tense 01 the verb ir (to go) + the preposition a (which, in this case, has no meaning) + the infinitive 01 the verb to express an action that will be taking place rather soon or that’s imminent. Here are some examples that express what the subject is going to do
Voy a salir. (1’'mgoing ω go out.)
Vamos a esperarlos. (μ'" are going to wait for them.)
The present tense 01 ir is irregular, and you conjugate it as lollows
yovoy nosotros vamos
tú vas vosotros vais
él, ella, Ud. va ellos, ellas, Uds. van
The parents in a family have decided to assign chores lor everyone so the house stays clean. In Spanish, write the chores the lamily members must execute by using ir + a. Here’s an example
Q. Marta(lavar la ropa
A. Marta va a lavar la ropa. (Mar띠 is going to wash the c/othing.)
1. yo(pasar la aspiradora
2. nosotros(preparar la comida
3. Alejandro(arreglar su cuarto
4. vosotros(limpiar el coche
5. t디(cortar el césped
6. Cristina y Blanca(quitar el polvo de los muebles
c피때h뻐a매pt떼e망r1딴5ε앉:S앓ee밍in빼l
Sendint) ret)ular (/erbs to the future The luture tense explains what a subject will do or what action or event will take place in luture time. Want some good news? The luture tense in Spanish is just about as easy to lorm as possible, because there is only one set 01 endings. All verbs -that’s right, every single one 01 them: regular verbs, verbs with spelling and stem changes, and irregular verbs - have the same luture endings. Well, some verbs do have irregular luture stems, but these are limited in number (see the lollowing section lor more on these verbs)
To lorm the luture tense 01 a regular verb, you add the appropriate luture ending (dependent on the subject) to the infinitive 01 the verb:
-e
tú -ás vosotros -éis
él, ella, Ud. -á ellos, ellas, Uds. -án
Time lor some examples. The tables that lollow show how you lorm the luture 01 some regular verbs with the endings lrom the previous table
‘/강 verbs:
nosotros trabajaremos
tú vosotros
él, ella, Ud. trabajará ellos, ellas, Uds. trabajarán
'" 석erverbs:
tú ‘lenderás vosotros venderéis
él, ella, Ud. venderá ellos, ellas, Uds. venderán
‘"" -ir verbs:
tú discutirás vosotros discutiréis
él, ella, Ud. discutirá ellos, ellas, Uds. discutirán
~42 PartIV:W끼ting in the Past and i뼈
s뱃
~했
Now check out some example sentences utilizing the future tense
Yo no los invitaré a mi fiesta. (1 won ’'1 invile Ihem 10 my party.)
ElI08 nO beberán alcohol. (They won '1 dri때 alcohol.)
lAbrir경8 una cuenta bancaria pronto? (Will you open a bank accounl soonη
Verbs such as oír (10 lislen) and reír (10 laugh) - whose infinitives contain an accent mark over the “ i" - drop their accent in the future tense:
Yo no oiré e잃8 mentiras. (1 won ’'1 lislen 10 Ihose lies.)
티108 no reirán de él. (They ωon’'11m땅h al him.)
ln the following exercise, express what different students both will and won’t do in a study-abroad program. The first section provides the subject. The second section provides the verb that states what the subject will do. The final section provides the verb that, when preceded by the word no, states what the subject won’t do. Follow this example
g. Ele뼈escribir notasjjugar
A. Elena escribirá notas. No jllgará. (Elena will ωrile noles. She won ’'t play.)
7. tújestudiarjmirar la television
8. Carolinajasistir a todas las clasesjvisitar a sus amigas
9. Luz y yojleer todos los librosjescuchar música
10. vosotrosjaprender el vocabulariojdescansar
11. yojprestar atenciónjpensar en otras cosas
12. Jaime y Luisjcorrer a las clasesjandar por el parque
” 샘
뻐
m r F
• a g
m n u ·m
뼈
F
、u π ω
M m t 매
매
Sendintj irretjufar flerbs to the future Certain Spanish verbs are irregular in the future tense. These verbs have irregular future stems, which always end in -r or -rr - an easy way to remember them! To form the future of these irregular verbs, you do one of three things:
•;' Drop e from the infinitive ending before adding the proper future ending 1 list in the section “Sending regular verbs to the future":
Infinitive Meaning Future Stem
caber
poder
to ηt
to be able
to want
(0 know
cabr
podr-
querer
saber
querr-
sabr-
Here are some example sentences
lCabrá esa máquina en eI gabinete? (Will that machine fit in the cabinetη
No podremos venir. (We will not be able to come.)
Querré verlo. (I ωill want to see it.)
lSabrá hacerlo? (Will he know how to do itη
)/ Drop e or i from the infinitive ending and replace the vowel with a d before adding the proper future ending:
lnñnitive Meaning FutureStem
poner to put pondr-
salir to leave saldr-
tener to have tendr-
valer to be μ orth valdr-
venlr to come vendr-
These verbs are illustrated in the following example sentences ‘
Yo pondré los papeles en la me잉a. (1 will put the papers on the table.)
lCuándo saldrán? (When ωill they leaveη
Ella no tendrá bastante dinero. (She will not have enough money.)
lCuánto valdrá ese coche? (How much will that car be worthη
lNo vendrás mañana? (Won 't you be coming tomorrowη
)/ Memorize the irregular stems and add the proper future endings. At this level, you need to know only two high-frequency verbs in Spanish that are irregular in the future:
lnñnitive
decir
hacer
Meaning Futw'e Stem
to say dir-
to make, to do har-
Observe these verbs in action
~44 PartIV:W끼ting i빼
“1댄f ‘::t."~、“\ ι용용~Ii 、 ι~ j)
’’‘~?
Yo diré 10 que pieuso. (1 will say ωhatI think.)
.Quéh앙ánp없 .. resolver el problema? (What ωill they do to solve the problemη
In the lollowing exercise, use the luture tense 01 the verb provided to express what will happen at the next business conlerence you attend. Here’s an example:
g. (escuchar) Yo atentamente.
A. Yo escucharé atentamente. (1 willlisten attentive씨
E o 13. (valer) 1"" pe‘."" C\SisHv ðI. lðl Cdlt.çe ... e“ci~ 14. (querer) "í"Aos .. el\i.y ð\ 1 .... co‘-Peve‘。.... el\tTe‘ 15. (venir) íoJ.os 10$ p<'\'에ci.p"I'야e' _______ …쩌~,~ 16. (hacer) ).\O$oh-O$ _____ ~녕Aólop야에e f ØlY Q\ toJ.O$ 17. (saber) }.!O$야." ‘• _______ c。‘ a‘닝D\ÒÓ" 성 허 pyesiJ..e바e
(venir) _____ _ 18. (poder) liO$oh-ðS kospeJ. .... ,. .... toJ.os. 19, (poner) NO$otvO$ C ,,",VVO$ D\ l<'lS értJ.야es .Ae. toJ.os 20. (tener) πJ.os ,,\I.o.e VeseVVD\Y 10 I".ás "".1안'es fð싸.le.
21. (decir) "íOJ.ð el "씨.1A.".J.o. _______ 꺼I.o.ees …a ζ아:Pe .. eltc:i.Dl
i써poYTðI."te
22, (salir) ToJ.O$ C.싸“써
UsinfJ the Future Tense to Foretett, Pre,짜'ct, and Wonder
It seems kind 01 obvious that you should use the luture to express luture time. However, you must be aware 01 other instances in Spanish when you may use the luture, too. For instance, you use the luture
@ ν‘ To express what will happen:
Yo te ayudru녕.(1 ωill help you.)
ν‘ To predict a future action or event
Uoverá pronto. (lt ωill rain soon.)
’'" To express wondeι probability, conjecture, or uncertainty in the present.
The Spanish luture, in this case, is equivalent to the lollowing English phrases:
” 샘
뼈
따
r r e m o ·m
뼈
F s π ω
r a ‘ t 때
-%
에
‘鍵
“ Iwonder," “ probably," or “ must be."
ιCuánto dinero tendrán? (1 wonder hoω much money they have.)
Serán las seis. (It's probably [It must beJ six 0 ’'clock.)
Alguien viene. zQuién serã? (Someone is coming. 1 ωonder ωho it is.)
zSerá mi esposo? (1 ωonder if it's my husband.)
‘lrá a darme un anillo mi no찌o? (f wonder if my boyfriend is goir핑 togwe me a ring.)
To e action or event:
Si viene a tiempo el jefe no se quejará. (If you come on time, the boss will not complain.)
Si sigues la receta preparás una buena comida. (If you follow the recipe, you will prepare a good meal.)
It’'s your job to write Spanish horoscopes lor your club’s newsletter, 1 pro띠de the English version 01 the horoscope; you translate it into Spanish, using your mastery 01 the luture
23. ARIES (marzo 21-abrilI9): You will meet an important person. He will present an incredible opportunity to you.
24. TAURO (abril 20-mayo 20): You will have good luck. You will buy a lottery ticket, and you will win a lot 01 money.
25. GÉMINIS (mayo 21-junio 21): You will receive an important letter in themaiL [t will give you good news.
26. CÁNCER Qunio 22-julio 21): Your Iriend will give you advice. You willlisten to it, and you will be able to get a better job.
27. LEO Qulio 22-agosto 21): You will take a trip, and you will meet many influential people
28. V[RGO (agosto 22-septiembre 22): Very soon your house will be worth a million dollars You will sell it and take a cruise around the world.
29. LlBRA (septiembre 23-octubre 22): You will go out with a friend, and you will have a lot ollun
?46 PartIV:W끼ting i빼
30. ESCORPIÓN (octubre 23-noviembre 21): You wilI Iose some important documents. A stranger w ilI return them to you
31. SAGITARIO (noviembre 22-diciembre 21): You wilI Iie to a Iriend ‘ Your Iriend wilI lorgive you.
32. CAPRICORNIO (diciembre 22-enero 20): You w ilI earn a Iot 01 money. You w ilI put that money in the bank lor the luture
33. ACUARIO (enero 21-lebrero 19): You wilI go to Spain, and you wilI Iearn to speak Spanish fIuently.
34. PISCIS (Iebrero 20-marzo 20): You wilI Ieave your office, and you wilI lind a $100 b ilI in the street
C빼te패
Answer KelJ 뿔뿔 Yo voy a pasar la aspiradora. (j am going 10 vacuum.)
뿔뿔 Nosotros vamos a preparar la comida. (If상 are going 10 prepare Ihe meal.)
뿔뿔 Alejandro va a arreglar su cuarto. (AIξjandro is going 10 tidy his room.)
뿔뿔 Vosotros vais a limpiar el coche. (You are going ω c/ean Ihe car.)
T디 vas a cortar el césped. (You are going to mow Ihe lawn.)
뿔뿔 Cristina y Blanca van a quitar el polvo de los muebles. (Cristina and Blanca are going to dusl the furniωre.)
T디 estudiarás. No mirarás la televisión
뿔뿔 Carolina asisitirá a todas las clases. No visitará a sus amigas
Luz Y yo leeremos todos los libros. No escucharemos m디sica.
m쩔 Vosotros aprenderéis el vocabulario. No descansaréis.
Yo prest뼈 atención ‘ No pensaré en otras cosas
흩쩔 Jaime y Luis correrán a las clases. No andarán por el parque.
m뿔 Valdrá la pena asistir a la conferencia. (It ωiII be ωorlhwhile 10 attend the conference.)
뿔뿔 Todos querrán venir a la conferencia en tren. (Everyone ωill want 10 come 10 Ihe conference by πain.)
뿔엉 Todos los participantes vend떠n mañana. (AII Ihe parlicipan“ will came tomorrow.)
톰뿔 Nosotros haremos todo 10 posible para todos. (We ωiII do everylhing possible for everyone.)
Nosotros no sabremos con antelación si el presidente vendrá. (We will nol know in advance if Ihe presidenl will come.)
Nosotros podremos hospedar a todos. (We ωiII be able 10 give a room to everyone.)
Nosotros pondremos carros a las órdenes de todos. (We ωiII have cars available for everyone.)
뿔엉 Todos tendrán que reservar 10 más antes posible. (Everyone will have to make a reservation as soon as possible.)
Todo el mundo dirá que es una conferencia importante. (Everyone ωiII say Ihal it is an important conference.)
Todos saldrán contentos. (Everyone willleave happy.)
엎짧 Conocel강 a una persona importante. Le dará una oportunidad increíble.
~ 48 Part IV: Writing in t빼ast and i빼
Tendrá buena suerte. Comprará un billete de lotería y ganará mucho dinero
뿔 Recibirá una carta importante en el correo. Le dará buenas noticias
g쩔 Su amigo le dará consejos. Los escuchará y podrá conseguir un mejor puesto
톰I Hará un viaje y conocerá a muchas personas influyentes
톰 Pronto su casa vaIdrá un millón de dólares ‘ La venderá y hará un crucero por mundo
SaIdrá con un amigo y se divertirán mucho
m엉 Perdrá documentos importantes. Un desconocido se los devolverá a Ud
똥 Mentirá a un amigo. Su amigo le perdonará a Ud
플 Ganará mucho dínero. Pondrá ese dinero en el banco para el futuro.
Irá en España y aprenderá a hablar español con fluidez.
SaIdrá de su oficina y encontrará un billete de cien dólares en la calle.
The Part of Tens
The 5th Wave By Rich Ten빠lt
~JS:5 티R8T TRIP TO SPA1N
“1>lE없뚱 하。p yellínS ‘01é’ every i.íme ba야end.et‘ spærs <3n olíve f야‘ <3 m<3rlíní."
ln this part ... , he Part 01 Tens is an integral part 01 every For Dummies 111 book. It contalns special tips and inlormation that
somehow didn’t make it or fit into the other chapters. In this part, you get the top ten common writing mistakes in Spanish. Avoid them il you want others to believe you’ve acquired native writing skills. You review the ten skills you need in order to polish your writing so that it has a prolessional quality about it. Finally, 1 introduce you to ten pairs 01 verbs. The verbs in each pair have distinctive meanings that require more detailed explanations
Chapter 16
Ten Most Common Writing Mistakes in Spanish
’“ @ \Ð 0 ‘> 。‘ ” 、ν
ln This Chapter Applying English rules to Spanish grammar
Using parts 01 speech improperly
‘? ‘” 이 ‘) 0 ‘’ ‘’ “ “ ‘’ ‘, ‘ ι ” ι ν ) ‘ υ ι
'nfants learn their native language by listening and internalizing the sounds, vocabulary, ..: and structures they hear. They eventually start to mimic what the people around them are saying. Watch out! Perhaps you’ve had an embarrassing moment when your little tyke innocently blurted out a colorlul four-Ietter word
After a child has achieved a reasonable grasp 01 the language, he or she then learns t。read. At this time, parents can breathe a sigh 01 relief, because when little junior(ette) is engrossed in a story, he (she) may manage to avoid those verbal difficulties mentioned pre viously.‘ Finally, a child uses all that he (she) has been exposed to in order to put original thoughts down on paper. This ability may be scary to adults, who may stumble upon diaries or journals containing the intimate thoughts 01 teenage sons or daughters
Writing - in any language - is, by lar, the most advanced skill you can learn‘ Writing is, well, an art. Mastering your native language is difficult enough, with all its rules and exceptions ‘ But when you want to acquire a second language - especially after you’ve already reached the ripe old age of 12 or 13, when the rules of your first language are deeply rooted into your subconscious - you really have to work hard at memorizing and internalizing a whole new set of sounds, vocabulary, structures, and rules. This is quite a daunting task; 1 commend you for undertaking it!
As a token of my admiration, allow me to attempt to help you perfect your Spanish writing skills ‘ In this chapter, 1 p1'esent the ten most common writing mistakes people make when learning Spanish. You need to avoid these if you want to write well ‘
Confusint) Gender Differences In English, a noun is a noun and an adjective is an adjective. Yes, gender counts, but only when English speakers are speaking about a male or lemale person. You can use adjectives, which you place in lront 01 the nouns, to describe anyone or anything without regard to gender or to the number 01 people or things you’re speaking about
In Spanish, however, every noun - no matter who or what it is - is either masculîne 01'
leminine. The gender 01 the noun determines whether you must use a masculine 01' leminine adjective to describe that noun. AIso, il the noun is singular, the adjective you use to describe it must also be singular. Likewise lor plural nouns: They require plural adjectives
’52 PartV:T빼art ofTens
And to complicate matters lurther, unlike in English, Spanish adjectives generally lollow the nouns they describe.
To perfect your writing in Spanish, make sure your adjectives agree with your nQlins and that they’re in the right position (see Chapter 8). Here’s an example sentence
Los vestidos rojos son bonitos. (The red dresses are pretty.)
lnsistint} on Word for Word Transfations Whatever you do, don’t try to translate your English thoughts word lor word into Spanish. lt simply won’t work, and you may sound quite loolish il you make an unwise word selection
Every language has its own set 01 idiomatic phrases that just don’t translate well lmagine how impossible it would be to translate and capture the true flavor 01 this English sentence: “She lell head over heels lor him." Here’s a Spanish example: Él se abogó en un vaso de agua. The literal translation is He drowned in a glass of water. The Spanish idiomatic expression abogarse en un vaso de agua means To make a mountain out of a molehill. A computer language translator or even the best bilingual dictionary won’t help you write Spanish properly unless you take idioms into consideration.
Fort}ettint} the Personaf a
j
English has no equivalent lor the Spanish personal a. lt’s something 50 foreign and 50
unusual to English speakers that many 01 us tend to lorget all about it when writing in Spanish. No doubt, il you omit the personal a, you’ 11 be marked as a gringo (Ioreigner)’ Use the personal a when the direct object in a sentence relers to a person. And don’t lorget that the preposition a contracts with the definite article el to become al belore a masculine singular nOUll. Here are some examples:
Busco los libros. α’'m looking for the books.)
Busco a Ana. (1’'m looking for Ana.)
Busco 떠 muchacho. σ’'m looking for the boy.)
Busco a las muchachas. (J'm looking for the girls.)
Usint} the lndefinite Article With an Unquafified Profession
“What do you do lor a living?" “Well, 1’m a teacher and my husband is an artist." ln English, you use the indefinite article a or an when relerring to a person’5 profession ln Spanish, the only time you use the indefinite article with a career is when the career is qualified or described. If you’re mentioning only the prolession, omit the indefinite article:
C빼te깨
Es ingeniero y su esposa es dentista. (He's an engineer and his ωife is a dentist.)
Es un buen ingeniero y su esposa es una dentista popular. (He s a good engineer and his ωife is a popular dentist.)
Mixint}. Up Por and Para The two prepositions por and para usually mean f<이" but in a few cases may have other meanings. This has puzzled and frustrated Spanish students forever. Even advanced students have a tendency to confuse them sometimes. Here’s a rundown of the most common rules for their usage:
You use por
‘'" To express the preposition through
Anduve por el bosque. (1 ωalked through the forest.)
‘'" To express the duration of an action:
Estudié por dos horas. (1 studied for two hours.)
J/ To express a means of transportation:
Viajaron por a띠ón. (They traveled by airplane.)
V To express doing something for someone:
Lo hizo por su mejor amigo. (He did it for his best friend.)
v To perform multiplication
Dos por dos son cuatro. (T.ωo IÎmes two is four.)
You use para to express
v A recipient
Esta carta es para Ud. (This letter is for you.)
v A purpose or a goal:
Leo para relajarme. (1 read [in orderJ to relax.)
v A time in the future:
Es el horarlo para mañana. (It's tomorrow's schedule.)
↓~ An opinion:
Para mí, esta casa es perfecta. (For me, this house is perfect.)
‘'" A destination
Ella va para la oficina. (She's heading for the office.)
Confusint}. Direct and lndirect Objects Direct object nouns and the pronouns that replace them answer whom or what the subject is acting upon. Indirect 01νéct nouns and the pronouns that replace them answer tojfor whom the subject is doing something. lndirect objects refer only to
54. Part V: The Part of Tens
ξ평
people. The pronouns me, te, nos, and 08 can be both direct and indirect object pronouns and generally present no problems (see Chapter 10).
The difficulty lies in distinguishing the direct object pronouns
10 (him, you, il), le (him, you in Spai띠, la (her, you, il), los (you, Ihem), and las (you, Ihem)
lrom the indirect object pronouns
le (Io/for him her, you, it) and les (Io/for you, Ihem)
Certain verbs in Spanish require a direct object (because the 10 or for actually is part 01 the verb) even though they require an indirect object in English. This can cause quite a bit 01 conlusion when you’re trying to select the correct pronoun lor a sentence. Allow me to provide some lists to help outl The lollowing verbs require a direct object in Spanish
했〔 η ,; escuchar (10 lislen 10)
ν .. esperar (10 wail fo r, 10 hope for)
,; 11뼈ar (10 calO
,; pagar (10 pay for [somelhing})
,; mirar (10 look al, 10 ωalch)
Here’'s an example using mirar:
ιLa televi8ión? Yo la miro tOd08 los días. (The lelevision? 1 walch il every day.)
The lollowing verbs are some that take an indirect object pronoun where the 10 isn't obvious:
g” 웹따@ 잉 ,; conte8tar (10 answer)
,; pre밍mtar (10 ask)
,; prohibir (10 forbid, prohibil)
,; telefonear (10 phone)
Here's an example using telefonear:
Le telefoneé anoche. (1 called him lasl nighl.)
English sentences may omit 10, which could trick you into using the incorrect object pronoun. Here’s a rule: lf 10 or for makes sense in the sentence - even though it may not be used in English - use the indirect object pronoun.
Le leyó el poema. (He read her Ihe poem. [He read Ihe poem 10 her.})
Note, too, that you must use an indirect object pronoun in Spanish even if you explicitly express to or for whom the action was done:
Le dio a ella el regalo. (He gave her Ihe gift. [He gave Ihe gift 10 her.})
Chapter 16: Ten Most Common W빼g Mistakes i빼al뻐 2j
Lost in music translation In a term paper about rock music, one 01 my students Una piedra is, indeed, a rock. But it's a rockthatyoulind made the mistake 01 trying to translate Iiterally. on the ground when digging in yourgarden. Hadthis stuUnlortunately, he used a computer language translator dent taken the time to use his bilingual dictionary, he and consistently relerred to rock music as la música would’'ve lound that Spanish borrowed the word “ rock" piedra.1 had tears rolling downfrom my eyes after 1 read lrom English, and thatthe correct expression in Spanish that one. Are you currently laughing as hard as 1 was? is la música rock.
Misusintj Gustar and Similar Verbs English speakers often misuse gustar (like) because they forget that in the 밍lstar construction, an indirect object precedes the verb and the subject follows the verb. Because a verb must agree with its subject, gustar must agree with the noun that comes after it. In most instances, you use only the third person singular form C밍1St빙
and the third person plural form C밍lstan). Only the gusta form may be used before infinitives. The following examples highlight these points:
Me gusta el postre. (1 like Ihe desserl.)
Me 밍lstan 1앓 frutas. (1 like fruits.)
Me gusta bailar. (f like 10 dance.)
Me gusta bailar y cantar. (1 like 10 dance and sing.)
You can study other high-frequency verbs like gustar in Chapter 10
Fortjettintj about l‘(ioms uJith Tener Although tener literally means 10 have, there are certain very commonly used idiomatic expressions in which tener means to be or in which it may have another, unexpected meaning. Be careful, when writing, not to use the verbs ser or estar (10 be) in these idiomatic expressions. Improper verb selection for common phrases will mark you as a novice. These idiomatic expressions include the following
tener calor (10 be warm, hol) tenersed (10 be Ihirsty)
tener frío (10 be coo/, co/,φ tenerlugar (10 lake p/ace)
tener celos de (10 be jea/ous of) tener miedo de (10 be afraid of)
tener cuidado (10 be carefuf) tenerprisa (10 be in a hurry)
tener dolor de ... (10 have a ... ache) tenerrazón (10 be r,땅hl)
teneréxito (10 succee이 tenersueño (10 be s/eep.끼
tener ganas de (10 fee//ike) tener suerte (10 be /ucky)
tener hambre (10 be hungry)
56 Part V: The Part ofTens
The lollowing example uses tener suerte:
Tienes mucha suerte. (You are uery ωcky.)
UsiruJ the Jncorri!ct Past Tense (Preterit or the JmperfectJ
j
Because English leatures only one past tense, Spanish having the preterit and the imperlect (the lormer to state a completed action and the latter to describe what was happening in the past) conluses English speakers and can cause a tremendous amount 01 mistakes. Time and again, 1’ve had students perlectly memorize the uses 01 the preterit and the imperlect only to use them improperly when they had to write compositions (see Chapter 13).
When writing in the past, always double check the verbs you’ve used and make sure 01 the lollowing
•'" Any verb that states a completed action at a particular moment in the past is in the preterit.
’'" Any verb that describes a scene or that expresses what “used to be" or “was" happening is in the imperlect
Certain verbs that describe a state 01 mind - such as querer (to ωant) , poder (to be able to) , saber (to knoω') , pensar (to think) , and so on - are generally, but not always, used in the imperlect. The correct tense olten depends on whether the writer perceives the action as completed at a specific time
Jt)norint) the Subjunctùle
@)
Because English speakers are so unaware 01 the use 01 the subjunctive in English, we tend to have difficulty with its use in Spanish. I!, however, you want to write like a native Spanish speaker, and il you want to do more than create simple, one-clause sentences, you must have a good command 01 the subjunctive. The subjunctive helps you to express, among other things, your wishes, emotions, needs, and doubts
Using the subjunctive properly will help you avoid the common mistakes associated with word-for-word translations. Here’s an example:
1 want you to go to tbe supermarket. (Quiero que uayas al supermercado.)
Although the English “1 want you to go" is perlectly acceptable, in Spanish you can’t say “1 want you ... " without being very fresh , if you know what 1 mean. You must join your two thoughts with que, and you must put your dependent clause (the one fol-lowing the clause showing the wishing, emotion, doubt, need, and 50 on) in the subjunctive. 1 cover the subjunctive in detail in Chapter 7 so you can raise your level 01 speaking and writing.
Chapter 17
Ten Tips for Writing Well in Spanish e 。 Q ‘”‘” (’@‘,‘’ ι ψ
ln This Chapter
Applying good English writing skills to Spanish
Avoiding common mistakes that ruin writing
Using helpful resources to write well
” ‘” ‘’ ‘; ‘’ ‘, “ ‘’ () ‘’ o G‘ 。‘ Gι() \,'““
ιf you know how to avoid errors when writing in English, you have a head start on avoid" ing errors when you write in Spanish. You can apply the tools you picked up in English 101 as you write down your thoughts in Spanish. But just in case you need a little extra help, this chapter presents ten tips that will allow you to express yourself correctly in Spanish When it comes to grammar, there are mistakes, and then there are mistakes! lf you can avoid the big ones by following the rules and tips 1 present in Chapter 16, and if you can apply the skills llist here, your writing will be clear, concise, and easily understood
Some of the tips in this chapter may seem a bit obvious, but you’d be surprised at how many papers 1’ve corrected where the students knew the work but gave very poor, sloppy presentations. Students who follow these tips always wind up with better grades because they put in the extra effort that makes the difference between well-written work and substandard rambling
Write in Complete Sentences l’ve had many students whose writing was inconsistent. What do 1 mean by this? ln one part 01 a student’s paper, a paragraph would consist of one sentence that rambled on and on lor five to ten lines - what grammarians refer to as a run-on. Unfortunately, the thought at the beginning often had very little to do with what went on at the end. 1 got lost somewhere around the middle! And in the next paragraph, the student would have a series 01 words that didn’t constitute a complete though!. Some sentences didn’t even have verbs! Sadly, 1 had only sentence fragments to contend with
Don’t let yourself fall into the run-on or fragment trap when writing in Spanish. lt’s better to write one short, well-constructed sentence than to try to prove that you’re the next Spanish Shakespeare. The same writing principles that you learned in your English classes also apply to your Spanish writing: Use complete sentences.
~ 5 8 Part V: The Part ofTens
Use Correct Punctuation 양織 Spanish uses the same punctuation marks as English, but it features some variations
in the rules of usage. The following list presents the m며or differences
V In numerals , you use a comma rather than a period, and vice versa
English ‘ $7,537.26
Spanish: $7.537, 26
v ln lists, you don’t put a comma between the last item and y (an이, whereas in English some writers use a comma before and.
Necesito un lápiz, una regla y una hoja de papel. (1 need a pencil, a ruler, and a píece of paper.)
J/ For quotation marks, the maio difference is that sentence punctuation in Spanish goes outside the quotation marks. ln English, the punctuation goes inside the quotation marks:
Él d젠0, “ Te quiero". (He said, ‘'1 love you. ':J V ln Spanish, you use an upside-down question mark at the beginning of a question
and a regular question mark at the end 01 the question. lf a sentence contains more parts than just the question, you place the question marks around the question only:
Si eslás cansada, lPor qué vas aI cine? (If you are líred, why are you going 10 Ihe movíes?)
V ln Spanish, you use an upside-down exclamation point at the beginning 01 the exclamation and a regular exclamation point at the end of the exclamation. lf a sentence contains both a question and an exclamation, you must lise Qne of the marks at the beginning 01 the sentence and the other at the end
iQué lastima, enconlrasle tn carlera? (Whal a shame, did you find your wallelη
Note that you can a150 separate the previous sentence
iQué lástima! ιEncontrasle lu carlera? (Whal a shame! Did you fínd your μ allelη
A(/oid Slant) An ídíom is a phrase that’s an acceptable grammatical peculiarity used in oral and written expression. You can’ t deduce the meaning 01 an idiom lrom the combined meaning 01 the words it contains. The idiom is simply understood by those in the know.‘ Native speakers customarily use idioms, and they may be suitable lor yoUl
written work. Here are some examples of idioms in English:
That dress cost me a pretty penny.
His comments onlyadded fuel 10 the fire.
The baIl is in your court.
1 discuss some Spanish idioms in Chapter 4
C빼
Slang, on the other hand, is very informal, non-standard language that’s generally spoken rather than written. Slang is considered unconventional street language. lt’s often off-color; in some instances, it’s plain rude and offensive. Slang has no place in formal writing. You should never use it in Spanish compositions, letters, term papers, or any written material viewed by a teacher, boss, or other person of authority. Here are some examples of mild English slang:
1 want to veg out today.
She’s so “IÏred because she drank too much coffee.
He makes megabucks.
Steer Clear of False Assumptions In order to write well in Spanish, you must avoid some common incorrect assumptions English speakers make:
‘", Don't assume that every English word has an equivalent Spanish cognate that you can form simply by adding 셔0.1’ve heard many intelligent, professional English speakers try to express that everything is just fine by exclaiming iNo problemo! Even if you gentIy try to correct them with “ No hay problema", they persist in using the incorrect phrase. Don’t allow yourself to fall into this trap. If you’re unsure of a word, consult your bilingual dictionary. In most instances, adding a final -0 won’t create a Spanish word, but it will make your work appear sloppy.
‘", Be careful with the gender of nouns. Just because a Spanish noun ends in -0
doesn’t mean it’s masculine: la mano (the han이‘ And Spanish nouns ending in -a aren’t necessarily feminine: el mapa (the map). If you’re unsure about nouns ending in other letters, Iook them up. You want your writing to Iook polished; your bilinguaI dictionary will help you achieve that goal. (For more on gender, see Chapter 3.)
"" Don’t assume that all Spanish words that look like English words have the same meaning in both languages. For instance, you’ 11 wind up with egg on your face if you try to express that a man is embarazado. Although it appears, from your knowledge of English, that you’re saying he’s embarrassed, in actuality you use embarazada only for females - and to describe them as being pregnant, no less! Watch out for these “false friends" that can trick you into writing something you don’t mean
Watch Out for Subiectfjιrb Aøreement If you want to produce quality writing, take all the time you need to ensure that your verbs agree with the subjects you use. For instance, be aware that collective nouns, such as la familia (the fami(끼 and el grupo (the group) , require sing비ar verb forms. If necessary, use the verb charts in Appendix A or consult Spanish Verbs For Dummies, by Cecie Kraynak (Wiley). If you use a trusted source, your verb endings will always be correct and you’11 internalize the forms as you’re exposed to them and as you use them more frequen tIy.
’60 Part V: The Part ofTens
.. \\\NG! Watch out for verbs that have spelling and stem changes. Stem changes usually are 흔y ~ indicated in parentheses next to the verbs: mostrar (u앙 - (10 shoω'). Know the verbs 냐ã"); that have irregular forms so that you can write them correctly (for more information \ _)i on verb changes and verb agreement, check out Chapter 4)
Select the Appropriate Verb Tense깨ood
혔핑
A1ways bear in mind that the tense of a verb reflects the time period in which the action is taking place. The key words that are followed by verbs should jump out at you as requiring specific tenses
'" Am, are, is, do, and does usually indicate the present. Am, are, and is may also indicate the present progre잉sive.
'" Did or an English past participle generally indicates the preterit
~ '" Was, were, and used 10 indicate the imperfect.
m ‘/‘ Will indicates the future
The indicative mood, the most commonly used, states a fact and requires the present, past, or future tense. The imperative mood req비res a command. The subjunctive is a mood that shows wishing, wanting, emotion, need, or doubt (among other things) and requires special verb forms. Finally, the infinitive is a mood that shows the verb in its “ to" form , before it’s conjugated: 10 dance, for instance.
Avoid switching tenses and moods unnecessarily in mid-sentence or mid-paragraph because this will make your work seem choppy. If you want your work to flow smoothly, watch the tense and the mood you select. For more on these verb forms , check out various chapters in this book (such as the chapters in Part lV for the past and future)
Correct Dan찌ïnt) Prepositions You’ve probably heard this one before in one of your English classes: Don’t let a preposition dangle at the end of a sentence. Colloquial English usage, however, has become more tolerant of those pesky prepositions that finish off sentences. lt seems far less awkward to say “That’s whatI’m accustomed to" than to give the correct version: “ It is that to which 1’m accustomed." Face it, very few people speak in this manner - perhaps only the most pedantic grammarian. It just sounds too stuffy and too clumsy.
Spanish, however, is less forgiving. Although English lets you get away with the dangling preposition “ to" in the previous example, Spanish does not. You may not end a sentence with a preposition. Here’'s the proper Spanish equivalent of the previous English example: Estoy acostumbado a eso. ~or more on prepositions, head to Chapter 12.)
C빼ter 17: Ten Tips for Writing Well i빼anish 26
Select the Proper Pronoun Belore selecting a pronoun lor a Spanish sentence, you must know the purpose it serves so that you can choose wisely. Spanish leatures many dif!erent types 01 pronouns, and they can become very conlusing. Here are some rules and examples (Ior more pronoun inlormation, reler to Chapters 2, 3, 4, 10, 11 , and 12):
v yo is a subject pronoun meaning 1
Yo vengo. (1’.m coming.)
’". me can be a direct object pronoun meaning me
Él me mira. (He 성 looking at me.)
•". me can be an indirect object pronoun meaning to/for me
Él me escribió. (He wrote to me.)
ι .. me can be a reflexive pronoun meaning myself:
Me lavo. (1 wash myself.)
v mi (mis) are possessive pronouns meaning my:
Es mi casa. (This is my house.) lDónde están mis llaves? (Where are my keysη
v mí (note the accent) is a prepositional pronoun meaning me - No es p앓a DlÍ. (That's not for me.) Mí becomes migo alter the preposition con (with):
ιPuedes ir conmigo? (Can you go with meη
V IDío (mía, míos, mías) are possessive pronouns meaning mine
Tu hermana es alta. La mía es baja. (You sister is tall. Mine is short.)
RellJ on the Net and Your Computer
~~폐
lf you need some inlormation when writing in Spanish, you can rely on your computer lor help. Don’t leel bad! You’re not cheating. You can find some wonderlul online bilingual dictionaries that are easy to use, have up-to-the-minute translations, and allow you to post queries when the dictionaries aren’t quite specific enough to respond to your questions. Using the Internet as a resource is certainly more timE• ef!ective and pleasant than thumbing through a heavy dictionary that’s balanced on your knees as you type.
You also can find some very inlormative Web sites il you need speci외ized vocabulary lists, help with grammar questions, or inlormation about a specific country. One caveat, however, is that you must verify that the inlormation you receive online is upto-date and correct. Know the Web site belore you trust its contents
Computer spelling checks, grammar checks, and lnternet translation programs - in any language - are notoriously unreliable. Your computer may miss a mistake or point one out where none exists because it doesn’t take parts 01 speech into account Here’s a real-lile example that 1 recently read on a student’s paper
~ 6 2 Part V: The Part of Tens
Ella canta quiere un ruiseñor. (She si탱s like a nightingale.)
Quiere is a lorm 01 the verb querer (10 ωishj,ωantjlike). What’s needed in this sentence, however, is the adverb como (like)
Ella canta como un ruiseñor.
Another student, writing a 5panish paper about music, mentioned Bill Haley. His translator program gave him this: Cuenta Haley. Cuenta, indeed, is the translation lor bill- the bill you get at the restaurant at the end 01 your meal! 50 much lor word-byword translations. (5top laughing so loud! lt was an honest mistake!) The moral 01 the story? Be extremely cautious when you lise your computer.
Proofread Your Work
4핏
1 can’t say this enough: Proolread your work! And after you finish checking your writ-ing, give your work to a second pair of eyes: a friend, a classmate, a relative - anyone who’s available! It’s hard lor one person to catch every mistake; it’s even harder for that person to recognize every mistake. You’ve probably read the paper so many times that the errors have become unnoticeable. Different eyes will read your work in a diflerent way than you did, and a new reader will notice things that you missed.
To produce really exceptional work, you must give your writing a once-over belore submitting it. Proolreading takes so little time but makes all the difference in the world with your finished product
Ten Important Verb Distinctions o @
。 ‘” 0 o ( <‘ o ‘•‘ ιr
ln This Chapter
Avoiding verb mixups and selecting the proper verb
Understanding diflerent verb connotations
@ ‘” ‘, ‘e ” @
’ ‘9 。 ιι
111 ave you used a thesaurus lately? A thesaurus is a wonderful tool that helps you write ’ 111 and speak without having to constantIy repeat words. When your vocabulary 、ranes ,your prose tends to flow instead 01 dragging along. In some instances, if you’re lucky, you’ 11 find a word that has the exact meaning you’re looking lor. But more olten than not, the words you must choose Irom are very close in meaning to the word you want to replace, but don’t communicate the precise idea you want to get across. You make your selection by trying to preserve, as much as possible, the thought or idea you want to express
Just like in English, you can describe actions or situations in Spanish by using different verbs, depending on the exact meaning you want to convey. When you’re learning a foreign language, picking up a good bilingual dictionary and reading the examples that show the subtIe nuances in meaning will ensure that you select the verbs best suited to your needs In this chapter, 1 present 20 verbs in Spanish but only 10 English meanings. These verbs are olten misused because they have the same English meanings but diflerent English connotations. But not to worry. I explain how you can determine which to use in any given situation
Ser (/ersus Estar The verbs ser and estar always cause considerable conlusion, because both verbs mean to be. You use each 01 these verbs diflerently, however.
You use ser to express the lollowing‘
‘'" An inherent characteristic or quality (one that probably won ’t change any time soon)
Mi abuela es vieja. (My grandmother is old.)
’'" The identity 01 the subject:
Mi padre es abogado. (My father is a lawyer.)
v The date, time, or place of an event
Es jueves. (It 's Thursday.)
Son las once. (It 's eleven o'c/ock.)
lDónde es el concierto? (Where is the concertη
264. Part 11: The Part ofTens
‘'" Origin and nationality
Ella es de Cuba. (She is from Cuba.)
Ella es cubana. (She is Cuban.)
... Ownership
Es mi perro. (It "s my dog.)
... Material
Es de oro. (lt's made of gold.)
... An impersonal idea:
Es fácil escribir en español. (lt "s easy to write in Spanish.)
On the other hand, you use estar to express
... HeatIh
lCómo estás? Estoy bien. (How are you? 1’'m fine.)
J;' Location, situation, or position:
El diccionario está en la mesa. (끼le dictionary is on the 띠ble.)
‘."r Temporary conditions or states:
Ella eslá ocupada. (She “ busy.)
... The present progressive tense (see Chapter 6)
El niño está durmiendo. (The child is sleeping.)
Sαber fJersus Conocel‘ Both saber and conocer mean to knoω Saber expresses knowing how to do some thing or knowing a fac l. Conocer expresses knowing in the sense of being acquainted with a person, place, thing, or idea. Note the differences in the following examples:
Yo 양 hablar español. (I know how 10 speak Spanish.)
Ella sabe mi nombre. (She knows my name.)
Sabemos el poema. (We know the poem [by heart].)
Yo conozco al señor l.ópez. (1 knoω Mr. López.)
lConoces este libro? (Do you know [Are you acquainted with] this bookη
Conocemos el poema. (We know [are acquainted with] the poem.)
Tomar fJersus LlefJar Determining the correct usage for tomar and llevar can be a bit tricky. 80th verbs mean ω take. You use tomar when the subject picks up something in his or her hands in order to physically carry it to another location. You use llevar when the subject is taking or leading a person(thing somewhere, is leading a person(thing to a place, or is carrying or transporting an item.
“ Chapter 18: Ten I聊
In most instances, if you can substitute the word “ lead" or “carry" for “ take," you should use the verb llevar. If you can’t substitute one of those words, you sho비d usetomar.
Here are some examples to help clarify:
Tomo tu lápiz. (1’'m taking your pencil.)
Tomó el niño de la mano. (He took the child by the hand.)
Uevo a mi hermano a la playa. σ’'m takir땅 my brother to the beach.)
Uevaron su coche 외 garaje. (They took their car to the garage.)
You can compare the two verbs at work in this example sentence:
Tomé mi Iibro y 10 llevé a la escuela. (1 took my book and 1 brought it to school.)
Deber f/ersus Tener gue You use both deber and tener que to express what a subject musl or has to do. You generally use deber to express a moral obligation, whereas tener que expresses what has to be done
Debes pedir permiso 뻐tes de saIir. (You musl ask for permission before going oul.)
Tengo que ir aI dentista porque tengo un dolor de las muelas. (1 have to go 10 Ihe denlist because 1 have a loolhache.)
Pretjuntar f/ersus Pedir
젠j
Preguntar aud pedir both mean 10 ask. You use preguntar to show that the subject is asking a question or inquiring about someone or something. You use pedir to show that the subject is asking for or requesting something in particular:
Quiero preguntarle si quiere acompañarme. (1 ωant 10 ask him if he wants 10 go with me.)
lVan a pedirles permiso? (Are you going 10 ask Ihem permissionη
Yo le pregunté por qué me pidió tu direcCÍón. (1 asked him why he asked me for your address.)
The word porqué doesn’t exist in Spanish. It’5 either lPor qué ... ? (two separate words that together mean ωhy? - or porque, one word that means because)
Jutjar ν'ersus Tocar Jugar and tocar both mean 10 play. You use jugar (generally followed by the preposition a; see Chapter 12) when the subject is engaging in a sport or game. You use tocar when the subject is playing a musical instrument
?66 PartV:The PartofTens
Ell08 jugaban a 108 u혀pes mientras yo tocaba el piano. (They were playir핑 cards while 1 was playir땅 the piano.)
Gastar (/ersus Pasar If you’re into spending, gastar and pasar are the verbs you need to discuss your pas-sions. Those 01 us who love to spend money use gastar, while people who spend time engaging in an activity should use pasar:
Pasé dos semanas en México. (1 spent two weeks in Mexico.)
Gasté mucho dinero 허lí. (1 spent a lot of money there.)
Deiar (/ersus Salir Dejar expre8ses that the subject has lelt something behind, whereas salir expresses that the subject has lelt a place:
Voy a dejar mis gafas en casa. (1 am going to leave my glasses home.)
Ella no puede salir 8in ell08. (She can 't leave ωithout them.)
Vol(/er (/ersus De(/ol(/er Volver,ωe) and devolver(ue) both have the same meaning - to return - and you con jugate them in the same way. Use volver when the subject is physically returning to a place. Use devolver when the subject is returning an item to its owner:
Siempre le devuelvo a ella 80s llaves cuando vuelve a c잃a. (1 always return her keys to her when she returns home.)
Poder (/ersus Saber
“
Poder and saber can be a tricky pair 01 verbs. 80th verbs mean can, but here’show they differ: Poder shows that the subject has the ability to perform an action, and saber shows that the subject actually knows how to perlorm the action
lf you can substitute the words “ knows how to" lor “can," you should use saber, Otherwise, use poder. Here are some examples:
Yo puedo cocinar. (f can cook.)
Hereyou’re saying that you have the ability to cook, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that you know how to cook.
Yo 양 cocinar. (1 can cook.)
Nowyou’re saying that, yes, you know how to cook!
M뼈
W”• UM
바샤 n”
il
lu
--•
nul n”r Aun
The 5th Waψe Rich Tennant
1:If"'i'f"" 'i!“
“Joe’S pest.. cont..rol'? Can Yρv 'Pvt.. me on ho1d asain'? 1 V'!as re잉ly enjoyins t..hat.. sM'P'PY
-rendit..ion of ‘l.a Cvcaiacha!'"
1n thÎs part ... I케F ave you lorgotten a verb conjugation and you don’t ’ 111 have the patience to scan the Table 01 Contents and
then search lor the proper table in the book? Have you lorgotten a word and now you don’t leellike leafing through the book to find the page you need? lf so, you’ve come to the right part. Appendix A contains verb charts that help you quickly find the conjugations lor all the verbs you need in many Spanish tenses and moods. lf you know the word you’re looking lor but can’t recall it in Spanish, just consult the English-to-Spanish dictionary in Appendix B And if 1’ve used a word you don’t recognize, or if you’ve simply lorgotten the meaning 01 a Spanish word, you can turn to Appendix C, the Spanish-to-English dictionary.
“ o ‘)‘’
Ret)utar ιrbs
AppendixA
Verb Charts “。‘’‘” sα 。 ι ’“ <\ι J
11 he three lamilies 01 Spanish verbs are those that end in -ar, 서er, and -ir. Regular verbs 111 within those categories lollow the same rules for conjugation, no matter the tense (pres
ent, past, future) or mood (imperative, subjunctive) ‘ The regular verbs 1 Iist in this section drop their respective infinitive ending (녕r, -er, or -ir) and add the endings 1 have in bold
#tfr flerbs trabajar (to U10r서
Gerund: trabajando
Commands: iTrabaje Ud.! iTrabajen Uds.! iTrabajemos! iTrabaja t피 iNo trabajes tú! iTrabajad vosotros! iTrabajéis vosotros!
Person Present Preterit Jmperfect Future Subjunctive
yo trabajo trabajé trabajaba trabajaré trabaje
tú trabajas trabajaste trabajabas trabajarás trabajes
él, ella, Ud trabaja trabajó trabajaba trabajará trabaje
nosotros trabajamos trabajamos trabajábamos trabajaremos trabajemos
vosotros trabajáis trabajasteis trabajabais trabajaréis trabajéis
ellos, ellas, Uds trabajan trabajaron trabajaban trabajarán trabajen
-er flerbs comer (to eat)
Gerund: comiendo
Commands: iComa Ud.! iComan Uds.! jComamos! jCome t디! jNo comas t디!jComed vosotros! jNo comáis vosotros!
~ 70 Part VI: Appendixes
Person Present
yo como
tú comes
él, ella, Ud come
nosotros comemos
vosotros comels
ellos, ellas, Uds comen
-Jr ν'erbs abrir (to open)
Gerund: abriendo
Preterít
coml
comiste
coml。
comlmos
comisteis
comleron
Imperfect Future Subjunctíve
comla comeré coma
com l8s comeras comas
comm comera coma
commmos comeremos comamos
COm l8lS comerms comáis
comlan comeran coman
Commands: iAbra Ud.l iAbran Uds.! iAbramos! iAbre t니1 iNo abras túl iAbrid vosotros! No abráis vosotros!
Person Present Preterít Imperfect Future Subjunctíve
yo abro abrí abría abriré abra
tú abres abriste abrías abrirás abras
él, ella, Ud abre abrió abría abrirá abra
nosotros abrimos abrimos abríamos abriremos abramos
vosotros abrís abrísteís abríais abriréis abráís
ellos, ellas, Uds abren abrieron abrían abrirán abran
Stem .. ChanψfUJ Verbs Stem-changing verbs require an internal change in the stem vowel (the vowel before the -ar,-eι or -ir infinitive ending) in the yo, tú, él, (ella, Ud,), and ellos (ell잃, Uds.) forms of certain tenses. ln all other tenses, stem-changing verbs don’t require any change; they follow the examples given in the “Regular Verbs" section according to their infinitive ending
Appe빼 A: 뾰rb Charts 27
#Qr f!erbs pensar (e to ie) (to think)
Present: pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis, piensan
Subjunctive: piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, pensξis, piensen
Other verbs like pensar include‘ cerrar (10 close) , comenzar (10 begin), despert없'Se (10 wake up) , empezar (to begin), and sentarse (10 sitdown).
mostrar (0 to ue) (to show)
Present: muestro, muestras, muestra, mostramos, mostráîs, muestran
Subjunctivε muestre, muestres, muestre, mostremos, mostrεis , muestren
Other verbs like mostrar include: acordarse de (10 remember) , almorzar (10 eal lunch) , acostarse (10 go to bed), contar (10 lell), costar (to cost) , encontrar (to find), probar (10 proue, to Ir끼, and recordar (10 remember)
jU9ar (u to ue) (to plmJ [a sport or 9ame]) Present: juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, juegan
Preterit: jugué, jugaste, jugó, jugamos, jugasteis, jugaron
Subjunctive: jue및e, jue@es, jue엎~, ju앨emos , j앵야is , jue@en
~er f!erbs t{uerer (e to ie) (to wish, want)
Present: quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, queréis, quieren
Subjunctive: quiera, quieras, quiera, Queramos, queráis. quieran
Other verbs like querer include defender (10 defend, to forbi이, descender (10 descend), entender (to undersland, to he띠), and perder (10 lose)
1I01ller (0 to ue) (to return)
Present: vuelvo, vuelves, vuelve, volvemos, volvéis, ‘ruelven
Subjunctive: vuelva, vuelvas, vuelve, volvamos, volváis, vuelvan
Other verbs like volver include: devolver (10 return) , envolver (to wrap) , lIover (10 rain) , morder (10 bite), mover (to moue) , and poder Cω be able 1,α can)
~72 PartV때pendixes
-ir flerbs pedir (e to iJ (to measure)
Gerund: pidiendo
Present: pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
Preterit: pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pedisteis, pidieron
Subjunctive: pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan
Other verbs Iike pedir include: impedir (10 prevenl), medir (10 measure), repetir (10 repe따), and servir (10 serve).
sentir (e to ieliJ (to (ee() Gerund: sintiendo
Present: siento sientes, siente, sentimos, sentís, sienten
Preterit: sentí, sentiste, sÌntió, sentimos, sentisteis, sintieron
Subjunctive: sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan
Other verbs Iike sentir include: advertir (10 ωar.π 10 nOlify), consentir (10 consenl) , mentir (10 lie) , preferir (10 prefer), and referir (10 refer).
dormir (0 to uelu) (to s(eep) Gerund: durmiendo
Present: duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen
Preterit: dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, dormisteis, durmieron
Subjunctive: duerma, duermas, duerma, dormamos, dormáis, duerman
Another verb Iike dormir is morir (10 die).
-uir flerbs (except -lJuir) construir (add '1) (to construct, buifd)
Gerund: construyendo
Present: construyo, construyes, construye, construimos, construís, construyen
Preterit: construí, construiste, construyó, construimos, construisteis, construyeron
Subjunctive: construya, construyas, construya, construyamos, construyáis. construyan
Other verbs like construir include: concluir (10 conclude) , contribuir (10 contribule) , destruir (10 destroy) , incIuir (10 include) , and sustituir (10 subslilue).
Appendix A: Verb Charts 27,
~eer f!erbs creer (add '1-) (to belielle)
Preterit: creí, creíste, creyó, creímos. creísteis, creyeron
Other verbs like creer include: leer (10 reaφ, poseer (10 possess), and proveer (10 provide)
~iar f!erbs lJuiar (i to υ (to lJuide)
Present: guío, guías, guía, guiamos, guiáis, guían
Subjunctive: guíe, guíes, guíe, guiemos, guiéis, guíen
Other verbs like guiar include: confiar + en (10 confide in) , enviar (10 sen이, esquiar (10 ski), and variar (10 vary)
-uar f!erbs continuar (u to ú) (to continue)
Present: continúo, continúas, contin디a, continuamos, continuáis, continúan
Subjunctive: continúe, continúes, continúe, continuemos, continuéis, continúen
Another verb like continuar is actuar Cω act).
Spetlint) ... Chant)e Verbs Some verbs require a spelling change in certain tenses to preserve proper pronunciation. In aIl the tenses 1 don’t list in this section, verbs with speIling changes don’t require the changes; they foIlow the examples given in the “ Regular Verbs" section according to their infinitive ending
~car f!erbs buscar (c to l{u) (to look (or)
Preterit: busqué, buscaste, buscó, buscamos, buscasteis, buscaron
Subjunctive: busque, busques, busque, busquemos, busquéis, busquen
Other verbs like buscar include: acercar (10 bring near), aplicar (10 apply) , criticar (10 crilicize) , educar Cω educale) , explicar (10 explain) , identificar (10 idenlify) , pescar (10 fish) , practicar (10 praclice) , sacar (10 lake oul) , and siguificar (10 mean).
~7 4. PartV때
-t}.ar flerbs ((elJar (lJ to lJuJ (to arricleJ
Preterit: !le밍lé, !legaste, !legó, !legamos, !legasteis, !legaron
Subjunctive: llegue, llegues, !le밍le, !leguemos, lle밍léis , lleguen
Other verbs like lIegar include: apagar (10 eXlinguish) , castigar (10 punish) , and pagar (10 pay)
-zar flerbs (anzar (z to cJ (to throutJ
Preterit: lancé, lanzaste, lanzó, lanzamos , lanzasteis, lanzaron
Subjunctive: lance, lances, lance, lancemos, lancéis, lancen
Other verbs like lanzar include: avanzar (10 advance), gozar (10 e매oy) , memorizar (10 memorize), organizar (10 organize) , and u디lizar (10 use) ‘
Consonant + -cer or -cir flerbs
e;ercer (c to zJ (to exerciseJ
Present: ejerzo, ejerces, ejerce, ejercemos, ejercéis, ejercen
Subjunctive: ejerza, ejerzas, ejerza, ejerzamos, ejerzáis, ejerzan
Other verbs like ejercer include: convencer (10 convince) and vencer (10 conqueη
esparcir (c to z J (to spread outJ Present: esparzo, esparces, esparce, esparcimos, esparcéis, esparcen
Subjunctive: esparza, esparzas, esparza, esparzarnos, esparzáis. esparzan
Vowef + ~cer or -cir flerbs
conocer (c to zcJ (to knoutJ
Present: conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocéis, conocen
Subjunctive: conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcáis, conozcan
Other verbs like conocer include: crecer (10 grow), desobedecer (10 disobey) , desaparacer (10 disappear) , eslablecer (10 eslablish), obedecer (10 obe.끼, ofrecer (10 offeη , and 뼈recer (10 seem).
Appendi뼈 Verb Charts 2 75 traducir (c to zc) (to transl,αte)
Present: traduzco, traduces, traduce, traducimos, traduc강is , traducen
Subjunctive: traduzca, traduzcas, traduzca, traduzcamos, traduzcáis, traduzcan
Other verbs like traducir include: conducir (10 drive) , deducir (10 deduce) , inducir (10 induce) , and traducir (10 π-anslale)
#t}er or #t}ir f/erbs esc0ger (9 to iJ (to choose)
Present: escojo, escoges, escoge, escogimos, escogís. escogen
Subjunctive: escoja, escojas, escoja, escojamos, escojáis, escojan
Other verbs like escoger include: coger (10 lake, 10 pick up) , proteger (10 prolect), and recoger (10 pick up).
diri9ir (9 to iJ (to directJ Present: dirijo, diriges, dirige, dirigimos, dirigís, dirigen
Subjunctive: dirija, dirijas, dirija, dirijamos, dirijáis, dirijan
Another verb like dirigir is exigir (10 deman이‘
#uir f/erbs distin9uir (9u to 9) (to distin9uish)
Present: distingo, distingues. distingue, distinguimos, distinguís, distinguen
Subjunctive: distinga, distingas, distinga, distingamos, distingáis, distingan
lrre9utar ιrbs Irregular verbs may undergo changes in some or all tenses and moods and for some or all subjects. You must memorize the irregular forms because they follow no spe cific rules. For all the tenses 1 don’t list in this section, the irregular verb follows the examples given in the “ Regular Verbs" section according to its infinitive ending
dar (to 9i(/e) Present: doy, das, da, damos, dáis, dan
Preterit: di, diste, dió, dimos, disteis, dieron
Subjunctive: dé, des, dé, demos, dεis , den
276 PartV때
decir (tIJ St% telf) Gerund: diciendo
Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: di
Present: digo, dic앙, dice, decimos, decís, dicen
Preterit: dije, dijiste, d피o, d헤mos, d헤isteis, dijeron
Future: diré, dirás, dirá, diremos, diréis, dirán
Subjunctive: diga, digas, diga, di짱IIDOS, dig'싫5, digan
estar (tIJ be) Present: estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están
Preterit: estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvisteis, estuvieron
Subjunctive: esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén
hacer (tIJ mak.옥 dIJ) Affirmative Familiar Sing비ar Command: haz
Present: hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen
Preterit: hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron
Future: haré, hæ킹s, hará, haremos, haréis, h앙án Subjunctive: haga, hagas, haga, hagænos, hagáis, hagan
ir (tIJ9ß) Gerund: yendo
Affirmative Familiar Command: ve
Present: vOy,vas, va, VaEnOS, vais,van
Preterit: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron
Subjunctive: vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan
IJír (tIJ heal이 Gerund: oyendo
Affirmative lnformal Sing비ar Command: oye
Affirmative lnformal Plural Command: oíd
Present: oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen
Preterit: oí, oíste, oyó, oîmos, oísteis, oyeron
Subjunctive: oiga, oigas, oiga, oigænos, oigáis, oigan
poder (0 to ue) (to be abfe t,ι can) Gerund: pudiendo
A매pp야e밍n때l띠d띠Ïl…x써‘
Present: puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podεis , pueden
Preterit: pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron
Future: podré, podrás, podrá, podremos, podréis, podrán
Subjunctive: pueda, puedas, pueda, podamos, podáis, puedan
poner (to putJ Past Participle: puesto
Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: pon
Present: pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponξIS, ponen
Preterit: puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron
Future: pondI녕, pondrás, pond떠, pondremos, pondréis, pondr연n Subjunctive: ponga, pongas, ponga, pongamos, pongáis, pongan
t{uerer (to want, wish) Present: quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, querεis , quieren
Preterit: quise, quisiste, quiso, q띠simos, quisisteis, quisieron
Future: querré, querrás, quer띠, querremos, quer뼈is, querrán
Subjunctive: quiera, quieras, quiera, queramos, queráis, quieran
saber (to know) Present: sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben
Preterit: supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron
Future:sabré, sab떠s, sabrá, sabremos‘ sabréis, sabrán
Subjunctive: sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan
safir (to 1)0 out, fealle) Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: SaI
Present: salgo, sales, sale, saIimos, salís, salen
Future: 잃ldré, saIdrás, saIdrá, saIdremos, 앓ldréis, saIdrán
Subjunctive: saIga, saIgas, saIga, saIgamos, saIgáis, 앓19an
ser (to be) Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: sé
Present:soy, eres, es, somos, sois, SOn
Preterit: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron
Imperfect: era, eras, era, 따ëlID.os, erais, eran
Subjunctive: sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean
278 Part VI: Appendixes
tener (tv harle) Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: ten
Present: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen
Preterit: tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron
Future: tendré, tendrás, tendrá, tendremos, tendréis, tendrán
Subjunctive: tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengan
traer (tv brh’9) Present: traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen
Preterit: traje, trajiste, trajo, 뼈imos, trajisteis trajeron
Subjunctive: traiga, traigas, traiga, traigamos, traigáis, traigan
lIenir (tv cvme) Gerund: viniendo
Affirmative Familiar Singular Command: ven
Present: vengo, vienes, 피ene, venimos, venís, vienen
Preterit: vine, 찌niste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, VÍnieron
Future: vendré, vendrás, vendrá, vendremos, vendréis, vend떠n Subjunctive: venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, veng,회s, vengan
lIer (tv see) Present: veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven
Preterit: VÎ, viste, vio, vîmos, visteis, vieron
Imperfect: veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían
Subjunctive: vea, veas, vea, veamos, veáis, vean
Appendix B
English .. to .. Spanish Dictionary ι) ç ‘ \υiνC ν v ’‘ lα 、 )‘ iυ00 ‘iι 。、 u ‘ ν
, he English-to-Spanish Dictionary includes words that you need to complete the English-111 to-Spanish exercises contained in this book. Where gender isn’t obvious, (m.) or (f.) indi
cate masculine or feminine , respectively. 1 show feminine forms of adjectives by a bolded (a). lrregular plurals are shown in parenthesis. A bolded (se) at the end 01 a verb indicates that the verb may or may not be used reflexively. Stem changes (ie, ue, and so on) appear in parentheses after verbs that require them. (For lurther information on the tenses that require stem changes, see Appendix A.)
abolish, 10: abolir
accompany, 1α acompañar
act, 10: actuar
advice: consejo
Africa: Africa
afler: después
aflernoon (PM): tarde
aflerwards: después
all: todo (a) 에
almost: casi
answer: respuesta
April: abril
around: a1rededor de
arriue, tσ lIegar
as: tan
ask, 10: pedir (i), preguntar
August: agosto
autumn: oloño
bad: mal (0, 에
bag:saco
bank:banco
be able 10, 10: poder (ue)
be, to: ser, estar
beach: playa
beauliful: bello (a)
because: porque
best: mejor
beller: m에or
bill: billele m.
boal: barco
book: libro
box: caja
bracelel: pulsera
bring, 10: traer
brolher: hermano
bull: toro
? 8 0 Part VI: Appendixes
bus: autobús m.
bul:pero
call, 10: llamar, telefouear
calmly: caImamente
candy: dulces m. pl.
caη race: un auto de carreras
calhedral: catedraI m.
celebrale, 10: celebrar
chicken: pollo
choose, to‘ escoger
Chrislmas: Navidad f.
church: iglesia
c/ass: clase f.
c/imb, 10: subir
color: color m.
come, 10: venir
conscientiously: conscienzudamente
correcl, 10: corregir (i)
crUlse: crucero
cure, 10: curar
dale: fecha
day: díam.
December: diciembre
de!icious: delicioso (a)
deserve, /0: merecer
dinner: cena
disease: enfermedad f.
do, lO ‘ hacer
doclor: doctor m.
document: documenlo
dollar: dólar m.
downtown: centro
dress oneself, 10: vestirse (i)
drive, 10: condncir
driver: chófer m.
dry oneself, 10: secarse
early: temprano
earn, 10: ganar
eal breakfasl, 10: desayunarse
eat, to: comer
educale, 10: educar
eighl: ocho
e땅hleen‘ dieciocho (diez y och이
eighlh: octavo 때
eighty‘ ochenta
eleven: once
end, 10: pouer fin a
every.‘ cada
everybody: todo el mundo
fall asleep‘ dormirse (ue)
family: familia
far (from): 1떼os 여e)
fasl: räpido (a)
f능bruary: febrero
feed, 10: alimentar
fifteen: quince
fifth: qninto (a)
fifty: cincuenta
film: película
find, 10: encontrar (ue)
firefighler: bombero
first: primero (a)
five: cinco
floωer: flor f.
fluenlly: fluidamente
follow, 10: seguir (i)
for: por, para
forgive, 10: perdonar
forty: cuarenta
four: cuatro
fourteen: catorce
tαIrIh: cuarto (i예
감iday: viernes ID.
friend: amigo (i에
fun, ω have: divertirse (íe)
fulure: fnturo
game:Juego
gel, 10: conseguir (i)
gel up, 10: levantarse
gift: regalo
give, 10: dar, presentar
Appe빼
go, 10: ir
go oul, 10: salir
gold: oro
good: buen (0, a)
governmenl: gobierno
governor: gobernador m.
grade: nota
he: él
help (10): ayuda (ayudar)
her: su셉
here: aquí
"α su(히
home: casa
home/ess: los sin techo
homework: tarea
honesty: honestidad f.
honeymoon: luna de IDiel
house: casa
hundred: cien(t이
l.' yo
immediately: inmediatamente
important: importante
impulsively: impulsivamente
m:'en
m η-onl of.- enfrente de
incident: incidente ID.
incredible: increíble
282 Part VI: Appendixes
influenlial: influyente
insist, (0: insistir en
inspire: iospirar
instructions: instrucciones f. pl.
invite, 10: invitar
January: enero
job: puesto
July: julio
June:junio
kiss, 10: besar
know, 10: conocer, saber
law: ley f.
learn, 10‘ aprender
leas t, al: por 10 menos
leave, 10: saIir de
less.‘ menos
letter: carta
lie, 10‘ mentir (ie)
lislen (10), 10: escuchar
little: poco
lose, 10‘ perder (i망
101, αmucho
lottery: lotería
luck: suerte f.
luckχ 10 be ‘ tener suerte
magazme:re끼sta
mail: correo
mall: centro comercial
marathon: maratón m.
March: marzo
masses: masas
May:mayo
me:me,mí
meal.‘ comida
meet, 10: encontrar (u에
memorize, 10: aprender de memoria
merchanl: comerciante m./f.
merry: feliz (felices)
midn엄'hl: medianoche ε
million: millón m.
mistake: error m., falta
Monday: lunes m.
money: dinero
more:más
mornmg μM):mañana
movies: cine m.
much: mucho (Ii’
my:mi힘
necessary: necesario 베
neither ‘ nor: ni ... ni
neωs: noticias
mne:nueve
nineleen: diecinueve (diez y nueve)
ninely: noventa
ninth: noveno 에
noon: mediodía m.
November: noviembre
Oclober: octubre
of.- de
of course: por supu영to
office: oficina
Olympic: Olímpico
one: un ‘이, una
open, 10: abrlr
opporlunity: oportnnidad f.
olher.‘ otro ~에
our: nuestro~에@
park‘ parquem.
participale(in), 10‘ participar (eu)
pay, 10: pagar
peace: paz f.
person: persona
pilol, 10 ‘ pilotar
please, 10: gustar
police officer: policía m.
poor: pobre
popcorn: palomilas de maíz
prepare (oneself), 10: preparar(s에
presenl: regalo
presidenl: presideute m.
pul, 10: poner
Appendix B: Eng때-to·Spanish Dictionarv 2gj pul (on), 10: poner(se)
quesllOn: pregunta
quickly: rápidamente
react, to: reaccionar
receive, to: recibir
reception: recepción f.
record, 10: grabar
regrel, 10: sentir (ìe)
remain, 10: quedarse
repeal, 10 ‘ repetir (ì)
research: investigación f.
respectful.ψ respetnosamente
responsible: responsable
restaurant‘ restaurante m.
return, to: regresar, volver (ue), devolver (ue)
run, to: correr
safari: safarl m.
sai!, 10: navegar
salesperson: dependiente m.jf.
Salurday: sábado
say, 10: decir
school ‘ escuela
scientific: científico ~예
second: segundo (3’ sell, 10: vender
Seplember: septiembre
serve, 10: servir (ì)
284 PartV때
seven: siele
seventeen: diecisiete (diez y siet밍
seventh: séptimo (a)
seventy: setenta
she: ella
shelter, to: abrigar
shower, to: ducharse
sister: hermana
SlX: selS
sÌxteen: dieciséis (diez y sei잉
sÌxth: sexto ~밍
sixty: sesenta
soft drÌnk: refresco
some: algunos ~떠밍m엉)
soon: pronto
SpaÌn: España
SpanÌsh: español m.
speak, to: hablar
spring: primavera
steak ‘ bistec ID.
stranger: desconocido 에
street: calle f.
study, to: estudiar
summer. ‘rerano
sunbathe, to: tomar 50l
Sunday: domingo
surf, to: hacer el surf
sweater: suéter ID.
take, to: tomar
take a cruise, to: hacer un crucero
take a πψ" 10: hacer un viaje
taxi 잉xim
tell, to‘ decir
ten: diez
tenth: décimo (a)
theater: teatro
theÌr: su(빙
there ÌS, are: hay
they: ellos, ellas
thÌrd: tercer (a)
thÌrteen: trece
thÌrty: treinta
thousand: mil m.
three σes
through: por
Thursday: jueves m.
tÌcket: billete m.
lime: hora, tiempo
to‘ a
train: tren ID.
ηip: viaje m.
truth: verdad f.
Tuesday: martes m.
tωelve: doce
Iwenty: veinte
tι0: dos
unc/e: tío
u깨usl: injusto Ú에
until: hasta
us: nosotros
very: muy
vocabulary: vocabulario
volleyball: voleibol, volibol m.
wake up, 10: despertarse (ìe)
walk, 10: audar
wanl, 10: querer (ìe)
war: guerra
watch, to: mirar
ωe: nosotros
wedding: boda
Wednesday: miércoles ID.
well: bien
what: lqué?, ιcu삶?
Appendix B: English-to-Spanish Dictionary 28: where α0): ldónde? (;,adónde?)
ωhile: mientras
ωhy: lPor qué?
ωide: aucho Ú에
win, 10: gauru
winter: invierno
wilh: con
withoul: sin
wool: lana
word: paIabra
ι ork, 10: trabajar
ωorld: mundo
worlh, 10 be: vaIer
ωrite, to: escribir
you: tú, Ud. , vosotros, Uds.
your: tu(잉, su(상, vuesσo(a)(s)
zero: cero
sax!p빼
Appendix C
Spanish .. to .. English Dictionary ’‘@ @ 9 ‘’‘ ι ‘’ ω
(,;lι(l 。
11 he Spanish-to-English Dictionary includes words that you need to complete the SpanishIII to-English exercises contained in this book. Where gender isn't obvious, 1 include (m.)
or (f.) to indicate masculine or feminine, respectively. 1 show feminine adjectives and nouns bya bolded (a). Irregular pluraIs are shown in parentheses. A bolded 흉) at the end of a verb indicates that the verb may or may not be used reflexively. Stem changes (ie, ue, and so on) are shown in parentheses after verbs that require them. (For further information on the tenses that require stem changes, see Appendix A.)
a las órdenes: al Ihe disposition
a menudo: often
a veces: sometimes
abeja: bee
abogado C에: lawyer
abrazarse: 10 hug each olhel
abrigo: coal
abril: April
abrocharse: 10 faslen
absurdo 때: absurd Ihal
abuelo 떼: grandfalher (grandmolher)
aburrido C에: boring
aburrlr: to bore
aburrirse: 10 become bored
acabar de: 10 have jusl
aconsejar: 10 advise
acordar (u앙: 10 agree
acostar(u밍: 10 pul 10 bed
acostarse (ue): 10 go 10 bed
actuar: 10 act
adiós: good-bye
afeitarse: 10 shave
afortunado C예: forlunale
afnera: oulside
agosto: Augusl
agua: waler
ahora: now
따l0ra mismo: right now
ahorrar: 10 save
aI fin: finally
almacenes ID. pl.: department stores
alcalde m.jf.: mayor
alegrarse (de): 10 be glad, 10 be happy
alegre: happy
alegremente: happily
?88 PartV때pendixes
a1emán 때em뻐a): German
며gún (a1gun에:some
려lá: Ihere
어morzar (ue): 10 eallunch
aImuerzo: lunch
a1to C비: lall
amable: nice
amar: 10 love
amarillo (a): yelloω
añadir: 10 add
andar: 10 walk
ano:year
antelación f.: beforehand, in advance
antes (d에: before
apag강: 10 turn off
aparecer: to appear
aplaudir: 10 applaud
aplicar(se): 10 apply (oneselO
aprender: 10 learn
aprender de memoria: to memorize
apresurarse: 10 huηy
aquel: Ihal
aquél: Ihal one
aquella: Ihal
aquélla: Ihal one
aquell잃: Ihose
aquéllas: Ihose ones
aquellos: Ihose
aquε1I0s: Ihose ones
aquí: here
aretes m. pl.: earrir땅S
arreglar: 10 lidy
asegurarse de: 10 make sure
앓esor 떼: consultant
asistír: 10 attend
asombrado 에: aSlonished, surprised. amazed
aspiradora: vacuum cleaner
asustado (a): afraid
atentamente: sincerely yours
atractívo (a): al,πuctive
atroz (atroce헤: atrocious
aumento: raise
avergouzado (a): embarrassed, ashamed
avergonzarse de: 10 be ashamed of
ayer: yeslerday
ayudar: 10 help
azul: blue
bailar: 10 dance
bajado C예: 10ω
bajo φ: shorl, beloω
baloncesto: baskelball
bañar: 10 balhe (someone)
bañarse: 10 balhe oneself
bañera: bathtub
baño: bathroom
banquero (a): banker
barco: boat
basta: enough
bastante: quite, rather, enough
basura: garbage
bate m.: bat
batir: to hit
beber: to drink
bebida: drink
be잉ar: to kiss
biblioteca: library
billete m.: ticket, bill
bolsillo: pocket
bouito ‘떠: pretty
botella: bott!e
brevemente: briefly
brillar: to shine
broma:joke
bronceador m.: suntan lotion
broncearse: 10 tan
bueuo 에: good, nice
burlarse 여망: to make fun of
caballito balancín: rocking horse
caber: to fit
caer: to fall
Appendix C: Spanish-to-English Dictionary 281
caja: box
cajero (i머: cashier
callarse: to be silent
calle f.: street
cama: bed
camarero 에: ωaiter(waiπ'ess)
camarote m.: cabin (stateroom))
cambiar: to change
camisa: shirt
camiseta: tee shirl
campo: countryside, ηeld
canCÍón f.: song
cansado 셋: tired
cansarse: 10 become tired
cantar: 10 sing
cariño: affection
carro:car
carta: letter
cartel m.: sign
cartera: wallet
cartero (i에: postal worker
casarse: to get married
cascada: waterfall
casi: almost
cebolla: onion
cena: dinner
cepillarse: to brush (hair, teeth)
?90 PartV때
cerca:near
cero:zero
cerrado (i히: c/osed
cerrar 뼈: to c/ose
cerveza:beer
césped m.: lawn
champán m.: champagne
chaqueta: jacket
cheque m.: check
chiste m.: joke
chófer m.: driver
cielo: sky
ClenCla: SClenCe
cierto (i머: certain, sure
cirujano (a): surgeon
cita: appointment, date
ciudad f.: city
claro: clear
coche m.: car
cochecito: baby carriage
cocinar: to cook
cocinero (i에: cook
coger: to catch
colgar ωe): to har핑 up
collar m.: necklace
colocar: to place (something)
colocarse: to place oneself; to get ajob
comedor m.: dinir핑 room
comenzar (ìe): to begin
comer: to eat
comida: meal, food
cómo:how
compañero (a): friend
compartir: to share
completamente: completely
comportamiento: behavior
comprar: to buy
concesión f.: dealership
concienzudo (i빙: conscientíous
concluir: to conclude
confianza:confidence
conocer: to knoω (to be acquainted with)
conseguir (ì): to get, obtain
consejo: advice
consentir (ìe): to consent
construir: to build
contar (u에: to tell
contento (i에: happy
contestar: 10 ansωer
continuar: to continue
contrihuir: to contribute
convencer: to convince
conveniente: fittir핑
con피ene: it is advisable that
copiar: 10 copy
corregir (ì): 10 correcl
correo: mail
correr: to run
corrida de toros: bunη'ghl
cortar: to cut
cort싫 (cortesa): courleous
corlesía: courtesy
cosa: Ihing
costar (ue): 10 cosl
creer: 10 disbelieve
crucero: CrUlSe
cuál(e하: which, whal
cuándo: when
cu따lto(-a, -,상: how much, many
cuarto: room
cuarto Ú에: fourlh, quarler
cubrir: to cover
cuenta: account
cuenta bancaria: bank Qccount
cuerpo: body
cuidado: care
cumpleaños m.: birlhday
curiosoú히: curious
dar: 10 give
dar un paseo: 10 lake a walk
dato: dala
A때p매p뼈e밍태n때빼1띠di>…x‘대C:Sp뻐al뻐n빼l
d따eb뼈ue떼naga뼈na: ω띠삐il띠1li탱'iy
de nuevo: again
de repente: suddenly
de retraso: lale (in arriving)
de vez en cuando: from time to time
deber: 10 have 10
débil: weak
decidir: 10 decide
décimo ω: lenlh
decir: 10 lell. say
dedo: finger
defender: 10 defend
dejar: 10 leave, allow
delante 여망: in front of
delgado (a): Ihin
de!icioso: delicious
demasiado: ralheκ 100, 100 much
demostrar: to demonstrate
dentro (d잉: inside (of)
deporte m.: sporl
deportivo Ú에: sporty
derecha: righl
derramar: 10 spill
desafortunadamente: unforlunalely
desayunarse: 10 have breakfasl
descansar: to rest
desconocido ‘에: strange,
~92 Paπ VI:Appe빼es
describir: to describe
descubrir: to discover
descuidado (a): untidy
desde: from, since
desear: to desire, to ωish, to want
desfile m.: parade
despacio: slow’ despedir(영 @: to say goodbye
despertar(s밍 (ìe): to wake up
después: after
destruir: to destroy
desvestirse @: to get undressed
devolver (ue): to return
díam.: day
diciembre: December
diente m.: tooth
difícil: dl“Ïcult
dinero: money
discutir: to argue
distinguir: to distinguish
distribuir: to distribute
divertido (a): fun
divertirse (ì망: to have fun
doce: twelve
doler(u망: to hurt
dolor m.: pain
domingo: Sunday
dónde: ωhere
dormir (u망: to sleep
dormirse ωe): to fall asleep
dos: two
ducharse: to take a shower
duda: doubt
dudar: to doubt
dudosoC빙: doubtful
dulce m.: sweet
durante: during
edificio: building
eficiente: efficient
egoísta: se /fish
ejercerse: to exercise
el: the
él: he
elegante: elegant
elegir @: to elect
ella: she
ellas: they
ellos: they
empezar (ìe): to begin, start
emp배ar: to push
en: m, on, at
en seguida: immediately
en vez de: instead of
encantado 때: delighted
encantador ~에: enchanting
encender (ì망: to light
encontrar (ue): to meet, find
encontræ징e (ue): to be located, meet
encuesta: survey
enemigo (a): enemy
enero: January
enfadado (a): displeased
enfadar: to anger, irritate
enfadarse (con): ω getangry, annoyed
enfermo ~에: sick
en‘rente 어e): in front (of)
engañar: (0 deceive
engañarse: 10 be mistaken
enojado (a): angry
enojarse: to become angry
enseñar: to teach, show
entender (ìe): ω understand
entonces: then
enσe: between
entrenador (a): trainer
entrevista: interuiew
enviar: 10 send
envolver (u에: to ωrap up
equip쩨e m.: baggage
equivo떠rse: to make a mistake, to be mistaken
A매p매p뼈e밍맨m때II띠d비l“il…x‘대cε:S야pal때n빼1
esa: that
ésa: that one
esas: those
ésas: those ones
escaparate m.: store window
escena: scene
escoger: to choose
esconder: to hide (something)
esconder(se): to hide (onesel.η
escribir: 10 wrÎte
ese: that
ése: that one
esencial: essential
esos: those
‘~sos: those ones
español (a): Spanish
esparcir: to spread out
especialmente: especially
espectáculo: show
esperar: 10 hope, to wait for
esposo (a): spouse
esquiar: to ski
esta: this
ésta: this one
estadio: stadium
estallar: to break out
estar: to be
?94 PartV때
estas: those
εst잃: those ones
este: this
éste: this one
estómago: stomach
estos: those
éstos: those ones
estrecho ~에: narrow
estnpendo ~에: stupendous
evidente: evident
exacto ~에: exact
excelente: excellent
exigir: to require, to demand
e자>edir φ: to send
explicación f.: explanation
explicar: to explain
extraer: to extract
extranjero ~셰: foreign
extraño 찌: strange
fácil: easy
familia: family
famoso ~에: famous
fastidiado 때: bothered
favor de: please
fe f.: faith
febrero: F능bruary
felicidad f.: happiness
feliz (felices): happy
feo (a): ugly
feroz (feroces): ferocious
ferozmente: ferociously
fiarse en: to trust
fiel: loyal
fiesta: party
퍼arse ‘e미: to notice
finalmente: finally
firmar: to s땅n
fisico (a): physical
flaco (a): thin
folleto: brochure
fortaleza: fort
fotografiar: to photograph
fraqueza: frankness
frecuentemente: frequently
frío ~에: cold
furioso 에: furious
gabinete m.: cabinet
ganar: to ear,π wm
ganga: bargain
gato: cat
generoso (a): generous
genial: pleasant
gerente m.jf.: manager
globo: balloon
gordo fj에: fal
망'aJlde: big
gris:grey
gritar: 10 scream
guantera: glove comparlment
guapo fj에: prelty, good-looking
밍lía m.jf.: guide
밍lÍar: 10 guide
guisantes m. pI.: peas
gustar: 10 like
habituar: to accustom someone 10
habladorfj밍: lalkalive
hablar: 10 speak, lalk
hace + time: ago
hacer: 10 make, 10 do
hacerse: to become
hambre f.: hunger
hay: Ihere is, are
helado: ice cream
helar (ìe): 10 freeze
herencia: inheritance
hija: daughler
hijo: son
h덴os: children
hora: hour
horrible: horrible
hospedar: 10 house
A때p매p야e밍때빼n때빼l띠diJ짜 Sp뼈삐a하떼삐n띠l끼is왜h패-E타En때떼l맨9
hoy: loday
hoy día: nowadays
idioma m.: language
imperativo fj셰: lmperatwe
impermeable ID.: raincoat
importante: imporlanl
imposible: impossible
improbable: improbable
impuesto: lax
incluir: to include
increíble: incredible
indispensable: indispensable
infeliz (ìnfelices): unhappy
Ìngeniero: engineer
ingl싫 (ìn힘es에:El핑lish
ingresar: 10 deposil
injusto (a): unfair
inodoro: without a smell
insistir: 10 insist
inteligente: intell땅ent
interesante: inleresling
invierno: winter
i r: 10 go
irónico 에: lrDmC
irritado fj셰: irrilaled
irse: 10 go away
isla: island
~96 PartV때
jamás:never
jardín m.: garden, backyard
jarrõn ID.: vase
jefe m.: boss
Joven:young
jueves m.: Thursday
juez m.: judge
jugar (u망: 10 play
jugar (u앙 a las damas: 10 play checkers
jugo:juice
juguete m.: loy
julio: July
junio:June
justo (a): fair
la: Ihe; 10 him, her, you, il
ladrar: 10 bark
lago: lake
lamentable: regreltable
lamentar: 10 regrel
largo (i에: ωide
las: Ihe, Ihem
lástima: pity
lavar: 10 wash
lavarse: 10 wash oneself
le: 10 him, him, 10 her
leaJ: loyal
leer: to read
lejos: far
lentamente: sloωly
les: 10 Ihem
levantar: 10 raise (somelhing)
levantarse: 10 gel up
ley f.: law
libra: pound
libre: free
ligero ~예: lighl
limpiar: 10 clean
lisonjeado (i에: flattered
listo (a): ready
llamar: 10 call
llamarse: 10 be called, 10 call oneself
llave f.: key
llegar: 10 arrive
llevar: 10 lake, wear
llorar: 10 cry
llover (u밍: to raÌn
10: him, il
lodo: mud
los: Ihe, Ihem
luego: Ihen
lujoso (i에: /uxurious
lunes m.: Monday
madera: wood
maguífico (a): magnificenl
maleta: suitcase
m aIo (i에: bad
mañana: tomorrow, morning
mandar: to command, to order. to send
mantel m.: tablecloth
mantequilla: butter
maquillarse: to put on makeup
máquina: machine
marm.:sea
maravilloso (i에: marvelous
marcharse: to go away
maridos m. pl.: married couple
martes m.: Tuesday
marzo: March
mas: more
más tarde: later
masticar: to chew
materialista: materialistic
mayo:May
me:me, tome
mediodía m.: noon
medir (ì): ω measure
mejor: better
menos: less
mensajero (i셰: messenger
mentir: to lie
merecer: to deserue, merit
Appe빼
mes m.: month
mesa: table
metro: subωay
mezcIar: to mα
mi(잉:my
mientras: while
miércoles m.: μ상dnesday
mil m.: one thousand
millón m.: one million
minuto: minute
mío(a)~잉: mme
mirar: to look at
mismo (a): same
moderno (i에: modern
moda: style
mojado (a): ωet
montaña: mountain
moreno (a): dark꺼aired, dark haired
morir (u망: to die
mostaza: mustcωd
mostrar (u히: 10 show
mucho 때: much, many
muebles m. pl.: furnilure
mujer f.: woman
muñeca: wrist
muñeco de nieve: snowman
muy: very
198 PartV때
nacer: to be born
nada: nothing
nadar: to swim
nadie: nobodχ noone
naipe m.: card (playing)
nataCÎón f.: swimmir핑
natural: natural
necesario 때: necessary
necesitar: to need
negar (i밍: to deny
negπo (j밍: black
nevar (i앙: 10 snow
ni ... Di: neither . .. nor
ningún (nin밍180, ningun에: none. notany
80: no, not
noche f.: evening
nos: US, 10 US, ourselves
nosotros: we, US
noticias: news
noveno (a’: nineth
noviembre: November
novio 베: boyfriend (girlfriend)
nube f.: c/oud
nuera: daughter-in-law
nuestro (a)(s): OUr, ours
nuevo (j에:new
nunca: never
o:or
obedecer: to obey
obvio (a): obvious
octavo (a): eighth
octnbre: October
ocnpado (a): b따y
ofrecer: to offer, give
oír: to hear
여허á que ... : if only
oJo: eye
oler: to smell
olvidar: to forget
olvidarse (de): to forget
optimista: optimistic
ordenar: 10 order
ordinario (j에: ordinary
orguUoso (j에: proud
oro:gold
os: you, to you, yourselves
otoño: autumn
otro (a): otheζ another
paciencia: patience
pagar en efectivo: to pay in cash
pais m.: country (nation)
P혀aro: bird
palabra: word
palomitas de maíz: popcorn
panadero (a): baker
pantalla: screen
papel m.: papeζ role
para: for
parar: 10 slOp (somelhi맹)
pararse: 10 slop oneself
pardo (a): broωn
parecer: (0 seem
partido: malch
partir: 10 leave
P잃ado~에: lasl
P잃ar: 10 spend (time)
pase m.: showing
pasearse: 10 go for a walk
pastel m.: cake
pedir (ì): 10 ask for
peinarse: to comb one's hai1’
pelar: 10 peel
película: film
peligroso ~에:dm핑erous
pelo: hair
pensar (ì에: 10 Ihink
peor: ωorse
pequeño (a): small
perder (ì밍: 10 lose
perezoso ~예: lazy
perfeccionar: 10 perfecl
A매p매p야e밍n때빼1띠dil짜 Sp뻐a매n빼1
perfecto ~떠: perl겉cl
perla: pearl
permitir: 10 permil
pero: bul
perro:dog
pescado: fish
pesim.ista: pessimistic
peso: weighl
pierna: leg
piscina: swimming pool
piso: floor
planchar: 10 iron
plato: plale
playa: beach
pobre:poor
poco 헤: little
poder (ue): 10 be able 10, can
pollo: chicken
polvo: dusl
poner: 10 pul
ponerse: 10 pul (somelhing on) 10 become, 10 place oneself
popular: popular
por: for, pel
por consiguiente: consequently
porqué: why
por supuesto: of couκ'Se
porción f.: portion
00 Part VI: Appendixes
porque: because
posible: possible
precio: price
preferible: preferable
preferir Qe): ω prefer
preocuparse (d망: 10 worry (about)
prestar: 10 borroω
prestar atención: 10 pay attenlion
primavera: spring
primero ç떠: firsl
primo (a): cousin
probable: probable
probar (ue): 10 try (on)
producir: 10 produce
producto lácteo: dairy producI
profundamente: deeply
prohibir: 10 forbid
prometer: to promise
pronto: soon
pronunciar: (0 pronounce
propietario: proprielor
próximo (a): nexl
proyecto: projecl
puerto: porl
puesto:job
quedar(se): 10 remain
queja내영e 여e): 10 complain
quemadura: burn
queso: cheese
quién~떼: ωho, whom
quitar(se): 10 remove, 10 lake off
rato: while
receta: recipe
reclamar: 10 demand
refresco: sofl drink
refriarse: 10 calch a cold
regalo: gifl
l녕gimen m ,: diel
regla: rule
regresar: to return
reino: kingdom
reír: 10 laugh
relámpagos: lighlening
reunirse: to meet
romper: 10 break
rótulo: sign
ruido: noise
ruta: road, route
sábado: Saturday
saco: bag
sagaz (sagace헤: astute, wise
salir: 10 go oul
saltar: 10 jump
saludable: healthy
secar(se): 10 dry (onese/f)
seda: silk
seguir φ: to follow
selva: raÎnforesl
sentir (i망: to be sorry, to regret
ser: to be
siempre: always
50l ID.: sun
sonar (u망: to nng
sorprendido (a): surprised
suelo: ground
suerte f.: luck
sugerir (ie): to suggest
taI vez: perhaps
tambiεn: also, [00
tampoco: neitheνáot . .. either
tempestad f.: storm
temprano: early
tener (ie): to have
timbre m.: bell
tintoreria: dry cleaner
torpe: c/umsy
trab헤ador 에: hard-working
traducir: to translate
traer: to bring
traje m. de baño: bathing suit
tratar de: to try to
tronar ωe): to thunder
/ U , J W
뻐
·m n u ”
때
때
王n ” 4 L ” ·m g u
n u I
R S F b ·m 빼
매
n ”
trozo: piece
truenos: thunder
uva: grape
、raciar: to empty
valer: to be worth
venir: to come
venta: sale
ver: to see
vestir 00: to c/othe
viernes ID.: 감'iday
Vlspera: eve
volver (ue): to return
voz f.: voice
vuestro (a)(s): your, yours
ya: already
zan따loria: carrot
sax!p빼
Index “ @ ζ, 。 c‘ ” 잉 000 0 ‘ o 000 0 Q O@O ‘’ $ 0 ‘’ o
CIÞ A CIÞ
a personal, 167-168, 198, 252 preposition
answering questions, 91-92 overview, 197-198 verbs requiring, 200-201
abbreviations used in bilingual dictionaries, 33-34 used in book, 2 01 usted(es), 62
about (de) contractions, 42 overview, 198
absolute superlatives, 142 abstract nouns, 29 adjectives
versus adverbs, 138 agreement 01
exceptions , 129-131 gender, 128-132, 251-252 plurals, 131-133, 251-252
compansons absolute superlatives, 142 01 equality, 139 01 inequality, 140 irregular comparatives , 140-142 superlatives, 140-141
defined, 30-31 demonstrative
examples, 31 , 39 overview, 45-46 positioning 01, 133
descriptive, 133-134 expressing leelings and emotions, 119-120 indefinite, 31 interrogative
examples, 31 overview, 83-84
numbers as, 31 overview, 30-31 , 127
positioning 01 lollowing nouns, 133, 252 preceding nouns, 133-134
possessive examples, 31 , 182 overview, 54-55 positioning 01, 133 using definite article in place 01, 40
shortened lorms 01, 134-135 adverbial phrases, 136 adverbs
versus adjectives, 138 comparisons
absolute superlatives, 142 01 equality, 139 01 inequality, 140 irregular comparatives, 140-142 superlatives, 140
defined, 31 expressing doubt or uncertainty, 120 lorming
adverbial phrases, 136 overview, 135-136 simple, 136-138
interrogative, 8• 86 over찌ew, 31 , 127 positioning 01, 138-139 reinlorcing location with, 46 use with definite articles, 41 use with 10, 43 use with por, 199
affirmative commands lormal
irregular verbs, 148, 150 regular verbs, 146-147 spellingjstem-changing verbs , 148-149
inlormal plural, 156-161 singular, 151-155
pronoun placement, 173-175, 192 Answer Keys , overview 01, 2
04 Intermediate Spa빼
answering questions affirmatively, 88 negatively, 88-90 providing information, 91-92
-arverbs charts
irregular, 275-276 regular, 269 spelling/stem-changing, 271
future tense, 241 gerunds, 95-96 imperative mood/command form
irregular, 150 regular, 146-147, 151-152, 156 spelling/stem-changing, 148-149, 153-154,
157-159 imperfect past tense, 226-227 presenttense
irregular, 73-74 regular, 65-66 spelling/stem-changing, 69-70
preterit past tense irregular, 218-220 regular, 211-212 spelling/stem-changing, 213
reflexive, 182 subjunctive
irregular, 111 regular, 106 spelling/stem-changing, 109-111
articles definite
after ser, 56 clashing vowel sounds, 51 contractions with, 42, 167, 197-198, 252 defining, 39 identifying, 40 neuter 10, 42 omission 01, 41 usage 01, 40-41
indefinite identilying, 42-43 omission 01, 43-44 with unqualified prolession, 252-253
overview, 39
ask (pedir) chart, 272 imperative mood/command form
formal , 149 informal plural, 158 informal singular, 153
versus preguntar, 265 preterit past tense, 215
ask (preguntar) versus pedir, 265 with por, 199
~ 8 CII
be (estar) chart, 276 expressing feelings and emotions, 119-120 imperative mood/command form , 150 present progressive tense, 99, 264 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 219 versus ser, 263-264
be (ser) chart, 277 definite articles and, 56 versus estar, 263-264 imperative mood/command form
informal plural, 159 inlormal singular, 154
imperfect past tense, 227 present subjunctive, 111 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 220
bilingual dictionaries English-to-Spanish, 279-285 Spanish-to-English, 287-301 utilizing, 33-34, 261 , 263
bring (traeη chart, 278 gerund, 96 imperative mood/command form
lormal, 148 inlormal plural, 157 inlormal singular, 152
present subjunctive, 107 present tense, 74 preterit past tense, 219
by (en), 198
eCe can (poder). See also saber
chart, 277 luture tense, 243 gerund, 97 imperlect past tense, 256 prepositions and, 203-204 preterit past tense, 221 versus saber, 266
--car verbs chart, 273 present subjunctive, 108-109 preterit past tense, 213
cardinal numbers, 9-14, 31 -cerverbs
chart, 274-275 presenttense, 68 subjunctive, 108
check writing, 12-13 cientofcien (1 00), 11 , 134 -cirverbs
chart, 274-275 presenttense, 68 subjunctive, 108
collective nouns, 28 come (venir)
chart, 278 gerund, 97 imperative moodfcommand lorm
formal , 148 informal plural, 159 informal singular, 154
with por, 199 presenttense, 74, 107 preterit past tense, 217
command form lormal
irregular verbs, 148, 150 regular verbs, 146-147 spelling-change verbs, 148-149 stem-changing verbs, 149
informal plural, 156-161 singular, 151-155
overview, 145-146 pronoun placement, 173, 175, 192
common nouns defined, 28 expressing possession with, 54
cómo (how, what), 91 comparisons
absolute superlatives, 142 01 equality, 139 01 inequality, 140 irregular comparatives, 140-142 superlatives, 140-141
computer usage, 252, 255, 261-262 con (with)
adverbial phrases, 136 answering questions, 92 overview, 195-196 pronouns and, 29, 261 verbs requiring, 203
concrete nouns, 29 conjugations, 65
future tense expressing with ir + a , 240
l때ex 30
expressing predictionfwonder, 244-245 expressing with present, 64, 239-240 expressing with present subjunctive, 114 irregular verbs, 243-244 regular verbs, 241-242
imperfect past tense irregular verbs, 227 overview, 225-226 versus preterit past, 229-231 , 256 regular verbs, 226 uses of, 228-229
present progressive tense with estar, 99, 264 with other verbs, 99-102 overview, 98-99
presenttense expressions, 76-78 to imply future, 64, 239-240 irregular verbs, 73-74 overview, 64-65 regular verbs, 65-67 spelling-change verbs, 68, 71-72 stem-changing verbs, 68-72 subject pronouns, 61-64
preterit past tense versus imperfect past, 229-231 , 256 irregular verbs, 216-220 overview, 211
: 06 Intermediate Spanis뼈r Dummi
preterit past tense (continued) regular verbs , 211-212 spelling-change verbs, 213-214 stem-changing verbs, 215-216 utilizing, 221
selecting tense, 260 conocer (to know)
chart, 274 preterit past tense, 221 versus saber, 264
consonants + -cerjcirverbs, 68, 108, 274 adjectives that end in, 130-132
contractions, 42, 167, 197-198, 252 conventions, 2 cuánto(a)(s) (how much , many) , 91
IIIÞ J) IIIÞ
dangling prepositions, 195, 260 dar (to give)
chart, 275 expressions with, 76-77 indirect objects, 171 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 219-220 subjunctive, 111
dates days, 16-17 months, 17-18 ordinal versus cardinal numbers , 14 writing, 18-20
days, 16-17 de (01, lrom, about)
answering questions, 91-92 contractions, 42 expressing possession with, 54 overview, 198 use with millón, 11 verbs requiring, 202
deber (to must [have to D prepositions and, 203 versus tener que, 265
decimals, 11-12 decir (to say, tell)
chart, 276 expressions with, 78 luture tense, 243-244 gerund, 96
imperative moodjcommand lorm, 148, 154, 159
indirect objects, 171 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 217 subjunctive, 107
delinite articles alter ser, 56 clashing vowel sounds, 51 contractions with, 42, 167, 197-198, 252 delining, 39 identilying, 40 neuter 10, 42 omission of, 41 usage 01, 40-41
dejar (to leave) expressions with, 78 prepositions and, 202-203 versus salir, 266
demonstrative adjectives delined , 31 , 39 overvie'ι', 45-46
positioning 01, 133 demonstrative pronouns , 29, 46-47 descriptive adjectives, 133-134 devolver (to return)
chart, 271 versus volver, 266
dictionaries, bilingual English-to-Spanish, 279-285 Spanish-to-English, 287-301 utilizing, 33-34, 261 , 263
diphthongs, 175 direct object nouns
delined, 182 example, 28 versus indirect object nouns, 253-254 personal a, 198, 252 superlatives , 140 transitive verbs and, 30
direct object pronouns. See also rellexive pronouns
delined, 29 double object pronouns, 17• 175 versus indirect object pronouns, 170-172,
253-254, 261 overview, 165-167 personala, 167-168 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171
do (hacer) chart, 276 expressions with, 77-78 imperative mood(command lorm,
148, 154, 159 prepositions and, 203-204 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 217 with que, 65
dónde (where), 91 double object pronouns, 174-175, 188 doubt , 117-118, 120
-E--eer verbs, 273 é1 (he)
contractions, 55 versus eIla, 63 when to omit, 64
eIla (her) versus él, 63 when to omit, 64
eIlos(eIlas (they), 63 emotions,1I7-120 en (in, by, on)
answering questions, 91 overview, 198 verbs requiring, 202-203
English-to-Spanish dictionary, 279-285 -erverbs
charts irregular, 276-278 regular, 269-270 spelling(stem-changing, 271
future tense irregular, 243-244 regular, 241-242
gerunds, 95-97 imperative mood(command lorm
lormal, 146-150 inlormal plural, 156-159 inlormal singular, 151-155
imperlect past tense, 226-227 present tense
irregular, 73-74 regular, 65-66 spelling(stem-changing, 68-71
preterit past tense irregular, 216-220 regular, 211-212 spelling(stem-changing, 213-215
rellexive, 181-183 stem-changing verbs, 271 subjunctive
irregular, 107, 111 regular, 106 spelling(stem-changing, 107-111
estar (to be) chart, 276
Index 30
expressing leelings and emotions, 119-120 imperative mood(command lorm, 150 present progressive tense, 99, 264 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 219 versus ser, 263-264 versus tener, 255-256
exclamation marks(points, 146, 258 expressions
idiomatic delined, 27 examples 01, 2, 76-78 with tener, 255-256 translation 01, 252
impersonal with hay, 86 with ser, 264 using subjunctive alter, 114-116 weather, 70
with irregular verbs, 76-78
.F. leelings ,1I9-120 lor (para, poη, 84 , 199, 253 lormal commands
irregular verbs, 148, 150, 275-278 pronoun placement, 173-175, 192 regular verbs, 146-147 spelling(stem-changing verbs, 148-149
lormal subject pronouns, 62-63 lrom (de)
answering questions, 91-92 contractions, 42 。verview, 198
08 h빼
future tense expressing with ir + a , 240 expressing predictionjwonder, 244-245 expressing with present, 64, 239-240 expressing with present subjunctive, 114 irregular verbs, 243-244 regular verbs, 241-242
-e o -garverbs
chart, 274 preterit past tense, 213
gastar (to spend), 266 gender 。f adjectives, 128-129, 251-252 agreement, 28, 127 definite articles
contractions with, 42 defining, 39 identifying, 40 neuter 10, 42 omission 01, 41 usage 01, 40-41
demonstrative adjectives, 45-46 demonstrative pronouns, 46-47 indelinite articles
identifying, 42-43 omission 01, 43-44 overview, 39
nouns lalse assumptions, 259 plural , 52-53 sing비ar, 48-52
numbers, 14, 48 possession
adjectives, 54-55 using de, 54
possessive pronouns, 55-56 -gerjgir verbs
chart, 275 present subjunctive, 108 presenttense, 68
gerunds attaching pronouns
double object, 174-175 object, 172-173
overview, 95
present progressive tense overview, 98-99 using estar, 99 using other verbs, 99-100
regular verbs, 96 stem-changingjirregular verbs, 96-97
glve 여ar)
chart, 275 expressions with, 7• 77 indirect objects, 171 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 219-220 subjunctive, 111
go (ir) with a, 239-240 chart, 276 luture tense, 241 gerund, 97 imperative moodjcommand form,
150, 154, 159 imperfect past tense, 227 with por, 199 prepositions and, 201 present progressive tense, 99-100 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 220 reflexive, 186 subjunctive, 111
go out Ü잃lir)
chart, 277 versus dejar, 266 future tense, 243 imperative moodjcommand form
lormal, 148 inlormal plural, 159 inlormal singular, 154
prepositions and, 203 present progressive tense, 99-100 present subjunctive, 107 present tense, 74
-guirverbs chart, 275 present subjunctive, 108 presenttense, 68 밍lSIar (to like, please)
misusing, 255 overview, 176-177
-H-hacer (to make, do)
chart, 276 expressions with, 77-78 imperative moodjcommand form , 148, 154, 159 prepositions and, 203-204 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 217 with que, 65
hasta (until), 198 have (tener)
chart, 278 expressions with, 77-78 idioms with, 255-256 imperative moodjcommand form
formal , 148 informal plural, 159 informal singular, 154
personal a, 168 present tense, 74 preterit past tense, 219, 221 versus ser and estar, 255-256
have to (deber) prepositions and, 203 versus tener que, 265
have to (tener que) , 74, 265 he (él)
contractions, 55 versus ella, 63 when to omit, 64
hear (oír) chart, 276 with decir, 78 future tense, 214, 242 gerund, 96 imperative moodjcommand form
formal, 148 informal plural, 157 informal singular, 152
prepositions and, 203 present subjunctive, 107 presenttense, 74
her (ella) versus ε1, 63
when to omit, 64 how (cómo), 91 how much, many (cuánto[a][s]), 91
-iar verbs, 273 icons, in book, 4-5 idiomatic expressionsjphrases
defined, 27 examples of, 2, 76-78 with tener, 255-256 translation of, 252
imperative mood formal
irregular verbs, 148, 150 regular verbs, 146-147 spelling-change verbs, 148-149 stem-changing verbs, 149
informal plural, 156-161 singular, 151-155
overview, 145-146
Index 30
pronoun placement, 173, 175, 192 imperfect past tense. See also preterit past
tense irregular verbs, 227 overview, 225-226 versus preterit past, 229-231 , 256 regular verbs, 226 uses of, 228-229
imperfect subjunctive, 105 impersonal expressions
with hay, 86 with ser, 264 using subjunctive after, 114-116 weather, 70
in (en) answering questions, 91 overview, 198
incorrect assumptions, 259 indefinite articles
identifying, 42-43 omission of, 43-44 overview, 39 with unqualified profession, 252-253
indîcative mood. See also future tense; past tenses;presenttense
defined, 105, 260 expressing wishing, emotion, need, doubt,
117-118 împersonal expressions, 116 with I외 vez and quizás, 120
1 0 Intermediate Spanish For Dummies
indirect object nouns defined, 182 versus direct object nouns, 253-254 example, 28 verbs requiring use 01, 255
indirect object pronouns. See also reflexive pronouns
defined, 29 versus direct object pronouns, 170-172,
253-254, 261 double object pronouns, 17• 175 overview, 165, 168-170 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171-172, 176-177
infinitive mood consecutive verbs, 65 defined, 30, 260 with gustar, 177, 255 with ir + a, 240 negative words belore, 89 with ni ... ni construction, 89 with pensar, 78 prepositions and, 200-204 pronoun placement, 172, 174-175, 190 used as nouns, 41 , 95-96
informal commands plural, 156-161 pronoun placement, 173-175, 192 singular, 151-155
inlormal subject pronouns, 62-63 inquiries. See questions Internet resources, 261 interrogative adjectives, 31 , 83-84 interrogative adverbs, 84-85 interrogative pronouns, 29, 85-86 intonation, 82 intransitive verbs, 30 inversion, 83-84 inverted exclamation marks/points, 146, 258 inverted question marks, 82, 258 ir (to go)
with a, 239-240 chart, 276 luture tense, 241 gerund, 97 imperative mood/command lorm, 150, 154, 159 imperlect past tense, 227 with por, 199 prepositions and, 201
present progressive tense, 99-100 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 220 reflexive, 186 subjunctive, 111
-ir verbs charts
irregular, 276-278 regular, 270 spelIing/stem-changing, 272
future tense irregular, 243-244 regular, 241-242
gerunds, 95-97 imperative mood/command lorm
lormal, 146-150 inlormal pluraI, 156-159 inlormal singular, 151-155
imperfect past tense, 226-227 presenttense
irregular, 73-74 regular, 65-67 spelIing/stem-changing, 68-72
preterit past tense irregular, 216-217 regular, 211-212 spelIing/stem-changing, 213-216
reflexive, 181-183 subjunctive
irregular, 107, 111 regular, 106 spelIing/stem-changing, 107-110
irregular command forms charts, 275-278 lormal, 147-151 inlormaI
plural, 157, 159 singular, 152-155
irregular gerunds, 97 irregular verbs
charts, 275-278 expressions with, 76-78 luturetense, 243-244 gerunds, 96-97 imperative mood/command lorm
lormal, 148, 150 inlormal pluraI, 157, 159 inlormal singular, 152-155
imperfect past tense, 227
present subjunctive, 107, 111 presenttense, 73-78 preterit past tense, 216-220
.J. jamás (never), 88-90 jugar (to play)
chart, 271 imperative moodfcommand form
formal , 149 informal plural, 158 informal singμlar, 154
present subjunctive, 110 presenttense, 69 preterit past tense, 213 versus tocar, 265-266
.1\. know (conocer)
chart, 274 preterit past tense, 221 versus saber, 264
know (saber) chart, 277 versus conocer, 264 future tense, 243 imperative mood/command form , 150 imperfect past tense, 256 present subjunctive, 111 preterit past tense, 218, 221
.L-leave (dejar). See also saIir
expressions with, 78 prepositions and, 202-203 versus saIir, 266
1e/1es, 174 like (gustar), 176-177, 255 llevar (to take), 264-265 10
neuter article, 42 use in Spain, 166-167 when placed with 1e/les, 174
-M • make (haceη
chart, 276 expressions with, 77-78
Index 31
imperative mood/command form, 148, 154, 159 prepositions and, 203-204 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 217 with que, 65
maybe (quizás, taI vez), 120 months, 17-18 moods. See also tenses
imperative/command form formal , 146-150 informal, 151-161 overview, 145-146 pronoun placement, 173, 175, 192
indicative defined, 105, 260 expressing wishing, emotion, need, doubt,
117-118 impersonal expressions, 116 with taI vez and quizás, 120
infinitive consecutive verbs, 65 defined, 30, 260 with 밍lstar, 177, 255 with ir + a , 240 negative words before, 89 with ni ... ni construction, 89 with pensar, 78 prepositions and, 200-204 pronoun placement, 172, 174-175, 190 used as nouns , 41 , 95-96
selecting, 260 subjunctive
imperfect, 105 past, 105 pluperfect, 105 present, 105-111 , 113-121 , 256
must (deber) prepositions and, 203 versus tener que, 265
’ 12 Intermediate Spanish For Dummies
'11 N ct
nada (nothing), 88-90 nadie (no one, nobody), 88-90 need, 117-118 negative commands
charts, 275-278 lormal
irregular verbs, 148, 150 regular verbs, 146-147 spelling/stem-changing verbs, 148-149
informal plural, 156-161 singulaζ 151-155
pronoun placement, 173-175, 192 negative words, 88-90 neither (ni), 88-89 neuter words, 42 never (iamás, nunca), 88-90 ninguno (no, none, not any), 88-90 ni ... ni (neither ... nor), 88-89 nO, 88-90 no one, nobody (nadie), 88-90 none (ninguuo), 88-90 nol' (ni), 88-89 nosolros/as (we), 62-64 not any (uin앙uno) , 88-90
nothing (nada), 88-90 nOuns
abstract, 29 adjective positioning
lollowing nouns, 133, 251-252 preceding nouns, 133-134
collective, 28 common
defined, 28 expressing possession with, 54
concrete, 29 direct object
defined, 182 example, 28 versus indirect object nouns, 253-254 personala, 198, 252 superlatives, 140 transitive verbs and, 30
gender lalse assumptions , 259 plural, 52-53 singular, 48-52
indirect object defined , 182 versus direct object nouns, 253-254 example, 28 verbs requiring use 01, 255
infinitives used as, 41 , 95-96 overview, 28-29 proper
defined, 28 expressing possession with, 54 personal a , 167-168
numbers as adjectives, 31 cardinal, 9-14, 31 cientojcien, 11 , 134 gender 01, 14, 48 ordinal, 9, 13-16, 31 overview, 9
nuuca (never), 89
.0. object pronouns
direct defined, 29 double object pronouns, 174-175 versus indirect object pronouns, 170-172,
253-254, 261 overview, 165-167 personal a , 167-168 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171
double, 174-175, 188 indirect
defined, 29 versus direct object pronouns, 170-172,
253-254, 261 double object pronouns, 174-175 overview, 165, 168-170 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171-172, 176-177
01 (de) contractions, 42 expressing possessiou with, 54 overview, 198
oÍr (to hear) chart, 276 with decir, 78 luturetense, 214, 242
gerund, 96 imperative moodjcommand lorm
formal, 148 informal plural, 157 informal singular, 152
prepositions and, 203 present subjunctive, 107 presenttense, 74
on (en), 198 one hundred (cientojcien) , 11 , 134 ordinal numbers , 9, 13-16, 31
.p. para (Ior)
versus por, 199, 253 with qué, 84
parts 01 speech adjectives, 30-31 adverbs, 31 nouns, 28-29 overview, 27 pronouns, 29 utilizing bilingual dictionaries, 33-34 verbs, 30
pasar (to spend), 266 passive voice, 185 past subjunctive, 105 pasttenses
imperfect irregular verbs, 227 overview, 225-226 versus preterit past, 229-231 , 256 regular verbs, 226 uses of, 228-229
preterit versus imperfect past, 229-231 , 256 irregular verbs, 216-220 over、riew, 211
regular verbs , 211-212 spelling-change verbs, 213-214 stem-changing verbs, 215-216 utilizing, 221
pedir (to ask) chart, 272 imperative moodjcommand lorm
lormal, 149 inlormal plural, 158 informal singular, 153
versus preguntar, 265 preterit past tense, 215
pensar (to thin에 chart, 271 imperlect past tense, 256 with infinitives, 78
perhaps (quizás, tal vez), 120 personala, 167-168, 198, 252 phrases
adverbial, 136 idiomatic
defined, 27 examples of, 2, 76-78 with tener, 255-256 translation 01, 252
prepositional, 195 placement
of adjectives following nouns, 133, 252 preceding nouns, 133-134
01 direct object pronouns, 83, 172-173 01 indirect object pronouns, 83, 172-173 of pronouns
imperative moodjcommand form , 173, 175, 192
infinitive mood, 172, 174-175, 190 reflexive, 190-192
play (jugar) chart, 271 imperative moodfcommand form
formal , 149 informal plural, 158 informal singular, 154
present subjunctive, 11 0 presenttense, 69 preterit past tense, 213 versustocar, 265-266
play αocar) versusjugar, 265-266 present subjunctive, 109 preterit past tense, 213
please (por favor) , 146 pluperlect subjunctive, 105 plural adjectives, 131-133, 251-252 plural commands
lormal irregular verbs, 148, 150 regular verbs, 146-147
Index 31
spellingjstem-changing verbs , 148-149
14 Int맨errr빼a하t앤e Sp뼈a히떼n빼I
plural commands (continued)
inlormal irregular verbs, 157-161 regular verbs, 156 spellingjstem-changing verbs, 157-159
plural nouns adjective agreement, 251-252 gender 01, 52-53
poder (to be able to, can) chart, 277 luture tense, 243 gerund, 97 imperlect past tense, 256 prepositions and, 203-204 preterit past tense, 221 versus saber, 266
poner (to put) luture tense, 243 imperative moodjcommand lorm
lormal, 148 inlormal plural, 159 inlormal singular, 154
prepositions and, 201 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 218 reflexive, 187 subjunctive, 107
por (Ior), 199, 253 por favor (please), 146 porquξ (why), 92 positioning
01 adjectives lollowing nouns, 133, 252 preceding nouns, 133-134
01 direct object pronouns, 83, 172-173 01 indirect object pronouns, 83, 172-173 of pronouns
imperative moodjcommand lorm, 173, 175, 192
infinitive mood, 172, 174-175, 190 reflexive, 190-192
possessive adjectives examples, 31 , 182 overview, 54-55 positioning 01, 133 using delinite article in place 01, 40
possessive pronouns, 29, 54-56 prediction, 244-245
pre밍mtar (to ask) versus pedir, 265 with por, 199
prepositional phrases, 195 prepositional pronouns
defined, 29 examples, 177, 261 overview, 205-206
prepositions a
answering questions, 91 overview, 197-198 verbs requiring, 200-201
con adverbial phrases, 136 answering questions, 92 overview, 195-196 pronouns and, 29, 261 verbs requiring, 203
dangling, 195, 260 de
answering questions, 91 contractions, 42 expressing possession with, 54 overview, 198 use with millón, 11 verbs requiring, 202
en answering questions, 91 overview, 198 verbs requiring, 202-203
hasta, 198 infinitives and, 200-204 negatives preceded by, 89 overview, 195-196 para
versus por, 199, 253 with qué, 84
por, 199, 253 with pronouns, 205-206 questions containing, 91-92 verbs requiring no preposition, 203-205
present progressive tense with estar, 99, 264 with other verbs, 99-102 overview, 98-99
present subjunctive mood ignoring, 256 irregular verbs, 107, 111
oVerVle"‘ι 105 regular verbs, 106 spelling-change verbs, 10훈111
stem-changing verbs, 109-111 utilizing
after adjectives that express leelings or emotions , 119-120
alter impersonal expressions, 114-116 to express wishing, emotion, need, doubt,
117-118 overview, 113-114 in relative clauses, 120-121
present tense. See also present progressive tense; present subjunctive mood
expressions, 76-78 to imply luture, 64, 239-240 irregular verbs, 73-74 overview, 64-65 regular verbs, 65-67 spelling-change verbs, 68, 71-72 stem-changing verbs, 68-72 subject pronouns
él versus ella, 63 ellos versus ellas, 63 nosotros (nosotras), 63-64 omitting, 64 overview, 61-62 tú versus Ud., 62-63 vosotros (vosotras) versus Uds., 63
preterit past tense. See also imperlect past tense
versus imperlect past, 229-231 , 256 irregular verbs, 216-220 overview, 211 regular verbs, 211-212 spelling-change verbs, 213-214 stem-changing verbs, 215-216 utilizing, 221
pronouns attaching to gerunds
double object, 174-175 object, 172-173
defined, 29 demonstrative, 29, 46-47 direct object
defined, 29 double object pronouns, 174-175 versus indirect object pronouns, 170-172,
253-254, 261 overview, 165-167
personal a , 167-168 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171
double object, 174-175, 188 indirect object
defined, 29
Index 3 J
versus direct object pronouns, 170-172, 253-254, 261
double object pronouns, 174-175 overview, 165, 168-170 positioning 01, 83, 172-173 verbs requiring use 01, 171-172, 176-177
interrogative, 29,85--86 overview, 29 possessive, 29, 54-56 prepositional
defined, 29 examples, 177, 261 overview, 205-206
reflexive defined, 29, 170 overview, 188-189 placement 01, 190-192 use with verbs, 181-185
reflexive prepositional, 205-206 selecting, 261 subject
defined, 29 él versus ella, 63 ellos versus ellas, 63 nosotros (nosotras), 63-64 omitting, 64 overview, 61-62 tú versus Ud., 62-63 vosotros (vosotras) versus Uds., 63
proolreading, 262 proper nouns
delined, 28 expressing possession with, 54 personala, 167-168
punctuation, 82, 146, 258 put (poneη
luture tense, 243 imperative moodfcommand form
formal , 148 inlormal plural, 159 informal singular, 154
prepositions and, 201 presenttense, 73 preterit past tense, 218
16 Intermediate Spanis빼r Dummies
put (poner) (continued)
reflexive, 187 subjunctive, 107
·Q· qué (what), 92 querer (to want)
charts, 271 , 277 with decir, 78 future tense, 243 imperfect past tense, 256 preterit past tense, 217, 221
question marks, 82, 258 questions
answering affirmatively, 88 negatively, 88-90 providing information, 91-92
requesting information interrogative adjectives, 83-84 interrogative adverbs, 84-85 interrogative pronouns, 85-86
yes/no intonation, 82 inversion, 83 overview, 81-82 tags, 82
quizás (maybe, perhaps), 120
.RCÞ reflexive prepositional pronouns , 205-206 reflexive pronouns
defined, 29, 170 overview, 188-189 placement of, 190-192 use of me, 261 use with verbs, 181-185
reflexive verbs overview, 181-183 questions with, 83 with special meanings, 186-188 using in special cases, 184-185
regular verbs charts, 269-270 futuretense, 241-242 gerunds, 96 imperative mood/command form
formal , 146-147
informal plural, 156 informal singular, 151-152
imperfect past tense, 226 present subjunctive, 106 presenttense, 65-67 preterit past tense, 211-212
relative clauses, 120-121 return (devolver)
chart, 271 versus volver, 266
return (volver) chart, 271 versus devolver, 266 imperative mood/command form
formal, 149 informal plural, 158 informal singular, 153
with por, 199 present subjunctive, 109
reverse-gender nouns, 49 run-on sentences, 257
.5-saber (to know, can)
chart, 277 verSU5 conocer, 264 future tense, 243 imperative mood/command form, 150 imperfect past tense, 256 versus poder, 266 present subjunctive, 111 preterit past tense, 218, 221 없lir (to go out, leave)
chart, 277 versus dejar, 266 future tense, 243 imperative mood/command form
formal , 148 informal plural, 159 informal singular, 154
prepositions and, 203 present progressive tense, 99-100 present subjunctive, 107 presenttense, 74
say (decir) chart, 276 expressions with, 78 future tense, 243-244 gerund, 96
imperative moodjcommand form, 148, 154, 159 indirect objects, 171 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 217 subjunctive, 107
seasons, 18 see (veη
chart, 278 imperfect past tense, 227 present subjunctive, 107 present tense, 74 preterit past tense, 219-220
sentence fragments , 257 ser (to be)
chart, 277 definite articles and, 56 versus estar, 263-264 imperative moodjcommand form
informa1 p1ura1, 159 informa1 singu1ar, 154
imperfect past tense, 227 present subjunctive, 111 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 220 versustene~255-256
shortened adjectives, 134 singular commands
forma1 irregu1ar verbs, 148, 150 regu1ar verbs, 146-147 spellingjstem-changing verbs, 148-149
informa1 irregu1ar verbs, 152-155 regu1ar verbs, 151-152
singular nouns adjective agreement, 251-252 gender of, 48-51
slang, 258-259 Spanish-to-English dictionary, 287-301 spelling-change verbs
charts, 273-275 expressions with, 78 imperative moodjcommand form
forma1 , 148-149 informa1 p1ura1, 157-159 informa1 singu1ar,、 153-154
present subjunctive, 108-111 presenttense, 68, 71-72 preterit past tense, 213-214
spend (gaster, p잃ar) , 266
stem-changing verbs charts, 270-273 expressions with, 78 gerunds, 96-97 imperative moodjcommand form
forma1 , 149 informa1 p1ura1, 158-159 informa1 singu1ar, 153-154
present subjunctive, 109-111 presenttense, 68-72 preterit past tense, 215-216
subject pronouns defined, 29 ε1 versus ella, 63 ellos versus ellas, 63 nosotros (nosotras), 63-64 omitting, 64 overview, 61-62 tú versus Ud., 62-63 vosotros (vosotras) versus Uds., 63
subjectjverb agreement, 259-260 subjunctive mood
imperfect, 105 past, 105 p1uperfect, 105 present
ignoring, 256 irregu1ar verbs, 107, 111 overview, 105 regu1ar verbs, 106 spelling-change verbs, 108-111 stem-changing verbs, 109-111 utilizing, 113-121
super1atives abso1ute, 142 overview, 140-141
-T0 tags , question, 82 take (llevar, tomar), 264-265 tal vez (maybe, perhaps), 120 tell (decir)
chart, 276 expressions with, 78 futuretense, 243-244 gerund, 96
Index 31
imperative moodjcommand form , 148, 154, 159 indirect objects, 171 presenttense, 74
~ 18 Intermedi하e Spanish For Dummies
tell (decir) (continued)
preterit past tense, 217 subjunctive, 107
tener (to have) chart, 278 expressions with, 77-78 idioms with, 255-256 imperative moodfcommand form
formal, 148 informal plural, 159 informal singular, 154
personal a , 168 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 219, 221 versus ser and estar, 255-256
tener que (to have to) versus deber, 265 defined, 74
tenses future
expressing predictionjwonder, 244-245 expressing with ir + a , 240 expressing with present, 64, 239-240 expressing with present subjunctive, 114 irregular verbs, 243-244 regular verbs, 241-242
imperfect past irregular verbs, 227 overview, 225-226 versus preterit past, 229-231 , 256 regular verbs, 226 uses of, 228-229
present expressions , 76-78 to imply future, 64, 239-240 irregular verbs, 73-74 overview, 64-65 regular verbs, 65-67 spelling-change verbs, 68, 71-72 stem-changing verbs , 68-72 subject pronouns, 61-64
present progressive with estar, 99, 264 with other verbs, 99-102 overview, 98-99
preterit past versus imperfect past, 229-231 , 256 irregular verbs , 216-220 overview, 211 regular verbs, 211-212
spelling-change verbs, 213-214 stem-changing verbs, 215-216 utilizing, 221
selecting, 260 they (ellosjellas), 63 think (pensar)
chart, 271 imperfect past tense, 256 with infinitives, 78
time, 20-24 tocar (to play, to touch)
versusjngar, 265-266 present subjunctive, 109 preterit past tense, 213
tomar (to take), 264-265 touch (tocar)
present subjunctive, 109 preterit past tense, 213
traer (to bring) chart, 278 gerund, 96 imperative moodjcommand form
formal, 148 informal plural, 157 informal singular, 152
present subjunctive, 107 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 219
transitive verbs, 30 translation exercises, overvîew, 2 translations
using computerjlnternet, 261-262 word for word, 252
tú (you), 62-63, 145-146 tu(s), 55
.UCÞ -u야 verbs
chart, 273 present subjunctive, 110 presenttense, 71
-uirverbs charts, 272, 275 present subjunctive, 110 presenttense, 71 preterit past tense, 214
uncertainty, 120 until (hast에, 198
upside-down exclamation marksjpoints, 146, 258
upside-down question marks, 82, 258 usted(es) (you)
abbreviations, 62 versus tújvosotros (vosotras), 62-63, 145-146
e f/-venir (to come)
chart, 278 gerund, 97 imperative moodjcommand form
formal , 148 informal plural, 159 informal singular, 154
with por, 199 presenttense, 74, 107 preterit past tense, 217
ver (to see) chart, 278 imperfect past tense, 227 present subjunctive, 107 presenttense, 74 preterit past tense, 219-220
verbs. See also moods agreeing with subject, 259-260 defined, 30 distinctions between, 263-268 future tense
expressing with ir + a , 240 expressing predictionjwonder, 244-245 expressing with present, 64, 239-240 expressing with present subjunctive, 114 irregular verbs , 243-244 regular verbs, 241-242
imperativejcommand form formal , 146-150 inlormal, 151-161 overview, 145-146 pronoun placement, 173, 175, 192
imperfect past tense irregular verbs , 227 overview, 225-226 versus preterit past, 229-231 , 256 regular verbs, 226 uses 01, 228-229
indicative mood consecutive verbs, 65 defined, 30, 105, 260 expressing wishing, emotion, need, doubt,
117-118
with gustar, 177, 255 impersonal expressions, 116 with ir + a , 240 negative words belore, 89 with ni ... ni construction, 89 with pensar, 78 prepositions and, 200-204
Index 31
pronoun placement, 172, 174-175, 190 with taI vez and quizás, 120
infinitive mood, 41 , 95-96 intransitive, 30 irregular
charts, 275-278 expressions with, 76-78 luture tense, 243-244 gerunds , 96-97 imperative moodjcommand lorm, 148, 150,
152-155, 157, 159 imperfect past tense, 227 present subjunctive, 107, 111 presenttense, 73-78 preterit past tense, 216-220
misuse of, 255-256 overview, 30 present progressive tense
with estar, 99, 264 with other verbs, 99-102 overview, 98-99
present tense expressions , 76-78 to imply future, 64, 239-240 irregular verbs, 73-74 overview, 64-65 regular verbs , 65-67 spelling-change verbs, 68, 71-72 stem-changing verbs, 68-72 subject pronouns, 61-64
preterit past tense versus imperfect past, 229-231 , 256 irregular verbs, 216-220 overview, 211 regular verbs, 211-212 spelling-change verbs, 213-214 stem-changing verbs, 215-216 utilizing, 221
reflexive overview, 181-183 questions with, 83 with special meanings, 186-188 using in special cases, 184-185
20 Intermediate Spanish For Dummie
verbs σ'Ontinued)
regular charts, 269-270 future tense, 241-242 gerunds, 96 imperative moodjcommand form, 146-147,
151-152, 156 imperfect past tense, 226 present subjunctive, 106 presenttense, 65-67 preterit past tense, 211-212
requiring direct object pronouns, 171 requiring indirect object pronouns, 171-172 requiring no preposition, 203-205 requiring prepositions, 200-203 selecting, 260 selecting proper tensejmood, 260 selecting tense, 260 spelling-change
expressions with, 78 imperative moodjcommand form , 148-149,
153-154, 157-159 present subjunctive, 108-111 presenttense, 68, 71-72 preterit past tense, 213-214
stem-changing charts, 270-273 expressions with, 78 gerunds, 96-97 imperative moodjcommand form ,
149, 153-154, 158-159 present subjunctive, 109-111 presenttense, 68-72 preterit past tense, 215-216
subjunctive mood imperfect, 105 past, 105 pluperfect, 105 present, 105-111, 113-121, 256
transitive, 30 volver (to return)
chart, 271 versus devolver, 266 imperative moodjcommand form
formal, 149 informal plural, 158 informal singular, 153
with por, 199 present subjunctive, 109
vosotrosjas (you), 63, 145-146
.w. want (querer)
charts, 271 , 277 with decir, 78 future tense, 243 imperfect past tense, 256 preterit past tense, 217, 221
we (nosotrosjas), 62-64 what (qu잉, 92
where (dónde), 91 why (por qué), 92 wishing, 117-118 with (con)
adverbiruphrases, 136 answering questions, 92 overview, 195-196 pronouns and, 29, 261 verbs requiring, 203
wonder, 244-245 writing
dates, 18-20 mistakes, 251-256 tips for, 257-262
-y. years, 19-20 yesjno questions
intonation, 82 inversion, 83 overview, 81-82 tags, 82
you (tú), 62-63, 145-146 you (usted[ es D
abbreviations, 62 versus t디jvosotros (vosotras), 62-63, 145-146
you (vosotrosjas), 63, 145-146
.z. -zarverbs
chart, 274 preterit past tense, 213