Part III: The Protestant and Part III: The Protestant and Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation

A. A. Influence of the Influence of the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church1. Church was 1. Church was involved in the lives of involved in the lives of everyoneeveryone from from peasantspeasants to to noblesnobles && monarchs monarchs. .

a. Most people were a. Most people were very religiousvery religious

2. The Church was 2. The Church was based in Vatican City, based in Vatican City, within within RomeRome, , ItalyItaly

3. 3. Church HierarchyChurch Hierarchy

a. a. PopePope- leader of the church - leader of the church & viewed as & viewed as closestclosest to to JesusJesus & & GodGod & final & final decision maker on issues decision maker on issues concerning faith & moralsconcerning faith & morals

b. b. CardinalsCardinals

c. c. Arch BishopsArch Bishops

d. d. BishopsBishops

e. e. PriestsPriests- had most - had most interactions with the peopleinteractions with the people

f. f. LaityLaity (followers)- largest (followers)- largest groupgroup

4. 4. Impact of the Impact of the printing press on printing press on ReligionReligion

a. people began a. people began interpretinginterpreting the the biblebible for themselves, they for themselves, they did not have to rely on did not have to rely on church leaders church leaders

b. people became b. people became more more criticalcritical of of priestspriests & their & their behaviorbehavior

5. 5. Complaints against Complaints against the Churchthe Church

a. a. corruptioncorruption

-Pope was -Pope was wasting wasting moneymoney & & living in living in luxuryluxury

-Pope & priests -Pope & priests were having were having childrenchildren or or getting marriedgetting married

b. priests were b. priests were uneducateduneducated, drinking, , drinking, gamblinggambling

c. Church had too much c. Church had too much powerpower and and influenceinfluence

B. B. Calls for Reform Calls for Reform (change) (change) of the of the Church Church (1300-1400’s)(1300-1400’s)

1. Early Reformers 1. Early Reformers

a. believed that a. believed that church leaders should church leaders should behave betterbehave better

b. believed the b. believed the BibleBible had had more more authorityauthority than church than church leadersleaders

c. many reformers c. many reformers were accused of were accused of heresyheresy (wanting to change a long (wanting to change a long held belief) & sentenced held belief) & sentenced to to deathdeath

Italian friar Girolamo Savonarola

2.2. Martin Luther Martin Luther Challenges the Challenges the ChurchChurcha. a. Martin LutherMartin Luther was was a German a German monkmonk who who believed in reforming believed in reforming the churchthe churchb. biggest complaint b. biggest complaint was the selling of was the selling of indulgencesindulgences (pardons (pardons for sinning) to for sinning) to raise money for the church for the church

-people thought -people thought they could they could buybuy their their way into way into heavenheaven

3. Luther Publicly Calls 3. Luther Publicly Calls for for ReformReform (1517) (1517)

a. Luther posts his a. Luther posts his ““95 Theses95 Theses” (formal ” (formal statements) statements) on a on a churchchurch & his ideas & his ideas spreadspread

b. This began the b. This began the ReformationReformation (movement for (movement for religious reform)religious reform)

c. c. Main Ideas of the 95 Main Ideas of the 95 ThesesTheses-faith in God’s -faith in God’s forgiveness & good forgiveness & good behavior are behavior are keys to keys to salvationsalvation (getting into (getting into heaven)heaven)

-Church -Church teachingsteachings should be based on should be based on the the biblebible

-people in faith are -people in faith are equalequal & priests are & priests are not needednot needed to to interpret the interpret the biblebible

d. Luther was d. Luther was excommunicatedexcommunicated (cut (cut off) from the Cath. Chur. off) from the Cath. Chur.

e. People continued to e. People continued to follow his teachings & follow his teachings & were called were called LutheransLutherans..

-believed priests should -believed priests should marrymarry

f. German princes who f. German princes who supported Luther & supported Luther & protestedprotested the Catholic the Catholic Church were called Church were called ProtestantsProtestants

-today “protestant” refers -today “protestant” refers to to ChristiansChristians who are who are not Catholicnot Catholic..

4. 4. England Becomes England Becomes ProtestantProtestant

a. a. Henry VIIIHenry VIII wanted a wanted a divorcedivorce but but popepope says says NO!NO!

b. Henry breaks from b. Henry breaks from the power of the pope the power of the pope & declares & declares himselfhimself the the head of the Church of head of the Church of England (England (AnglicanAnglican))

c. Anglican Church c. Anglican Church was very similar to was very similar to Catho. Chur. but Catho. Chur. but priests could priests could marrymarry

5. 5. Calvin Begins another Calvin Begins another Protestant ChurchProtestant Church

a. Beliefs (Calvinism)a. Beliefs (Calvinism)

-men & women are -men & women are naturally sinfulnaturally sinful

-God knew from -God knew from the the beginningbeginning who will who will be be savedsaved (predestination) (predestination)

-ideal government -ideal government is a is a theocracytheocracy (controlled) by religious (controlled) by religious leaders) leaders)

-very -very strictstrict

C. The Catholic C. The Catholic Reformation Reformation

(Counter-Reformation)(Counter-Reformation)

1.1. Cath. Reform.- movement Cath. Reform.- movement to to reformreform the church & get the church & get Catholics to remain Catholics to remain loyal.loyal.

a. Ignatius Loyola- cath. a. Ignatius Loyola- cath. reformer who founded the reformer who founded the JesuitsJesuits (Society of Jesus) (Society of Jesus)

b. 3 Goalsb. 3 Goals

- set up - set up schoolsschools & & colleges throughout colleges throughout EuropeEurope

-convert non--convert non-Christians to Catholics by Christians to Catholics by sending out sending out missionariesmissionaries

--stopstop the spread of the spread of ProtestantismProtestantism

2. Popes lead Reforms2. Popes lead Reformsa. Selling of a. Selling of IndulgencesIndulgences & other church & other church abusesabuses were investigatedwere investigatedb. b. InquisitionInquisition- formal - formal trials held by the Cath. trials held by the Cath. Church to seek out & Church to seek out & punish heresy in pope’s punish heresy in pope’s territoryterritory

-sometimes -sometimes brutalbrutal punishments were used punishments were used to force people to to force people to confessconfess or take back or take back heretical views. heretical views.

Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

Pope Paul IV (1555-1559)

c. c. Council of Trent (1545-Council of Trent (1545-1563)-1563)- leaders in Cath. leaders in Cath. Chur. meet & agree on Chur. meet & agree on several doctrines (body of several doctrines (body of principles)principles)

-Church -Church interpretation of Bible was interpretation of Bible was finalfinal

-Christians need -Christians need faith & good works for faith & good works for salvationsalvation

-Bible & Church -Bible & Church were equalwere equal

d. d. Index of Forbidden Books-Index of Forbidden Books- list of offensive books that list of offensive books that were burnedwere burned