PART II

Animals belonging to phylum Chordata are fundamentally characterised by the presence of a notochord, a dorsalhollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits . These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate with organ-system level of organisation. They possess a post anal tail and a closed circulatory system

Comparison of Chordates and Non-chordates

Phylum Chordata is divided into three

subphyla:

Urochordata or Tunicata,

Cephalochordata and

Vertebrata.

Subphyla Urochordata andCephalochordata are often referred to as

protochordates and areexclusively marine. In Urochordata, notochord

is present only in larval tail, while inCephalochordata, it extends from head to tailregion and is persistent throughout their life.

Examples: Urochordata – Ascidia, Salpa,Doliolum; Cephalochordata – Branchiostoma

(Amphioxus or Lancelet)

Ascidia

The members of subphylum Vertebratapossess notochord during the embryonic

period. The notochord is replaced by acartilaginous or bony vertebral column in theadult. Thus all vertebrates are chordates butall chordates are not vertebrates. Besides thebasic chordate characters, vertebrates have aventral muscular heart with two, three or four

chambers, kidneys for excretion andosmoregulation and paired appendages which

may be fins or limbs.

The subphylum Vertebrata is further divided as follows:

HEMICHORDATA

ACORN WORM• Acorn worms are

simple, wormlike marine animals that burrow into wet sand or mud of shallow seafloors. Possibly representing an evolutionary link between vertebrates and invertebrates, they pass through stages in which they possess characteristics of each type of animal

UROCHORDATA

Ascidia• Sea Squirt

• Tunicate, common name for any member of a subphylum of primitive marine chordates. There are about 2000 known species. The

larval stage is characterized by the presence of a notochord and a dorsal

nerve cord, both of which are lacking in the adult. The adult is characterized by a

layer of protective secretion called a tunic. Tunicates are common in such

habitats as rocky shores but can also be found at great depths. Species known as

sea squirts make up one class in the subphylum, and most tunicates belong to

this class. Tunicates are important because they are an evolutionary link

between invertebrates and vertebrates

Cephalochordata• These animals, which look like very small

fish, are about 5 cm (about 2 in) long and have a well-developed notochord that provides support for muscles used in swimming. Lancelets live in sand and feed with their gill apparatus. Although their bodies have a much simpler structure than that of fish—no heart or paired fins exist, and they have only a trace of a brain—the arrangement of parts is similar in these animals.

Lancets/ Amphioxus

VERTEBRATA

VERTEBRATA

Agnatha Gnathostomata

FISHES AMPHIBIA REPTILIA AVES MAMMALIA

GNATHOSTOMATA

FISHES

CHONDRICTHYES (Cartilaginous fishes)

OSTEICHTHYES(Bony fishes)

Shark• Scolidon

Narcine

PISCES

Introduction

There are over 25650 species of fishes, divided

into three groups: bony fish, cartilaginous fish

and jawless fish. Bony fish which are most

numerous have skeletons of bone, and swim

bladders (gas filled organs) to keep them

afloat. Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, rays,

and ratfish, are mostly marine hunters, they

have skeletons made of cartilage, and

sandpaper like skin. The primitive jawless fish have

sucker like mouths, and include lampreys and hagfish.

They are marine animals with streamlined body

and have cartilaginous endoskeleton. Mouth is located ventrally.

Notochord is persistent throughout life. Gill

slits are separate and without operculum (gill

cover). The skin is tough, containing minute

placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid

scales which are backwardly directed. Their

jaws are very powerful. These animals are

predaceous. Due to the absence of air bladder,

they have to swim constantly to avoid sinking.

General Characters

Boat shaped body Dermal scales Fins Endoskeleton Gills Venous Heart Cold Blooded Vertebrates Lateral line sense organs Internal ear

Classification

Fishes

Cartilaginous

Fishes

(Chondrichthyes)

Bony

Fishes

(Osteicthyes)

Chondrichthyes

Placiod Scales Body

Heterocercal caudal Fin

Cartilaginous Endo Skeleton

Five or more pairs of gills

No air bladder

A pair of claspers for males

Different types of Chondrichthyes

Shark (Scoliodon) Viviparous fish ranging from 1

to 7 feet in length

Body divisible into head , trunk and tail

Narcine (Torpedo) A Bottom dwelling fish

Dorsoventrally flattened body

Ventrally positioned mouth and gills

Head bears a pair of electric organs other than eyes and spiracles

Short tail with two dorsal fins

Carnivorous

Trygon (Stingray) Dorsoventrally flattened body Ventrally positioned mouth

and gills Head bears a pair of eyes and

spiracles Pectoral fins are confluent

with the sides of the head Whip like tail with serrated

spines Males have a pair of claspers Carnivorous

Pristis (Saw Fish) Shark like body

Head and skull are prolonged into a long flattened rostrum with toothed margin

Anal fin is absent

Carnivorous

Osteicthyes

Bony endoskeleton

Body is covered by cycloid, ctenoid or ganoid scales

Terminal mouth

Homoceral caudal fin

Four pairs of gills operculum

Presence of air bladder

No copulatory organs

External fertilization

Different types of Osteicthyes

Catla(Indian Carp) Stout and elongated body

Blackish gray body colour

Wide mouth

Pectoral fins are placed low down

Large Dorsal fins

Bilobed Caudal fin

H:\FISH\carp1.JPG

Anabas (Climbing Perch)

Laterally compressed body

Small paired fins

Dorsal and anal fins are long and spinous

Operculum possesses spines

Presence of labyrinthiform

Exocoetus (Flying fish)

Elongated and compressed body

Black spots on pectoral fins

Wide mouth

Wing like pectoral fins

Tuna (Tunnies) Streamlined body

Two dorsal fins

6-9 finlets behind second dorsal and anal fins

Hippocampus (Sea horse)

Body covered by bony scutes

Mouth at tip of the snout

Very small pectoral fins

Pelvic fins are absent

Prehensile tail

Brood pouch for males

Swim in vertical plan

Remora (sucker fish) Depressed head

First dorsal fin modified into sucker

Second dorsal and anal fins are long and extended up to tail

Not a parasite

Cybium (Seer fish) Elongated and coloured

body

Pectoral fins are inserted high upon the sides

First dorsal fin is spiny

Anal fin is broken up into finlets

Pomfret Laterally compressed body

with grey brown colour

Protruded lower jaw

Falcate dorsal and anal fins

Long pectoral fin

Forked caudal fin

Etroplus( Pearlspot) Light green in colour with

yellowish transverse bands

Oblong and laterally compressed body

Dorsal fins with 18 spines

Anal fin with 13 fines

Tilapia Black or brown body with

round snouts

Long spinous and single dorsal fin

Long pectoral fin

Sardine Oblonge and laterally

compressed body

Head devoid of scales

Terminal mouth

One dorsal fin

Moves in groups called Shoals

Mackeral (Rastrellinger)

Laterally compressed body

Length of the head and width of the body are equal

Two dorsal fin

Finlets are present in second dorsal and anal fins

Occur in shoals

Aquatic adaptations of fishes

Streamlined boat shaped body and slimy skin offers a least resistance while swimming

Paired and unpaired fins for locomotion and balancing

Lateral line sense organs for detecting the movements of other fishes and pressure variations in the surrounding water

Swim bladder acts as buoyancy regulatory

Gills for aquatic respiration

Eyes are covered by nictitating membrane which gives protection without affecting normal vision

Economic importance of fishes

Used as food

Used for the preparation of liver oil

Used for the preparation of fish meal

Dried shark skin is used for making shagreen

Air bladder is used for making isinglass, which is used for the preparation of ink, leather, cement etc.

INTRODUCTION

Amphibian is the class of tetrapoda which have aquatic larval stage and terrestrial adult stage. They were the first tetrapoda to evolve during Devonian. Tetrapoda is the super class of four footed animals where the limbs are pentadactyl or with 5 digits. There are about 3000 species at present.

Amphibian includes anornenotes [without amnion] poikilothermic animals, which live both in fresh water and moist.

Skin is without scales. It has glands and is kept moist.

Limbs are pentadactyl for walking and swimming. Digits do not have nails.

Heart is three chambered. Both renal and hepatic portal systems are absent RBC are nucleated.

Gills occur in larval stages which may also posses unpaired fins. Gills occur in some adults in addition to lungs. Respiration can also occur through skin and bucal cavity.

Both middle and inner ears are present.

Eyes have eyelids.

Nitrogenous excretory product is usually urea.

Kidney is mesonerphic but tadpole has pronephric one.

Skull is dycondylic.

The much maligned venomous cane toads earned their bad reputation shortly after being released into the Australian ecology in 1935 with the hope that they would control thedestructive cane beetle population. They turned out to be failures at controlling beetles, but remarkably successful at reproducing and spreading themselves.

Cane toads are large, stocky amphibians with dry, warty skin, and are native to the southern United States, Central America, and tropical South America. Their numbers are manageable in their natural range, but they have thrived in Australia because there are few natural predators, they breed easily, and they have abundant food, including even pet food, which they steal from feeding bowls left outside of homes.

CANE TOAD

Type: AmphibianDiet: OmnivoreAverage lifespan in the wild: 5 to 10 yearsSize: 4 to 6 in (10 to 15 cm)Weight: 2.9 lbs (1.3 kg)

GOLDENTOAD

The Golden Toad of Monteverde, Costa Rica was among the first casualties of amphibian declines. Formerly abundant, it was last seen in 1989.Dramatic declines in amphibian populations, including population crashes and mass localized extinction, have been noted in the past two decades from locations all over the world, and amphibian declines are thus perceived as one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity. A number of causes are believed to be involved, including habitat destruction and modification, over-exploitation, pollution, introduced species, climate change, destruction of the ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation has shown to be especially damaging to the skin, eyes, and eggs of amphibians), and diseases like chytridiomycosis. However, many of the causes of amphibian declines are still poorly understood, and amphibian declines are currently a topic of much ongoing research.

BULL FROGThe largest of all North American frogs, this giant can grow to a length of 8 inches (20 centimeters) or more and weigh up to 1.5 pounds (750 grams). Even the tadpoles of this species can reach 6.75 inches (17.2 centimeters) in length.

They are among the most wide-ranging of all North American amphibians, found in freshwater ponds, lakes, and marshes from Nova Scotia, Canada, throughout the continental United States, and as far south as Mexico and Cuba.

Bullfrogs are typically green or gray-brown with brown spots and have easily identifiable circular eardrums, or tympanum, on either side of their heads.

Nocturnal predators, they will ambush and eat just about anything they can fit in their ample mouths, including insects, mice, fish, birds, and snakes. They sit quietly and wait for prey to pass by, then lunge with their powerful hind legs, mouths open wide.

Type: AmphibianDiet: CarnivoreAverage lifespan in the wild: 7 to 9 yearsSize: (adult female) 3.5 to 6 in (9 to 15 cm)Weight: 1.1 lb (0.50 kg)Group name: Army or colony

LEOPARD FROGNorthern leopard frogs are so named for the array

of irregularly shaped dark spots that adorn their backs and legs. They are greenish-brown in color with a pearly white underside and light-colored ridges on either side of their backs. They are considered medium-size, reaching lengths of 3 to 5 inches (7.6 to 12.7 centimeters), nose to rump. Females are slightly larger than males.

Leopard frogs will eat just about anything they can fit in their mouths. They sit still and wait for prey to happen by, then pounce with their powerful legs. They eat beetles, ants, flies, worms, smaller frogs, including their own species, and even birds, and garter snakes.

The northern leopard frog is perhaps most recognizable as the formaldehyde-soaked specimen in the high school lab tray.

Type: AmphibianDiet: CarnivoreAverage lifespan in the wild: 2 to 4 yearsSize: 3 to 5 in (7.6 to 12.7 cm)Group name: Army

HYLA – TREE FROG

Hyla is commonly known as a tree frog. It is an arboreal frog. Fingers and toes are provided with adhesive pads which are used for climbing. Some species have poisonous glands in the skin. Upper jaw is toothed, while lower jaw is toothless. Female carries the eggs, on its back till hatching and shows parental care. Hyla is not found in india.

RHACOPHORUS – FLYING FROG

The overachieving Wallace's flying frog wasn't content to just hop and swim. Thousands of years of watching birds navigate the rain forest and avoid predators by taking to the sky appears to have convinced this unique amphibian that air travel is the way to go.

Also known as parachute frogs, Wallace's flying frogs inhabit the dense tropical jungles of Malaysia and Borneo. They live almost exclusively in the trees, descending only to mate and lay eggs.

When threatened or in search of prey, they will leap from a branch and splay their four webbed feet. The membranes between their toes and loose skin flaps on their sides catch the air as they fall, helping them to glide, sometimes 50 feet (15 meters) or more, to a neighboring tree branch or even all the way to the ground.

Type: AmphibianDiet: CarnivoreSize: 4 in (10 cm)Group name: Army

POISON DART FROG

Poison dart frogs, members of the Dendrobatidaefamily, wear some of the most brilliant and beautiful colors on Earth. Depending on individual habitats, which extend from the tropical forests of Costa Rica to Brazil, their coloring can be yellow, gold, copper, red, green, blue, or black. Their elaborate designs and hues are deliberately ostentatious to ward off potential predators, a tactic called anosmatic coloration.

Some species display unusual parenting habits, including carrying both eggs and tadpoles on their backs. Although this "backpacking" is not unique among amphibians, male poison arrow frogs are exceptional in their care, attending to the clutch, sometimes exclusively, and performing vital transportation duties.

Dendrobatids include some of the most toxic animals on Earth. The two-inch-long (five-centimeter-long) golden poison dart frog has enough venom to kill 10 grown men. Indigenous Emberá people of Colombia

Type: AmphibianDiet: CarnivoreAverage lifespan in the wild: 3 to 15 yearsSize: 1 in (2.5 cm)Group name: Army

For the purpose of reproduction most amphibians are bound to fresh water. A few tolerate brackish water, but there are no true seawater amphibians. Several hundred frog species in adaptive radiations (e.g., Eleutherodactylus, the Pacific Platymantines, the Australo-Papuan microhylids, and many other tropical frogs), however, do not need any water whatsoever. They reproduce via direct development, an ecological and evolutionary adaptation that has allowed them to be completely independent from free-standing water. Almost all of these frogs live in wet tropical rainforests and their eggs hatch directly into miniature versions of the adult, passing through the tadpole stage within the egg. Several species have also adapted to arid and semi-arid environments, but most of them still need water to lay their eggs. Symbiosis with single celled algae that lives in the jelly-like layer of the eggs has evolved several times. The larvae (tadpoles or polliwogs) breathe with exterior gills. After hatching, they start to transform gradually into the adult's appearance. This process is called metamorphosis. Typically, the animals then leave the water and become terrestrial adults, but there are many interesting exceptions to this general way of reproduction.

REPRODUCTION

SPOTTED SALAMANDER

Despite being fairly large and having an extremely broad range, the spotted salamander is actually pretty hard to, well, spot.

They can reach 9 inches (23 centimeters) in length and are prevalent in mature deciduous forests from eastern Canada throughout the eastern and midwestern United States. But these secretive salamanders spend almost their entire lives hidden under rocks or logs or in the burrows of other forest animals.

They will populate upland forests and mountainous regions, but are most common in moist, low-lying forests near floodplains.

They emerge from their subterranean hiding spots only at night to feed and during spring mating. They will actually travel long distances over land after a heavy rain to mate and lay their eggs in vernal pools and ponds.

Type: AmphibianDiet: CarnivoreAverage lifespan in the wild: Up to 20 yearsSize: 7 in (18 cm)

TIGER SALAMANDER

Tiger salamanders' markings are variable throughout their extensive range, but the most common marking resembles the vertically striped pattern of their mammalian namesake.

They are usually brown in color with brilliant yellow stripes or blotches over the length of their bodies. Their base color, however, can also be greenish or gray and their markings can be yellow dots or brown splotches. Some have no markings at all.

Thick-bodied amphibians with short snouts, sturdy legs, and long tails, tigers are the largest land-dwelling salamander on Earth. They can grow to 14 inches (35 centimeters) in length, but the average size is more like 6 to 8 inches (15.2 to 20.3 centimeters).

They are also the most wide-ranging salamander species in North America, living throughout most of the United States, southern Canada, and eastern

Type: AmphibianDiet: CarnivoreAverage lifespan in the wild: 12 to 15 yearsSize: 7 to 14 in (18 to 35 cm)Weight: 4.4 oz (126 g)

AXOLOTL

The Mexican axolotl (pronounced ACK-suh-LAH-tuhl) salamander has the rare trait of retaining its larval features throughout its adult life. This condition, called neoteny, means it keeps its tadpole-like dorsal fin, which runs almost the length of its body, and its feathery external gills, which protrude from the back of its wide head.

Found exclusively in the lake complex of Xochimilco (pronounced SO-chee-MILL-koh) near Mexico City, axolotls differ from most other salamanders in that they live permanently in water. In extremely rare cases, an axolotl will progress to maturity and emerge from the water, but by and large, they are content to stay on the bottom of Xochimilco’s lakes and canals.

.

Type: AmphibianDiet: CarnivoreAverage lifespan in the wild: 10 to 15 yearsSize: up to 12 in (30 cm)Weight: 2.11 to 8 oz (60 to 227 g)

MUDPUPPIES - WATERDOGS

Mudpuppies, also called waterdogs, are one of only a few salamanders that make noise. They get their name from the somewhat embellished notion that their squeaky vocalizations sound like a dog's bark.

Among the largest of the salamanders, mudpuppies can exceed 16 inches (41 centimeters) in length, although the average is more like 11 inches (28 centimeters). Their range runs from southern central Canada, through the midwestern United States, east to North Carolina and south to Georgia and Mississippi.

Mudpuppies live on the bottoms of lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams, and never leave the water. They hide themselves in vegetation and under rocks and logs, emerging at night to feed on whatever prey they can catch, including crayfish, worms, and snails.

Type: AmphibianDiet: CarnivoreAverage lifespan in the wild: 11 yearsSize: 8 to 13 in (20 to 33 cm)

ICHTHYOPHIS

Ichthyophis is a blind tailless and limbless amphibian of 15-22cm length which lives in burrows in moist soil . The body is long and cylindrical. Skin is provided with bony scales. Eyes are rudimentary. Head is small and compact. Sensory tentacles between the eyes and nostril. Both jaws bear teeth. Male has an eversible copulatory organ bearing hooks. The female coils and the eggs. It is found in India.

CLASS – REPTILIA

The class name refers to their creeping or crawling mode of locomotion (Latin, repere or reptum, to creep or crawl).

They are mostly terrestrial animals and their body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes .

They do not have external ear openings.

Tympanum represents ear.

Limbs, when present, are two pairs.

Heart is usually three-chambered, but four-chambered in crocodiles. Reptiles are poikilotherms.

Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast.

Sexes are separate.

Fertilisation is internal.

They are oviparous and development is direct.

• Examples: Chelone (Turtle), Testudo(Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard),

• Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus(Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator).

• Hemidactylus (Wall lizard), Poisonous snakes – Naja (Cobra), Bangarus

• (Krait), Vipera (Viper).

PHOTO ALBUM

Reptilia

2kingcobra 02rattle

2Rattle-Snake 08rattle

12Chameleon Adder Snake

ALBINO1 ALBINO2

ALBINO4 alligator

ALLIGATOR1 ALLIGATOR2

ALLIGATOR7 ALLIGATOR10

ALLIGATOR11 boxturtle0

boxturtle1 boxturtle2

boxturtle3 boxturtle8

CHAMELEON Chameleon1

crocodilec Emerald Tree Boa 1

gila6 GROUND_BOA

KINGSNAKE1 KOMODO DRAGON1

KOMODO DRAGON2 leather back4

Lizard Lizard2

tigerSNAKE1 Veiled Chameleon

The class aves includes birds characterized by the

presence of feathers and the power of flight. About 9000

species of the birds are known. They are most beautiful

animals with a wide range of colours and behaviors such

as courtship, nest building, parental care and migration.

They communicate by song and bird calls. Most of the

birds can fly. A few have lost the power of flight. The study

of birds is known as Ornithology.

1. Presence of wings: Fore limbs are modified into wings. They are powered by

powerful flight muscles.

2. Feathery covering: Body is stream lined and is covered with feathers.

3. Pneumatic bones: Bones are hollow and filled with air.

4. Beak: the upper and lower jaws are modified into beak.

5. Four chambered heart: Heart is four chambered with two auricles and

ventricles.

6. Warm blooded: Birds are warm blooded animals with constant body

temperature.

7. Hind limbs are variously adapted for walking, hoping, perching, grasping,

swimming etc.

8. Alimentary canal has crop to store food and a muscular Gizzard for grinding.

9. Double respiration: Lungs are adapted for double respiration.

10.Brain: They have well developed brain.

11.They have no urinary bladder.

12.Ovary: right ovary and oviducts disappear in the adults. It is to reduce the weight.

13. Fertilization is internal. Development is direct.

Birds are evolved in the Jurassic period from bipedal reptiles. The following are

the evidences to show that birds have a reptilian ancestry.

1. Feathers are modified reptilian scales.

2. Hind limbs have scales.

3. Clawed toes.

4. Amniotic membrane.

5. Archaeopteryx, a reptile bird is considered as the connecting link between

reptile and birds.

Birds are adapted for an aerial life. Every part of their body is suited for various

purposes.

1. Presence of wings.

2. Body is covered by feathers.

3. Well developed flight muscles.

4. Well developed keel for the attachment of flight muscles.

5. Four chambered heart with complete separation of oxygenated and

deoxygenated blood.

6. Pneumatic bones.

7. Double respiration.

8. Homeotherms (warm blooded) with a high body temperature.

9. Sense of vision is great.

10.Hind limbs supports the entire body.

The House Crow (Corvus splendens), also known

as the Colombo Crow is a common Asian bird of

the Crow family. It is between the Jackdaw and the

Carrion Crow in size (40 cm in length) but is

relatively slimmer than either. The forehead, crown,

throat and upper breast are a richly glossed black,

whilst the neck and breast are a lighter grey-brown

in colour. The wings, tail and legs are black. There

are regional variations in the thickness of the bill

and the depth of colour in areas of the plumage

A common sight in urban areas throughout the world, the

Rock Pigeon was introduced into North America in the

early 1600s. City buildings and their window ledges

mimic the rocky cliffs used by wild pigeons

Description

Size: 29-36 cm (11-14 in)

Wingspan: 50-67 cm (20-26 in)

Weight: 265-380 g (9.35-13.41 ounces)

Large pigeon.

Color variable, but wild birds are gray.

White rump.

Rounded tail, usually with dark tip.

Pale gray wings have two black bars.

Wings broad with moderately pointed wingtips.

The term peafowl can refer to the two species of bird in the

genus Pavo of the pheasant family, Phasianidae. The

African Congo Peafowl is placed in its own genus Afropavo

and is not dealt with here. Peafowl are best known for the

male's extravagant tail, which it displays as part of

courtship. The male is called a peacock, the female a

peahen[1], though it is common to hear the female also

referred to as a "peacock" or "female peacock". The female

peafowl is brown or toned grey and brown.

The chicken (Gallus gallus) is a type of

domesticated fowl, believed to be descended

from the wild Indian and south-east Asian Red

Junglefowl.

The chicken is one of the most common and

wide-spread domestic animals. With a

population of more than 24 billion in 2003,[1]

there are more chickens in the world than any

other bird. Humans keep chickens primarily as a

source of food, from both their meat and their

eggs.

Members of the parrot genus Psittacula or Afro-

Asian Ringnecked parakeets as they are commonly

known in aviculture originates found from Africa to

South-East Asia. It is a widespread group, with a

clear concentration of species in south Asia, but

also with representatives in Africa and the islands of

the Indian Ocean. This is the only genus of Parrot

which has majority of its species in continental Asia.

Of all the extant species only Psittacula calthropae,

Psittacula caniceps and Psittacula echo do not have

a representative subspecies in any part of mainland

continental Asia. The Rose-ringed Parakeet,

Psittacula krameri, is one of the most widely

distributed of all parrots.

The Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus, is a very

large owl native to North and South America. It is an

adaptable bird with a vast range, though it is not as

widespread as the Barn Owl.

The Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias, is a

wading bird in the heron family Ardeidae, common

over most of North and Central America as well as

the West Indies and the Galápagos Islands,

except for the far north, or in deserts and high

mountains where there is no water for it to feed in.

Milvus is a genus of medium-sized birds of prey.

It is an Old World group consisting of three kites

which form part of the subfamily Milvinae. Its

systematics are under revision; it contains 3-4

species

Kingfishers are birds of the three families

Alcedinidae (river kingfishers), Halcyonidae (tree

kingfishers), and Cerylidae (water kingfishers).

There are about 90 species of kingfisher. All

have large heads, long, sharp, pointed bills,

short legs, and stubby tails. They are found

throughout the world.

The Ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a flightless bird

native to Africa. It is the only living species of its

family, Struthionidae, and its genus, Struthio. It

is distinctive in its appearance, with a long neck

and legs and the ability to run at speeds of about

65 km/h (40 mph), the top land speed of any

bird.[1]

A kiwi is any of the species of small flightless

birds endemic to New Zealand of the genus

Apteryx (the only genus in family Apterygidae).

At around the size of a domestic chicken, kiwi are

by far the smallest living ratites. Most kiwi species

are endangered. The kiwi is also a national

symbol of New Zealand.

PHOTO ALBUM

BIRDS

01beeeater 1blue jay

1blue jay2 1booby

1california quail 01catbird

1catbird 1catbird1

01catbird2 1egret

01flamingo 1flycatcher2

5chickadee 05flamingo

5flycatcher 05grackle

5Night 06beeeater

6blue jay 6californiaquail

6catbird 6chickadee

6flycatcher 06grackle

6Night 07beeeater

7blue jay 7BulllocksOriole

ALBATROSS8 ALBATROSS9

ALBATROSS10 ALBATROSS11

ALTAMIRAORIOLE1 ALTAMIRAORIOLE2

AMAZONPARROT AMERICAN DIPPER1

AMERICAN DIPPER2 American Goldfinch_nm

american kestrel AMERICANAVOCET

Auk1 auk2

auk3 auk4

auk5 Auklet1

Auklet3 AUKLET4

Auklet5 aus_magpie1

aus_magpie2 aus_magpie3

Bustard Buzzard

buzzard1 buzzard2

cal_Condor1 cal_Condor2

Canadian Geese CANVASBACK1

CANVASBACK2 CANVASBACK3

CANVASBACK4 CAPE GLOSSY STARLING

CAPE ROCK THRUSH caper3

capercaillie card1

cowbird9 CRANE

Crane1 CRANE2

Crane3 Crane4

CRANE5 CRANE6

CRANE7 Crane8

CRANE9 CRANE10

FISHCROW2 FLAMINGO7

flamingo8 flamingo9

Flamingo10 flamingo11

flamingo12 flamingo13

flamingo14 flamingo15

flamingo16 Flemingo

HUMMING BIRD7 HUMMING BIRD8

HUMMING BIRD9 HUMMING BIRD10

Macaw7 Macaw8

Macaw9 Macaw10

Macaw11 Macaw12

Macaw13 MACAW14

Ostriches5 Ostriches6

Ostriches7 Ostriches8

Ostriches9 Ostriches10

ostriches11 Ostriches12

peacock3 PEACOCK04

peacock4 Rock_Dove_n11

screechowl4 shoebill_stork3

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They are found in a variety of habitats – polaricecaps, deserts, mountains,

forests, grasslands and dark caves. Some of them have adapted to fly or

live in water. The most unique mammalian characteristic is the presence

of milk producing glands (mammary glands) by which the young ones

are nourished. They have two pairs of limbs, adapted for walking, running,

climbing, burrowing, swimming or flying The skin of

mammals is unique in possessing hair. Externalears or pinnae are present. Different types ofteeth are present in the jaw. Heart is fourchambered.

They are homoiothermous. Respiration is bylungs. Sexes are separate and fertilisation isinternal. They are viviparous with fewexceptions and development is direct.

Examples: Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus(Platypus); Viviparous -

Macropus (Kangaroo), Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus (Camel), Macaca

(Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant),

Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue whale),

Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).

MAMMALIA

Photo Album

0pig 1agoutinw

1cavy 01Donkey

01Giraffe 01gorilla

1Kangaroo 1PIG

1quokka 5Rabbit

5sloth 06cheetah

10GORILA 11Panther

AFFRIELEPHANT5 AFFRIELEPHANT7

african-wilddog1 Albino kangaroo

Alpaca6 ANTELOPE2

antilope squirrel asian elephant

babirusa0 babirusa2

Bear010 bengal tiger

Blue-Eyed Lemur1 bongo1

Brush Tailed Possum capybarao

CHEATA8 chimp10

CHIMPANCY03 Coquerels Sifaka

COUGAR2 Deer

Girafee4 impala ram1

ind_rhino KOALA5

Lion025 meer

MUSIC OX orangutan8

orangutan14 probmonkey1

Red-ruffed Lemur2 red-ruffedlemur3

spotcuscus WHITE_TIGER

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