Part II (on Human Person.ppt1)

The Human Person

“What is man that you should be mindful of him, or the son of man that you should care for him? You have made him little less than the angels, and crowned him with glory and honor. You have given him rule over the works of your hands, putting all things under his feet.”

-Ps. 8:5-7-

Sacra ScripturaEt Liturgia

PLATO

ARISTOTELES

Plotinus Macrobius

Augustinus

PS. Dionysius

Apuleila

BoethiusPorphyrius

Proclus

De Causis

Avicenna

Averroes

T H O M A S A Q U I N A S

3 Applications: NATURA

1st Cosmic (Reality)

Human (Man)2nd

Divine (God)3rd

Cosmic: Order of NatureCommonly what we see around us.

A. Composition:1. Visible realities (v.c.)2. Invisible realities (iv.c.)

B. Characteristics:1. Existence of Order with graded perfections2. Distinctions within order.3. Coordination of distinctions within (harmony) and towards immediate ends and ultimate end (finality).

iv GOD being living intelligent

iv ANGELS being living intelligent

v MAN being bodily living veget sensit intelligent

v BRUTES being bodily living veget sensit

v PLANTS being bodily living veget

v Minerals being bodily

HIERARCHY OF BEINGS

C O M P R E H E N S I O N

BEING LIFE INTELLIGENCE

Cosmic:

A.f

A.fVegetative

SensitiveR

God

M a t t e r

A n g e l

Cosmic: Conclusions

SOUL

BODY

Angels

P. Spt.

GOD

P. Spt.

Cosmic: Conclusions

A.f

Human:Therefore, the second application of “nature” is: What is “nature” as “human”? or What is the nature of man?

H.N. is not of GOD x of angels

x of beasts x of plants x of

minerals

YES precisely of being a

corporeal rational being.

Man, therefore, belongs to the human species.

3 Approaches in Study ofHuman Nature:

A. By Essential – Physical Definition

B. By Essential – Logical Definition

C. By Supposital Definition

INTELLE

CT

I

LL

W

B

O

D

Y

S O U L

Human: Essential - Physical

Man = Body + Soul

Being

Substance

Body

Organism

Animal

MAN

Material

Living

Sensitive

Rational

Non-material

Non-living

Non-sensitive

Irrational

SPIRIT

MINERAL

PLANT

BRUTE

The Tree of Porphery

Human: Essential - Physical

Human:a. Essential-Logical

Man = Rational + Animal

Species + Genus

Specific Difference

Human:b. by Essential - Logical

a. Comprehension

b. Extension

(by way of two properties of idea)

R

SVLM

S

rational

SENSI

V

E

G

E

L

I

V

I

N

G

MATERIAL

SUBSTANCE

MAN

Human: b. by Essential - Logical(by way of two properties of idea)a. Comprehension

substance

material substance

vegetative, living, material substance

sentient, vegetative, living, material substance

rational, sentient, vegetative, living, material substance

spirits, minerals, plants, brutes, men

minerals, plants, brutes, men

plants, brutes, men

brutes, men

men

Comprehension Extension

Human: b. by Essential - Logical(by way of two properties of idea)b. Extension

Human:Supposital Definition

Man = Supposit, i.e., a complete individual substance of a rational nature.

3 Attributes:• Individuality• Substantiality, i.e., subsistence• Rationality

QUESTION:

What makes man the noblest among visible creatures?

NOBILITY

I n t e l l i g e n c e

To know To will

A p p l i c a t i o n

R A T I O N A L I T YM A N

R A T I O N A L I T YG O D

deficient eminent

PerceptImage

It IS a red

APPLE!!!

SIMPLE

APPREHENSION

JUDGMENT

ABSTRACTION

KNOWLEDGE

Certitude

Truth

Verbal Mental

Oral Written

Proposition

An Idea of an Apple

DESIRE

To know the truth

INTELLECT

TO WILL

HUMAN NATURE

WILL

To have/enjoy the good

assimilation

union/possession/enjoyment

I want to enjoy the

red APPLE!!!

Therefore, “Man is intelligent” means:

Man

Intelligence

K W

person

subsistencerationality

individuality

GOD

Intelligence

K W

person

subsistencerationality

individuality

Effect

contingent

participated

Uncaused Cause

Necessary

unparticipated

::SIMILARITY

DISSIM

Schema:

Principle Causality S. Reason Contingency Participation

Uncaused reason for necessary the SOURCE:

Caused existence being, i.e., IPSUM ESSE

Pure Act within cannot but be SUBSISTENS

effect reason for contingent PARTICIPANT:

act and existence being, i.e., esse per

potency outside can be & not be participationem

GOD

is

O.N.

or is

MAN

Summary Conclusions

b. To Human Nature (H.N.):Thinking and willing are principles of operations in man. These faculties are natural to man because they are the roots of his being a man. Take them away, man ceases to be what he is.

c. To Divine Nature (D.N.):Thinking and willing are principles of operations in God. But unlike in man, there are not participated. Hence, by a single act of God’s knowing and willing God creates the world. God is the source of the highest perfection (i.e., rationality) in man.

Whereas in Man as rationalGod (in one divine nature).

END: Contemplation of God as a philosophical conclusion

Method: By pure reasoning

PHILOSOPHY

THEOLOGYMan as rational

God (in one divine nature but in three persons)

END: Contemplation of God as revealed

Method: By faith plus pure reasoning

COMPARISON

nature

grace

MAN

PHILOSOPHY

THEOLOGY

REASON

FAITH

COMPARISON

image of recreation

MANin Philosophy

“wounded”

in Theology

natural

superntl

gracedsimilar

image of creation

BUT, in Theology,

COMPARISON

PERSONHOOD

“What is man that you should be mindful of him, or the son of man that you should care for him? You have…crowned him with glory and honor.”

HasInalienable

Rights

Has lifeafterDeath

Pro-creatorCalled

forHoliness

Wounded

Social

AreFundamentally

Equal

Dignity

PERSON

THE NOTION OF PERSONHOOD:

In communion with God.A.

H.G.

F.E.

D.C.

B. A participant in the divine wisdom.

Self-subsistent.

Unique.

Free.

Responsible.

Conscious of one’s origin.

A pilgrim to one’s self.

DIG

NIT

Y


FU

ND

AM

EN

TA

LLY

EQ

UA

L

The Order of Nature

Supernatural Order

We share one and the same origin and we possess the same human nature

We share one and the same faith and hope, the same destiny, the same baptism, all of us have been redeemed by Christ and all of us are children of God.


SO

CIA

L

The Order of Nature

Rationality

It is in our nature to long to belong. We need to belong to a group, community or society. This need comes from our inner being.The social nature of human beings is based on a constituent element of our nature, that is, we can communicate. Such is the deepest ground of the social nature of human beings.


WO

UN

DED

Christian faith tells us that all of us have to bear the consequences of sin. These consequences are bitter and hard and as a result our whole life is a dramatic struggle between good and evil.

Revelation tells us that thi is a result of the coming in of sin in this world.


TO

BE H

OLY

Jesus Christ invites us to be holy just as our heavenly Father is holy.

Christ’s coming to this world opened to us the gate to holiness and perfection.

The Holy Mother Church provides us with necessary help and guidance to achieve holiness and the examples of the saints who lived their lives in imitation of Christ provide us with adequate motivtion and inspiration to go on.


PR

O-C

REA

TO

R

Though we are a fallen nature, we are not without hope. Christ the Lord who created every human being essentially good has come to redeem us all. Christ has achieved the redepmtion completely and to the very limit, but at the same time, he did not bring it to a close.

Sweat and toil present the Christian with the possibility of sharing lovingly in the work that Christ came to do and collaborating with the Son of God for the Redemption of humanity.


ETER

NA

L L

IFE

The Church teaches in the light of divine Revelation, that our God has created us for a blissful life that we can hope in the future. This is what constitutes our Christian hope.

“For God has called man, and still calls him to cleave with all his being to him in sharing for ever a life that is divine and free from all decay. Christ won this victory when He rose to life, for by his death he freed man from death.” (GS 18)


INA

LIE

NA

BLE R

IGH

TS

Right to a decent existenceRight pertaining to moral and cultural values

The right to worship

The right to choose one’s way of lifeRights pertaining to economic lifeRight of assembly and associationThe right to emigrate and immigrateRight in the political order

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Individual Rights(Art. 1-21)

Social Rights(Art. 22-30)

Rights that are essentially entitle a person not to be

prevented from retaining or

attaining certain fundamental

goods

Rights that are essentially rights to be helped. It requires active

aids, which involve time,

finance, and other resources on the part of others .

On Human Work☞

Duties of Workers

GOD

Man

Main Issue

Perfect

Creator

Co-cretor

imperfect

Work: Any serious and purposeful activity that

utilizes one’s corporal and spiritual powers.

+Strictest sense : manual labor

+Widest sense : all conscious, serious

and purposeful

activity

of man, including

prayerEnd of Work: Realization of the real reason of

human being’s existence and of

the world, which is

ultimately for the greater

honor and glory of God.

Characteristics of Work:

Personal

“A man by his work gives his imprint to it, acquiring as he does so, perseverance, skill

and a spirit of invention.” (PP #27)

Implications: 1. work is an extension/expression of the “person” of the worker

2. work has dignity which is based on the dignity of the worker

3. condition of work must respect the personal character and dignity of the

worker


Necessary

“make is a point of honor to…work with your hands as we directed you to do so, so that

you will give good examples to outsiders and want for nothing.” (1 Thes. 4:11)


Way to the Self-development of Human Beings

“idle hands and idle minds are Satan’s workshop.” (PP #27)

Implications: 1. Being an image of God, the creator who is an infinite activity, the human person must likewise, must work.

2. Sloth is an attitude of laziness that abhors doing nothing.


Shaping and Mastering the Earth

“Fill the earth and subdue it.” (Gen. 1:23)

Implications: 1. Creation is not yet finished.

It is an ongoing process wherein human being

shave the role to play.


Service

“Through work, human beings can and should place themselves at the service of their brothers and sisters. In sharing their insights and skills with their fellow human beings, they can do very much to serve the human family and to make the conditions of life more favorable.” (GS #57)


Social

“Work unites men for the service of the people in a common effort which tends to the perfection of one and all to the glory of the Creator and Redeemer…In

this sense work is capable by its very nature, of closely uniting men together.”

Work, as a collective effort, is a venue for workers to share hopes, aspirations, hardships and joy with one another thus drawing men together and uniting their minds, hearts and wills. With this human beings find

themselves to be brothers and sisters.” (PP #27)


Union with Christ

“Whatever you do whether in speech or in action, do it in the name of the Lord Jesus. Give thanks to God the Father through him.”

(Col. 3:17)

Every person has the right to work by virtue of every person’s right to exist and support his own existence.

“The obligation to earn one’s bread from the sweat of one’s brow also presumes the right to do so. A society in which this right is systematically denied, in which economic policies do not allow workers to reach satisfactory levels of employment, cannot be justified from an ethical point of view, nor can that society attain social peace.” (CA #43)

Rights of Workers:

The Right to Work

It refers to the payment a worker receives in return of the labor or services rendered.

Classification: 1. Just Wage – equitable return for the worker’s contribution to production

or services rendered 2. Unjust Wage

Criteria for a Just Wage: 1. Enough to support the worker or those under his/her care. (QA #71) 2. The state of the business. 3. The public economic good.

Rights of Workers:

The Right to a Just Wage

A human being has the right to be looked after in the event of ill-health, disability due to his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or when ever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood. The state authorities have the duty to see to it that those who cannot anymore take care of themselves be taken cared of.

Rights of Workers:

The Right to Protection and Social Security

(United Nations’ Declaration)

• To be born, be given a name and nationality.• To be free.• To belong to and be taken cared of by a family.• To be given sufficient education.• To have the chance to develop skills and talents.• To receive adequate food, shelter & physical health.• To be educated on good manners and right conduct.• To be given the chance to play and recreate.• To be protected from abuses, dangers & violence of war.• To live in a harmonious and peaceful environment.• To be defended and assisted by the government.• To express oneself.

Rights of Workers:

The Right to Children

Rights of Workers:

The Right of Women

“At present women are involved in nearly all spheres of life: they ought to be permitted to play their part fully according to their own particular nature. It is up to everyone to see to it that women’s specific and necessary participation in cultural life be acknowledged and fostered.” (Gaudium et Spes #60)

Rights of Workers:

The Right of the Migrant Workers

“The most important thing is that the person working away from his native land…should not be placed at a disadvantage in comparison with the other workers in that society in the matter of working rights…The value of work should be measured by the same standard and not according to the difference in nationality, religion or race.” (LE #23)

Rights of Workers:

The Right To Organize Trade Union

“The catholic Church highly supports trade unions and even considers them as the most important association for mutual aid and social assistance.” (RN #50)

Among the basic rights of the human person must be counted the right of freely founding labor unions…to represent the workers and to contribute to the proper arrangement of economic life…without risk of reprisal. (GS #68)

Duties of Trade Unions:

1. Trade unions must consider the general economic interest and the state of their branch of industry when making wage claims.

2. It has to be emphasized that trade unions are voluntary organizations, hence, it must rest upon the will of their members.

3. Trade unions posses influential powers that could influence social policies and that could even extend to political affairs.

Rights of Workers:

The Right To Go On Strike

It is a refusal to work on the part of the organized workers. In itself, a strike is a powerful weapon of trade unions in their struggle with employers particularly when, in the course of collective bargaining, the workers’ group cannot obtain the rightful conditions that they desire.

Conditions for Strike to be Morally Permissible:1. Objective is morally acceptable2. Morally acceptable and proportionate means.3. No other peaceful means left.

On Private Property

ON PRIVATE PROPERTY

The right to private property has always been affirmed by the Church in response to those who oppose this right and consider it as the root cause of inequality in the society.

The Church insists on the universal destination of all created goods and on the right of every individual to own private property.

ON PRIVATE PROPERTY

Forms of Private Property:

Wage/Salary

It is through which workers experience what it means to have something as his or her own and it forms the most important source for the employee from which all other forms of property must rise.

ON PRIVATE PROPERTY


Furniture, Household furniture,

etc.

This is more permanent than the previous one.

ON PRIVATE PROPERTY


SocialSecurity

A legal claim to social insurance for sickness, unemployment; disability and old age has become a fourth form of property in our modern society.

ON PRIVATE PROPERTY


Home

Owning a home has a very high socio-political importance in our present society.

ON PRIVATE PROPERTY


OwnershipOf Capital

This form of private property if broadly distributed will eliminate a great portion of the economic imbalance existing in the world today.

ON PRIVATE PROPERTY


Savings

It may include savings account, building and loan association and life insurance policies.

ON PRIVATE PROPERTY

Other Forms of Private Property:

1. Consumer goods: food, clothing2. Movables: furnishings, tools,

cars, animals, jewelry3. Immovables: lands, houses, plants4. Intellectual: patent rights,

copyrights5. Claims: bank accounts, shares,

securities, insurance6. Money in general

ON PRIVATE PROPERTYPrivate Property and the Holy ScriptureOLD TESTAMENT:

-Gen. 24:34f; 1 Kings 3:11-13-Wealth is regarded as a sign of God’s favor.

-Prov. 10:4; 20:13; 24:3f; 21:17-It is seen as a result of acquiring qualities pleasing to God, i.e., diligence, wisdom, temperance, etc.

Violation: 7th & 10th commandments

Reminder: “You shall open wide your hand to your brother, to the needy and the poor…” (Deut. 15:11)

ON PRIVATE PROPERTYPrivate Property and the Holy Scripture

NEW TESTAMENT:

-Lk. 16:19-31-

Jesus teaches that not the possession of property as such is evil but turning wealth into idol. The scandal was not that there was a rich man and a poor Lazarus but that Lazarus wanted to eat the crumbs which fell from the table of the rich man and that he did not receive a particle of them.

-1 Tim. 6:17-19-

Spiritual riches over material riches. Share and use the material wealth in good works in order to store up treasures for eternal life.

ON PRIVATE PROPERTY

Basis for the Right to Private Property

1. For Self-expression

2. For the fulfillment of one’s duties

3. For one’s independence and freedom.

4. For Peace

5. For better Utilization of Goods.

ON PRIVATE PROPERTY

Principles of the Right to Private Property

1st Principle: “The resources of creation are destined for all the goods of the earth are meant to

be shared.”2nd Principle: “There is a distinction

between the right of ownership and use.”

The State(Its Origin and Meaning)

Different Backgrounds of the State

The State

As a manifestation of the Divine

12

34

As a result of power struggle

STC: Socio-theological and soci-political

For the satisfaction of basic human needs

Two Main Functions of the State

The State

The Ordering Function

It establishes and protects the legal/external order. It makes sure that just laws exist and that they are being

observed by all and peace and order are maintained.

Two Main Functions of the State

The State

The Welfare Function

It promotes the general economic, sanitary, ecological, cultural, moral and

spiritual welfare of the citizens.

The State

The Principle of Subsidiarity

The state must take into consideration what private

individuals or enterprise can and should do by

themselves and allowing

them to do it.

Private individuals or group of individuals must also

respect those functions that are meant for the larger

higher organization.

Political Athority

The State

Etymology:

Authority – Lt. word “auctoritas”

Verb: “augere” to increase/to enrichStrict Sense:

the power meant or the institution meant for the enrichment and promotion of those over whom it is exercised.

The State

Two Kinds of Authority

Personal Authority

Official or Socialauthority

It is derived on a superiority of a person in terms of intellectual capacity, professional and technical skill, and higher degree of moral and spiritual life.

It is based on the will of the society which is often manifested through an election.

The State

Political Authority

Legitimate Illegitimate

An authority acquired the power through an explicit consent of the citizens and performs its God given duties. Hence, the citizens have the duty to follow a legitimate and competent authority.

An authority that claims or gets hold of the power unjustly, by the use of three F’s: force, fraud, and fear. Illegitimate rulers do not have any binding authority over the citizens, and the citizens do not owe obedience to them.

Duties of the citizens towards the State

The State

Love of one’s country1234

Civic Responsibility and Participation

STC: Socio-theological and socio-political

For the satisfaction of basic human needs

The State

Essential Components of Common Good

Public external order

Public well-being and prosperity

Intellectual andMoral development

Spiritual development

conditions of common good

Protection of Basic Rights

Freedom

SocialAuthority

Promotion of Every

Individual

The State

Thank YouMabuhay!

Documents

Part II (on Human Person.ppt1)