PART

Appendix

1. Communicative Functions and Sample Sentences

2. Vocabulary

3. Useful Websites

4. Related Story Books

5. Hangul, the Korean Alphabet

6. Korean Folk Tales

7. Frequently Asked Questions

❙• 115 •❙

Communicative Functions and Sample Sentences

Friendship ActivitiesGreetings

Meeting and saying good-bye

Hello!(Hi)

Good morning/afternoon/evening.

Good-bye. (Bye-bye.)

So long.

See you later.

Take care.

Have a nice day.

Saying hello

How are you?

How's it going?

How's your family?

How are things?

Replying to hello

Fine, thanks.

I'm okay, thanks.

Not (too/so) bad, thanks.

Not (too/so) good.

Introduction

Self-introduction

I'm Jiyoung.

My name's Jiyoung.

Introducing other person

This is my friend, Minho.

Replying to someone's introduction

Nice to meet you.

Appreciation

Expressing one's appreciation

Thank you (very much).

Thanks a lot.

Replying to one's appreciation

Sure.

You're welcome.

(It's) My pleasure.

Drawing attention

Look

Listen

Excuse me.

Pardon me.

Hello, can you help me?

Compliment, Congratulation, Interjection

Compliment

(Very) Good (for you)!

Well done!

Congratulation

Happy birthday (to you)!

Congratulations!

Replying to compliment and congratulation

How nice (of you)!

You're so kind.

Interjection

What a nice bag!

How pretty she is!

❙• 116 •❙

Exchanging factual information Expressing one's attitude

Encouragement

Good luck!

Don't worry.

Appointment

Making an appointment

How about tomorrow?

Replying to someone's suggestion

Sure.

No problem.

Sorry, I can't.

Wishing good luck

Good luck!

Offering food and Replying

Offering food

Go ahead. Help yourself.

Do you want some more cake?

What will you have?

Accepting and declining

Yes, thank you.

Yes, please.

Factual information

How many apples (are there)?

Do you have a pen?

What time is it?

Does he work in a store?

Whose pencil is this?

Checking a fact

Checking and answering

Is this your book?

Aren't you Mr. Lee?

Yeah, that's mine.

No, it's on the third floor.

Describing a fact

She has big brown eyes.

My mother is a teacher.

Habits

I get up at seven every day.

Experience

Asking about someone's experience and

answering

What did you do yesterday?

I met Sumi yesterday.

Plan

I'll play baseball tomorrow.

Comparing

I'm taller than you.

Agreement and disagreement

Agreement

Me, too.

Same here.

That's right.

That's a good idea.

Disagreement

I don't think so.

❙• 117 •❙

Expressing one's feelings

Suggestion and invitation

Suggestion and invitation

Can you join us?

Would you like to come?

Will you help me with my homework?

Accepting someone's suggestion or invitation

OK.

Yes, I can.

Yes, I'd love to.

(That) Sounds good.

Declining someone's suggestion or invitation

(I'm) Sorry, I can't.

Suggestion

Suggesting

Let's go swimming.

Accepting

Great.

Sounds good.

Sure, you can.

Of course (you may).

Declining

Sorry, I can't.

I'm sorry, but I have other plans.

Can or Can't

Asking if someone can do something and

answering

Can you swim?

Sure, I can.

He can swim.

Expressing when someone can't do something

Sorry, I can't

Confirmation

Asking about someone's confirmation

Are you sure?

Expressing uncertainty

I'm not sure (about that).

Permission

Asking for someone's permission

May I go now?

Can I have some more?

Giving order and prohibition

Order

Open your book

Prohibition

No, don't do that.

Opinion

Asking for someone's opinion

What do you want (to do)?

Saying one's own opinion

I have no idea

Likes and dislikes

Asking about someone's likes and dislikes

Do (Don't) you like pears?

Saying one's likes and dislikes

I (don't) like apples.

I like to play baseball.

Feelings

Happiness and sadness

I'm happy.

❙• 118 •❙

Moral attitude

Persuasion and advice

Problem solving

I'm sad.

Anger

He is angry.

Surprise

What a surprise!

What someone wants

Asking about what someone wants

What do you want?

Saying what one wants

I want a new cap.

Sympathy

Expressing one's sympathy

That's too bad.

Apology and excuse

Apology

Sorry (about that).

Excuse me.

Replying to someone's apology/excuse

That's OK.

That's all right.

Don't worry (about it).

Asking for help

Asking for help

Help me, please.

Answering

Sure, I can.

I'm sorry, I can't.

Warning

Be careful!

Watch out!

Asking for and giving directions

Is this Main Street?

Where's the bus stop?

Turn right.

It's over there.

Shopping

How much is it?

May I help you?

I'll take it.

Asking again

Excuse me?

What (did you say)?

Pardon (me)?

I'm sorry

Calling and answering the phone

Hello?

Is Minho there?

This is Mina speaking.

❙• 119 •❙

. Vocabulary

A

a/anableaboutabsentacrossactaddressafterafternoonagainagoairairplane/planeairportallalonealwaysa.m./A.M.andanimalanotheranswerantanyapplearmaroundarriveasaskatauntaway

Bbaby

backbackwardbadbagballballoonbankbasketbatbebeanbearbeautifulbecausebecomebedbeebeefbeforebeginbehindbellbeltbetweenbicycle/bikebigbirdblackblanketblueboatbodybookbootborrowbothbottlebowl

boxboybreadbreakbreakfastbringbrotherbrownbrushbutbuybybye

Ccallcancandycapcarcarrycatcatchchairchalkchangecheapcheckchesschestchickenchildchinchurchcityclasscleanclock

closeclothescloudcoldcolor/colourcombcomecookcookie/cookeycoolcornercountcountrycousincovercowcrycutcute

Ddad/daddydancedarkdaughterdaydeepdentistdeskdiedinnerdirtydishdodoctor/Drdogdolldolphin

❙• 120 •❙

doordowndrawdrinkdrivedryduck

Eeachearearlyeasteasyeateggeitherelephantendenjoyeveningeveryexcuseexpensiveeye

Ffacefallfamilyfarfarmfastfatfatherfieldfindfinefingerfinish

fishflagfloorflowerflyfollowfoodfootforfoxfreefriendfrogfromfrontfruitfullfun

Ggardengetgirlgivegladglassgogoatgoldgoodgrandma/grandmothergrandpa/grandfathergray/greygreatgreengrow

Hhairhalfhandhappyhardhathatehaveheheadheavyhelicopterhellohelpherehihighhobbyholdhomehopehorsehospitalhothourhousehowhungry

IIideaifillininsideintoit

Jjacketjamjeanjumpjust

Kkeepkillkindkingkitchenkneeknifeknow

Lladylamplandlatelaughlearnleftleglessonletletterlifelightlikelionlistenlittlelivelonglookloud

❙• 121 •❙

lovelowlunch

Mmadmailmakemanmanymapmarketmaymaybemeatmeetmilkminutemirrormiss/Missmom/mommymoneymonkeymonthmorningmothermousemouthmovemovieMr.Mrs.Ms.muchmusicmust

Nnamenear

neckneednephewnevernewniceniecenightno/nopenoonnorthnosenotnownumbernurse

Oofoffofficeoftenohokay/OKoldononceopenorotheroutoutsideover

Ppagepaintpantspaperparent

parkpasspaypearpencilpeoplepepperpersonpickpigplaypleasepocketpointpolicepoorporkpostpotatoprettyproblempullpuppypurplepushput

Qqueenquestionquickquite

Rrabbitrainreadreadyrectanglered

refrigerator/fridgerestricerichriderightringriverroadroomroundrun

Ssadsafesamesandwichsayschoolseaseasonseatseesellsendsetshallsheshipshoeshopshortshouldershoutshowsicksidesingsister

❙• 122 •❙

sitskirtskysleepslowsmallsmilesnakesnowsosoapsoccersocksomesonsongsorrysoursouthspeakspoonspringsquarestairsstandstarstartstationstaystopstorestorystreetstrongstudentstudysubwaysugarsummersun

suppersuresweetswimswitch

Ttabletaketalktallteateachtelephone/phonetelevision/TVtelltennisthanthankthatthethentheretheythickthinthinkthirstythisthroughthumbtietigertimetiredtotodaytoetogethertoilet

tomorrowtonighttootoothtoweltowntoytraintreetriangletruetryturn

Uuglyuncleunderunderstanduntilupuse

Vvegetableveryvisit

Wwaitwalkwantwarmwashwatchwaterwayweweakwear

weekwelcomewellwestwhatwhenwherewhichwhitewhowhywidewillwindwindowwinterwithwomanwordworkworldworrywowwritewrong

Yyardyes/yeah/yupyearyellowyesterdayyouyoung

Zzebrazerozoo

❙• 123 •❙

Website Address Contents Rating

www.barryfunenglish.com

Vocabulary viewer, flash card maker, games and worksheets※ the same with Korean English textbook of fifth

& sixth grade

★★★★★

www.britishcouncil.org/kids.htm Games, songs, stories and lots of activities ★★★★★

www.englishraven.com/main.html

Free educational resources & materials for teachers of EFL/ESL to young learners and teenagers ★★★★★

www.english-4kids.com Word puzzle, power-point and flashcards download ★★★★www.mes-english.com Free flashcards for download, games and worksheets ★★★★

www.toolsforeducators.com Dice, board game, word search, crossword puzzle, and domino maker ★★★★

www.senteacher.org Classroom labels, word cards, photo cards, hand-writing maker and connective tiles maker, ★★★★

sitesforteachers.com Lists of famous web-sites for teachers ★★★★weekstudy.coolschool.co.kr/study/pops/pops_list2.htm Pop songs are available ★★★★

www.esl-kids.com Printable flashcards, worksheet generator, games,children's songs and nursery rhymes ★★★

www.eslflashcards.com Free ESL flashcards ★★★

www.atozteacherstuff.comWord shape worksheet generator, word search makerhandwriting worksheet generator and printable books

★★★

www.abcteach.com Teacher helpers-calendars, forms etc.Reading comprehensions ★★★

www.kizclub.com Crafts ★★★www.teacherplus.co.kr Printable worksheets (members only) and flashcards ★★★

www.dltk-kids.com Printable children's crafts, coloring pages and more including projects for educational themes ★★★

reading-z.com E-books for reading (level A~Z) and related worksheet. ★★★

. Useful Websites

❙• 124 •❙

Website Address Contents Rating

www.schoolhousetech.com Crossword, wordsearch, matching and missing words maker ★★★

bogglesworldesl.com Worksheets, complete lesson plans and lots of other materials ★★★

www.eslprintables.com

Sharing web site for English teaching materials.Very useful for a variety of topics!※ You must upload worksheets you created in

order to download worksheets from the website.

★★★

www.ac-nancy-metz.fr/enseign/anglais/Henry/voc.htm

Activities and resources for almost any topic in ESL ※ It is listed by topic.

★★★

www.genkienglish.net/games.htm

Many game ideas that are simple and useful for different age groups ★★★

www.starfall.com Good for teaching ABCs and simple reading to younger learners ★★★

www.de.mingoville.com/content/view/13/29/lang,ko/

Interactive site for learning vocabulary & using it with games & activities※ Good for students to use on their own, at

home, or in the computer lab.

★★★

pbskids.org Website for students to use to practice English with games, stories, and videos ★★★

www.karafun.com Pop songs are available ★★★

www.esl-galaxy.com Printable worksheets and word search ★★★www.diaryproject.com Numerous diaries whose topics are various. ★★

schoolexpress.com Free worksheet for Phonics, reading, language arts, and handwriting ★★

kids-space.org UCC made by children from the world ★★

jr.naver.com/english Many English songs and games good for young students ★★

www.stickersandcharts.com Printable stickers ★★www.esltower.com Grammar and vocabulary worksheets ★★

❙• 125 •❙

3rd Grade

Lesson Story book Published by

1. Hello, I'm Minsu.People say 'Hello' Will Barber

Goodnight, moon Margaret Wise Brown

2. What's This?

Brown bear, brown bear, what do you see? Bill Martin, Jr

It looked like spilt milk Charles G. Shaw

3. Happy Birthday!Happy birthday, Sam Pat Hutchines

Happy birthday, Moon Frank Asch

4. Wash Your Hands.From head to toe Eric Carle

Clap your hands Lorinda Bryan Cauley

5. I Like Apples.The very hungry caterpillar Eric Carle

What do you eat? Rick Wetzel

6. How Many Cows?How many? Rozanne Lanczak Williams

Ten black dots Donald Crews

7. I Can Swim.Can you read a map? Rozanne Lanczak Williams

I'm special Kimberly Jordano

8. It's Snowing.

Barney bear gets dressed Rozanne Lanczak Williams

The jacket I wear in the snow Shirley Neitzel

What's the weather like today? Rozanne Lanczak Williams

. Related Story Books

❙• 126 •❙

4th Grade

Lesson Storybook Published by

1. Nice To Meet you.

How's the weather? Rozanne Lanczak Williams

What's the weather like today? Rozanne Lanczak Williams

What will the weather be like today? Paul Rogers

2. Don't Do That.

Go away, dog Joan L. Nodset

Get off your train John Burningham

3. How Old Are you?

I'm older than you are Young Mi Kim

Ten, nine, eight Molly Bang

4. What Time Is It?

What time is it? Rozanne Lanczak Williams

Time to... Bruce Mcmillan

5. Who is She?

I love my family Kathleen Beal

Do you want to be my friend? Eric Carle

6. Is this your cap?

A color of his own Leo Lionni

Little blue, Little yellow Leo Lionni

7. Sorry, I can't.

Henny Penny H.Werner Zimmermann

Rooster's off to see the world Eric Carle

8. How much is it?

Good choices for cat and dog Rozanne Lanczak Williams

On market street Arnold Lobel

❙• 127 •❙

5th Grade

Lesson Storybook Published by

1. How Are You?

Bambi Disney (Story teller series)

The snowman Raymond Brigg

Little red riding hood Classic Tales (Oxford)

2. What Day Is It Today?Today is Monday Eric Carle

Cookie's week Cindy Ward

3. It's Under the Table

Cat on the mat Brian Wildsmith

Pigs Learn to read (Creative Teaching Press)

Rosie's walk Pat Hutchins

4. What a Nice Day!Caps for sale Esphyr Slobodkina

Amelia Bedelia Peggy Paarish

5. Where Is Namdaemun(Sungnyemun)?

On the go Learn to read (Creative Teaching Press)

City Sounds Jean Marzollo & Sophia Latto

6. I Get Up at Seven Every Day.

Time/Seasons and Weather Ladybird

Time Ladybird

Clocks and more clocks Pat Hutchins

7. She's Tall.

Goldilocks and the three bears Classic Tales (Oxford)

What am I? N. N. Charles, Leo & Diane Dillon

The ugly duckling Classic Tales (Oxford)

8. Let's Go Swimming.Let's pretend Harper Collins Publishers

The shoemaker and the elves Classic Tales (Oxford)

9. Whose Boat Is This?My river Shari Halpern

It's mine! Leo Lionni

10. Do You Want Some More?

In the night kitchen Maurice Sendak

The very hungry caterpillar Eric Carle

Strawberries are red Candlewick Press

11. What Are You Doing?The snowman Raymond Briggs

Brown bear, brown bear, what do you see? Eric Carle

❙• 128 •❙

5th Grade

Lesson Storybook Published by

12. This Is a Bedroom.In a people house Theo. LeSieg

Look-alike Jr. Joan Steiner (A Look-Alike Picture Puzzle Book)

13. What Did You Do Yesterday?

My friends Taro Gomi

Scary cat runs away Learn to read (Creative Teaching Express)

14. Is Peter There? Fireman Bill and the dragon Paul Mcguire (Oxford Storyland Readers)

15. Can You Join Us?

I'm special Learn to read (Creative Teaching Express)

Clap your hands Lorinda Bryan Cauley

Our pumpkin Learn to read (Creative Teaching Express)

16. Did You Have a Nice Vacation? Barney bear, world traveler Learn to read

(Creative Teaching Express)

6th Grade

Lesson Storybook Published by

1.Where Are You From? Snow white and the seven dwarves Classic Tales (Oxford)

2. Is This York Street? Home alone 2 - Lost in New York adapted by Jordan Horowits

3. I Like Spring.

Round and round the seasons go Learn to read (Creative Teaching Express)

A tree is nice Janice Mary Udry

The four seasons Rozanne Lanczak Williams

4. When is Your Birthday?

Flower Garden Eve Bunting & Kathryn Hewitt

When this box is full Patricia Lillie & Donald Crews

What's going on? Learn to read (Creative Teaching Express)

5. May I Help You? The elephant rock Paul McGuire

6. Can I have Some water?Peanut butter and jam Angela shelf Medearis

What do we need? Learn to read (Creative Teaching Express)

❙• 129 •❙

6th Grade

Lesson Storybook Published by

7. My Father Is a Pilot.

I love my family Kathleen Beal

The biggest dad Rosemary Border (Oxford Storyland Readers)

8. What Will You Do This Summer?

On our vacation Anne Rockwell

Dinosaurs travel Laurie Krasny Brown & Marc Brown

9. How Was Your Vacation? The picnic Alma Flor Ada

and F. Isabel Campoy

The treasure hunt - The pet sitters Barbara Hoskins

10. I'm Stronger than You.I'm as quick as a cricket Audrey Wood & Don Wood

The hare and the tortoise Aesop's fable (Brimax Classics)

11. What Do You Want to Do?

The Three Billy Goats Gruff Favorite Bedtime Tales

I want to see... Jim Henson's Muppet babies

12. Will You Help Me, Please?

Little Red Hen Ladybird

Henny Penny H.Werner Zimmermann

13. That's too Bad.The good bad cat John Sandford

D. W. thinks big Marc Brown

14. Would You Like to Come to My House?

Homestay friends-kid power Barbara Hoskins (Oxford)

The town mouse and the country mouse Classic Tales (Oxford)

Hanukkah lights, Hanukkah lights Leslie Kimmelman & John Himmelman (A Trophy Picture Book)

15. It's Time to Go Home.

Time to... Bruce Mcmillan (Scholastic)

What time is it? Judith Grey (A Giant First-Start Reader)

The ten-second race Diana Tomko

16. So Long, Everyone!Look-alike Jr. Joan Steiner

(A Look-like Picture Puzzle Book)

Friends Helme Heine

❙• 130 •❙

. Hangul, the Korean Alphabet

1 Official name

The modern name Hangul (한글) was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912. Han (한) meant "great"

in archaic Korean, while geul (글) is the native Korean word for "script".

2 History

Invented and promulgated by Sejong the Great, the fourth King of the Josun Dynasty in 1446,

Hangul, or the Korean alphabet, originally had 28 letters. Four letters of the original 28

disappeared from use in the long history of more than 500 years, and at present, only 24 letters

are in use.

King Sejong explained the need for the new script by saying that the Korean language was

different from Chinese; Chinese characters (known as Hanja) was too difficult for the common

people to write. Likewise, only privileged aristocrats (Yangban), usually male, could read and

write fluently. The majority of Koreans were actually illiterate before the invention of Hangul.

Hangul was designed so that even a commoner could learn to read and write; a document

called Haerye says, "A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; a

fool can learn them in the space of ten days."

3 Characteristics

The Korean letters are phonetic symbols, not hieroglyphs, and the language has an abundant

vocabulary of sensitive and emotional expressions. Thus, the abundance of onomatopoeic,

simulation, adjective and exclamatory words are distinguishing characteristics of the Korean

language.

4 Letters

There are 24 letters in the Korean alphabet, ten vowels as medials and fourteen consonants

used both as initial and final letters. Besides these, there are also double consonants, formed by

and based on the original single consonants. The Korean alphabet can be written not only side

ways but also vertically.

The design of the vowels can be explained according to the principles of yin and yang and

vowel harmony. The consonant letters were designed according to articulatory phonetics.

❙• 131 •❙

5 Phonetic value

The individual letter has a phonetic value and an independent form. When two or more letters

are written together, they form syllables, just as in Latin.

It is very helpful for foreign readers to note the spelling rules and the manner in which the

symbols are combined to make syllables and words.

The table below illustrates the vowels and consonants.

Vowels

(모음)

ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ(a) (ya) (eo) (yeo) (o) (yo) (u) (yu) (eu) (i)

Consonants

(자음)

ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ(g,k) (n) (d,t) (r,l) (m) (b,p) (s) (ng) (j) (ch)

ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ(k) (t) (p) (h)

6 Expressions

Thank you. 감사합니다. (Gam-sa-ham-ni-da.)

I'm sorry. 미안합니다. (Mi-an-ham-ni-da.)

Excuse me. 실례합니다. (Sil-rye-ham-ni-da.)

Good morning? 안녕하십니까? (An-nyong-ha-sim-ni-ga?)

Please speak more slowly. 좀 더 천천히 말씀해 주십시오 .

(Jom-deo-cheon-cheon-hi-mal-seum-hae-ju-sip-si-o)

How's the weather today? 오늘 날씨가 어때요? (o-neul-nal-si-ga-eo-dae-yo?)

Let's review the last lesson. 지난 수업을 복습해 봅시다.

(Ji-nan-su-eop-eul-bok-seup-hae-bop-si-da)

Open your books to page 10. 책 10쪽을 펴세요. (chaek-sip-chok-eul-pyeo-se-yo)

Let's watch the video. 비디오를 봅시다. (bi-di-o-reul-bop-si-da)

Look at the blackboard. 칠판을 보세요. (chil-pan-eul-bo-se-yo)

Come up here./Come to the front. 앞으로 나오세요. (ap-eu-ro-na-o-se-yo)

Let's play a game. 게임을 해 봅시다. (ge-im-eul-hae-bop-si-da)

Is everything clear? 이해했나요? (i-hae-haet-na-yo?)

Try again. 다시 해 보세요. (da-si-hae-bo-se-yo)

❙• 132 •❙

. Korean Folk Tales

The Myth of 'Dan-Gun', the First King of Korea

Once upon a time, there lived Hwan-in, the lord of Heaven. He had many sons and one of

them was Hwan-woong. Hwan-woong wanted to come down to Earth so he could have the

whole world under his control.

"If I ruled the Earth, I would make a great country."

So he asked his father, Hwan-in,

"Let me go down to the Earth and take care of the human world."

"Well, that's a great idea. I'll let you go. Go to Taeback Mountain and take these gods with

you."

Hwan-in gave him the God of Rain, the God of Clouds, the God of Wind and 3,000 people

from heaven.

When he reached Tae-back Mountain, he found a city and named it Sinsi which means 'City of

God'. He became the king of one country and took care of it.

Hwan-woong let the three gods control the wind, rain, and the light on Earth.

He instilled moral codes, laws and taught the people various arts and agriculture.

In other words, he taught people the difference between right and wrong and how to farm and

fish for their food.

One day, two animals, a bear and a tiger, visited Hwan-woong and begged him to help them

become humans.

"Your Majesty! We want to be humans. Let us know how to be humans," said the bear.

"Please advise us. How can we become humans?" said the tiger.

"Well, it is very difficult," Hwan-woong replied.

"Don't worry, your Majesty! We would do anything if we could become humans."

"Okay, I'll give you a chance," Hwan-woong said.

"You must stay in a cave for one hundred days to become humans. You have to stay out of

the sunlight. Can you do that?"

"Of course," the tiger and the bear said with a smile.

"It is an easy thing to do," they said earnestly.

"And one more thing! You must eat twenty heads of garlic and a bundle of mugwort everyday

for 100 days. Only the garlic and the mugwort!" said Hwan-woong.

The tiger and the bear made up their mind and entered the cave.

Not long after, the tiger became completely exhausted and decided to leave the cave.

❙• 133 •❙

"I can't eat them anymore. This is ridiculous," said the tiger.

"We have to endure this to become humans. Just hold on a bit longer," said the bear.

But despite the bear's advice, the tiger gave up and ran away.

So the bear was left alone in the cave. Though it was dark and uncomfortable, the bear

remained patient. Twenty one days had passed since the bear entered the cave. Moved by the

bear's sincerity and its firm determination, Hwan-woong visited the bear and turned him into a

beautiful woman. Hwan-woong named her 'Woong-nyuh'.

At first Woong-nyuh was very grateful and overjoyed about becoming a human but soon, she

got disappointed that she didn't have a child.

So she prayed under a tree that she could someday soon have a baby.

Hwan-woong was touched by her prayer and married her.

Woong-nyuh gave birth to a son, who was named Dan-gun.

He surpassed all the other children in every way.

And he took after his father, Hwan-woong.

One day, he went to his father.

"I'd like to make a wonderful country for all people to live in," Dan-gun said.

"That's a great idea. Set up a new country and rule it wisely. Go and find a much bigger piece

of land," said Hwan-woong.

He left his father's land with many people and animals to take to the new land.

Dan-gun established the country in Asadal, which is in the northern area of Pyeong-Yang in

North Korea, in 2333 B.C.

He became the first human king of Korea. His land was named 'Go-Jo-Sun' which is the first

kingdom of Korea.

More about Dan-gun and Go-Jo-Sun

Dan-gun is known as Dan-gun-wang-gum as well. Dan-gun means a "priest" and Wang-gum

means a "king". The government of 'Go-Jo-Sun' was very different from today's because

Dan-gun, the king of 'Go-Jo-Sun', was also a priest. We call this kind of government a

theocracy.

Dan-gun is still respected as the first King of Korea, the founder of Korea. Korea celebrates it's

National Foundation Day on Oct 3rd, when Dan-gun established the first kingdom of Korea,

'Go-Jo-Sun'. There is still a temple which commemorates Hwan-in, Hwan-woong, and Dan-gun's

souls.

❙• 134 •❙

The Golden Axe and the Silver Axe

Once upon a time there lived a good woodcutter. He was very poor, so he used to go to the

forest to cut down trees in order to make a living.

One day while he was chopping a tree near a pond, his old axe fell into the pond by mistake.

He said to himself, "Oh, no! If I don't have that axe, I can't cut down trees. Then I will not be

able to earn any money. How can I take care of my parents?" He was so sad and upset that he

cried. The pond god listened to the woodcutter's crying and arose from the pond. "Why are you

sad?" the god asked the woodcutter. "I am a woodcutter. While I was chopping the tree, my axe

fell into the pond. If I don't have the axe, I won’t be able to earn any money," the woodcutter

answered.

The pond god disappeared. A little later the god soon appeared with a silver axe. "Is this silver

axe yours?" the god asked. "No, it isn't," the woodcutter answered. The god disappeared again.

This time he came back with a golden axe and asked, "Is this golden axe yours?" The

woodcutter answered, "No it isn't." Finally, the pond god showed him an old rusty iron axe. "Is

this yours?" The woodcutter answered, "Yes, yes, yes! That's an iron axe. That's mine." He was

so happy to find his old iron axe.

The pond god was so happy with his honesty that he said "You are very honest. I will give

you all three axes as a reward." The god gave him all three axes. The woodcutter and his

parents lived happily ever after.

❙• 135 •❙

The Tale of Shim Cheong

Once upon a time, there lived an old blind man, Mr. Shim. He had a daughter named Shim

Cheong. Her mother died three days after she was born, so Mr. Shim lived alone with his

daughter. Even though Shim Cheong was very young, she worked so hard to serve her blind

father. She was well-known as a devoted daughter in the village.

One day, Mr. Shim was crossing the stream. When he was trying to cross a narrow wooden

bridge over the stream, he lost his footing and fell into the water. A Buddhist monk was

passing by at that moment and he pulled Mr. Shim out of the water. The monk looked at him

for a second and told him softly, "I pity the blind. If you donate 300 bags of rice to Buddha,

you will be able to see."

After the monk left, Mr. Shim began to worry. When Cheong got home late that night, she saw

her father's worried face. Cheong asked what happened to her father. Mr. Shim told her the

whole story.

One day, a group of sailors came into the village. They were sailing to China with their cargo,

and wanted to buy a maiden so that they could sacrifice her to the angry sea dragon. Shim

Cheong heard that these men would pay any price for a maiden. She immediately went to the

sailors and told them that she would sell herself to them. People in the village were so sad, but

they were so impressed by her devotion.

A strong wind began to blow and high waves rocked the ship. The ship was lost in a terrible

storm in the middle of the sea. Cheong threw herself into the angry waves. The sailor prayed

for her. Suddenly, the sea became quiet.

After several days, When Shim Cheong opened her eyes, she found herself lying in a beautiful

room she'd never seen before. The sea dragon king was so impressed by her love and devotion

to her father that he saved Cheong and wanted to do something wonderful for her. He put her

in a big lotus flower and sent her back into the world.

Some fishermen saw the big lotus flower floating in the sea and they took it to the king. When

the fishermen delivered the lotus flower to the king he was stunned by its beauty. Then the

❙• 136 •❙

lotus flower opened and Cheong appeared. Everyone was surprised. The king heard the story of

what Cheong had done and he was determined to make her his wife.

Cheong became the queen, but she couldn't stop worrying about her blind father. The king pitied

his wife and wanted to help Shim Cheong find her father. So he invited all the blind in the

country to his palace and held a month long feast.

On the last day of the feast, an old dirty man entered the palace and Shim Cheong called to

him, "Father!" Mr. Shim was so shocked that he opened his eyes. Finally Mr. Shim could see

his daughter. Shim Cheong and her father hugged each other and cried tears of joy for a long

time, and they lived happily ever after.

❙• 137 •❙

The Mysterious Spring

An old couple lived in a small village. Although they were poor, they always shared everything

with their neighbors. Their only wish was to have a child. There was another old man living in

the same town. He was rich and had children, but nobody liked him because he was so greedy

One day, when the poor old man was cutting firewood in the forest, he heard a beautiful twitter

from above. He followed the blue bird to a small, bubbly spring under a tree. He gulped a

handful of water because he was so thirsty. And he fell asleep under the tree.

When he woke up, it was already dark. The old man hurried home. The old man’s wife was

worried about him. Just then the old man arrived. “What happened to you? No wrinkles on your

face! You’ve become young.” The wife shouted with surprise. The next day, the old man took

his wife to the mysterious spring in the forest. The miracle happened to her, too.

The greedy old man heard of this and could not wait to drink the mysterious water himself. As

soon as he saw it, he started to drink as much water as he could. By the next day, the greedy

man hadn't come back home. The young couple were worried about him, so they we went to

the forest to find him. They saw a baby wearing the greedy man's big clothes.

The young couple brought the baby home and took good care of him. The baby grew up to be

a good man. The young couple lived happily with their lovely son until they grew old again.

❙• 138 •❙

The Sun and the Moon

Once upon a time there lived a mother with her son and daughter in a small house. Sadly, they

were so poor that the mother had to go downtown to sell rice cake at the market.

One day, mother was walking back home from the village. She didn't sell any rice cake on that

day. So her basket was full.

She heard a roaring sound. She was frightened. It was a huge tiger standing in front of her.

And the tiger said, "Oh! You have a lot of rice cake. If you give me one, I'll let you go."

Mother was so scared that she gave some rice cake to the tiger and hurried home.

But the tiger soon reappeared and said, "I'm still hungry. If you give me one more, I'll let you

go." Mother gave some more rice cake to the tiger and ran away.

The mean tiger was still hungry so he waited for mother again. But this time he ate all of the

rice cake and mother, too.

At home, the big brother and the little sister were waiting for their mother. It became darker

and darker. They worried about their mom.

"Why is she so late? I'm hungry." The little sister started to cry.

"Don't worry. She'll come soon," the big brother said.

Suddenly, somebody knocked on the door and said, "Oh my babies, open the door. It's me, your

mom."

The little sister ran to the door and said, "Mom, is that you? Why are you so late?"

But big brother stopped her and said, "Wait, something is strange. That's not Mom's voice."

"I caught a cold and I have a sore throat," the tiger said.

Big brother still didn't believe it, so he asked, "Then show me your hand."

A big paw burst through the door.

"Oh, no. It's not Mom's hand," the big brother said.

"I worked so hard today that my hands are rough," the tiger said.

This time they believed it and opened the door for their mom.

"You must be very hungry. I'll cook for you," the tiger said, pretending to be mother.

He was wearing mom's clothes. Just then big brother found the tiger's tail under his skirt.

He noticed it was a tiger. Big brother quietly ran outside with his sister and they started to

climb the persimmon tree in the backyard.

"Where is my dinner?" The tiger looked around. But there was nobody in the room. He finally

saw them in the tree.

"Hey, come down." said the tiger. But they didn't move.

❙• 139 •❙

"Well, how did you get there?" the tiger asked.

Big brother had a good idea and answered, "I poured sesame oil over the trunk of the tree."

But it was not true. The tree was so slippery that the tiger couldn't climb it up.

"Ha ha ha... such a fool! Why don't you use an ax?" little sister said.

"Why did you tell him that?" big brother yelled at her but it was too late.

The tiger started to climb up the tree with an ax and almost reached them.

"Oh, God! please help us," the scared children said.

God gave them a rope and they were able to escape.

"Oh, God! give me a rope, too," the tiger asked like big brother and little sister.

God gave him a rotten rope and the tiger fell down to the ground when he gripped it tightly.

God was so impressed with them that he asked big brother and little sister to be the Sun and

the Moon. Little sister was so timid and didn't like being alone at night. So big brother became

the moon, and little sister became the sun.

❙• 140 •❙

The Old Bumpy Man

Long ago, an old man lived in a small town. He had a big ugly bump on his face. Everybody

called him "The Old Bumpy Man". All the children in the town made fun of him. He hated the

bump on his face. He really wanted to get rid of it. It was his only wish.

One day he was coming back home from the mountain very late. It was very dark, so he lost

his way home. It was too dark to see anything. Luckily, he saw a light coming from a small

house in the distance.

"Hello, is anybody here?"

Nobody answered. There was no one home.

"Ooh.. This house looks like a haunted house. It's scary."

He tried to sleep but he couldn't. He decided to sing a song because he was so scared. He had

a beautiful voice. His song spread across the mountain. Just then, The Old Bumpy Man heard

voices talking outside.

"Hey, I think it came from around here," someone said.

"Right, the beautiful song came from this house," said another voice.

Three scary ogres went into the house and found the old man trembling with fear.

"Ooh.. I'm sorry. Please don't hurt me! I just wanted to sing because..." stammered the old man.

"Don't worry, old man. We don't want to hurt you."

"We heard your beautiful song and we really like your voice. Can you sing the song one more

time?"

The Old Bumpy Man was scared, but he sang the song and the ogres danced around merrily.

"Wow, you're a really good singer. Where is that beautiful voice coming from?"

The Old Bumpy Man had a good idea.

"My voice comes from this bump on my face, of course."

"Really? Let's trade your bump for our gold," the ogres told him happily.

"Are you joking? You can get rid of my bump?"

"That's easy. It's magic. You just close your eyes for a second."

"Boom-Boom-Bang"

The Old Bumpy Man's bump was gone, and he got a bunch of gold! It was his lucky day. He

walked away, singing his song happily.

❙• 141 •❙

The story of The Old Bumpy Man and the ogres spread around his small town. There lived

another bumpy old man in the next town. He heard the story, too.

"Ogres will trade bumps for gold? Now, it's my turn to get rid of my bump!"

He went to the mountain to find the haunted house. He started singing a song loudly, but he

was not a good singer. He had a terrible voice. Suddenly, he heard the ogres coming.

"A-Ha! They are coming. I will be rich pretty soon."

"Hey, old man. Does your voice come from your bump too?" The ogres asked him angrily.

"Of course. Just like the other bumpy old man. Do you want to trade it for something?" The

greedy old man asked.

"What? These bumps don't help me sing songs at all!" shouted one of the ogres,

"YOU ARE A LIAR! We came here to give you back your bump! We don't want it."

"Boom-Boom-Bang"

A new bump became magically stuck to the other side of his face.

"Oh, no. It is not fair. This is not even my bump. Please take it back."

"Get out of HERE, right now!" the ogres shouted.

Ever since then, everyone called him 'The Bumpy Bumpy Old Man', because he was a greedy

liar. He was the only man who had two ugly bumps on his face.

❙• 142 •❙

A Tale Of Brotherly Love

A long time ago, there lived a father and two brothers in a small village. The two brothers

loved each other so much that they shared almost everything. One day, their father sadly passed

away. With his last breath, he proclaimed his dying wish to his sons: "You should love each

other forever." So the elder brother divided the rice pads and other fortunes that his father left

into two and handed one half to his younger brother.

As time passed by, both of them grew up and got married.

When the younger brother got married, his older brother said "I'm really proud of you. If you

need any help, you should let me know." It meant that their bond was still strong even though

they no longer lived together. The two men worked on the farm really hard for their families.

There was never enough food, however, because they had to support their own families with the

divided rice pads and the shared fortune.

It was Fall and the harvest started. "Brother, thanks to your help, we will have more rice than

last year. I'm happy," said the younger brother.

"I don't think so. You work harder than me. I am the one who should say thank you," said the

elder brother.

Each of them piled bundles of rice on their own rice pads to make a heap. When it was dark

both of them went back to their own home. The elder brother couldn't sleep late at night. He

tossed and turned, thinking that his younger brother should have more rice than him. So the

elder brother went to the heap of rice which stood over the middle of his rice pad. He took a

few bundles of the rice and carried it to his brother's. He left the rice there, carefully without a

sound. His heart became filled with joy. What he wasn't aware of, is that his dear brother was

doing the same thing that very night, when he did not see.

The next day, he noticed something very strange. It was hard to believe that there wasn't any

difference in his rice heap. So he whispered, "I will go to brother's rice heap again, and bring

him more tonight. He has a wife and a baby. He needs more rice than I do."

❙• 143 •❙

After everyone in his family fell asleep, he sneaked out of his house and headed for his

younger brother's rice pad. It was the blackest of nights. On the way there, he saw someone

walking in the dark. When the person got closer, the full moon which had been hidden by thick

clouds revealed itself and shone brightly. When their profiles became illuminated by the

moonlight, they suddenly recognized each other. The one standing in the dark dropped bundles

of rice, and so did the elder brother.

"It was you, Brother! What are you doing here?"

"It was you who put the rice onto my heap last night!"

They began weeping and hugged each other. The moon, watching over what they had been

doing, smiled upon them and touched them with its gentle light, like a soft and fragrant breeze.

From that day on, of course, the brothers worked even harder helping and loving each other and

they lived happily ever after.

❙• 144 •❙

The Boy Who Became a Cow

Long ago, there was a boy who was as lazy as a sloth. He wouldn't even lift a finger. He took

a nap whenever he wanted and he day-dreamed while lying on his back all day long. He

sometimes skipped meals because he didn't want to get up.

So his mother nagged him a lot by shouting, "Wake up! How could you live without eating any

food? You should feed yourself." But he didn't budge an inch.

His mom got so worried about him and said, "If you act like a lazy cow you'll become a cow."

"A cow? Would I rather be a cow?" asked he. In fact he was curious about becoming a cow

because he thought that if he became one he would not have to work, eat or listen to his mom.

His mom became speechless with his reply for a moment then yelled, "Do you know what you

are saying? If I were you I would go to the mountain to gather some firewood." The boy was

annoyed so he decided to leave his home.

After walking a long distance, he found an old man making cow masks. He asked him if he

could try one on. The old man said "You should beware. If you put on this mask, you will

certainly become a cow!"

What the old man said made him happy, so he put on the mask. After bringing the mask to his

face, it became stuck there. Suddenly, his arms turned into cow's legs. Surprisingly his own legs

turned into hind legs. He trembled with joy.

The old man took the boy, who was now a cow, to the cattle market and sold him to a farmer.

The farmer slapped his back and said "You look strong. You will work hard for me, won't

you?" The old man said to the farmer, "Do not feed the cow with radish. If it eats radish, it

will die."

On arriving to the farmer's farm, the cow, who was the lazy boy, had to work from early

morning all day until evening. The farmer lashed angrily at his back with a whip, saying,

"Faster, faster, such a lazy cow."

The boy who was now a cow wanted to tell the farmer that he was just a boy and that he

wanted to go back home. But all he could say was "Moo moo".

❙• 145 •❙

He cried over and over again. He missed his mom and regretted his laziness and not listening to

her. He became exhausted and thin. The farmer made the boy work so hard, he felt that he

wanted to die. Then one day, he luckily found a radish in the field. So he pulled it out and ate

it up remembering the words that the old man spoke to the farmer.

Amazingly, he did not die, but instead became a boy again. Eating radish was the only way to

dispell the magic.

He was so happy that he rushed all the way home and became a diligent man who helped with

the house chores and worked on the farm for his mom. He was never lazy again.

❙• 146 •❙

A Tale Of Heungbu and Nolbu

A long time ago, there lived two brothers, Heungbu and Nolbu, in a small town. Nolbu, the

elder brother, was greedy and unkind. Heungbu, the younger brother, was kind and honest. After

their parents passed away, greedy Nolbu kicked Heungbu and his large family out of the house

without giving him any money. Heungbu's children couldn't help but suffer from hunger all the

time.

One day, Heungbu went to ask for some food from Nolbu's wife. "We have no food for you!

Get out of here!" she screamed. Nolbu's wife hit Heungbu's face with a rice scooper.

The long Winter passed and finally, Spring came. A hungry snake was about to eat a baby

swallow that had fallen from the tree. Luckily, Heungbu saw this and pushed the snake away

with a stick, but the baby swallow was hurt.

Heungbu took the baby bird and raised it until the next Fall. By that time the swallow was

ready to fly south for the Winter.

Soon, it was Spring again. Heungbu's family was excited to see the swallow return. The swallow

gave Heungbu's family a gourd seed. Heungbu planted the seed in his garden. The gourds grew

so quickly and got bigger and bigger every day. Heungbu was so pleased. His family took a

gourd and cut it in half. As the big gourd was cut in half, it suddenly made a loud noise.

"Bang! Pop!" Two beautiful angels appeared from inside the gourd and told Heungbu, "You and

your family are so kind and honest. We came here to give you treasure." And from then on

Heungbu's family was not poor any more.

Nolbu was surprised to hear that Heungbu became rich. Nolbu was so greedy and jealous of his

brother. He came up with an idea to get rich like Heungbu. He caught a swallow and broke its

leg deliberately. He took care of the swallow pretending to care about it.

Winter came and went. It was Spring again, and the swallow returned to Nolbu. The swallow

dropped a seed into Nolbu's hand.

Nolbu's gourds grew quickly, too. They got bigger and bigger every day. Nolbu couldn't wait to

cut one in half to see what it would bring. When the gourd was cut in half, it suddenly made a

❙• 147 •❙

loud noise. "Bang! Pop!" Lots of scary goblins and terrible monsters appeared and shouted

angrily, "We're here to take all your treasure from you. You are so mean and greedy." Nolbu's

family was shocked.

Kind and honest Heungbu felt sorry to hear the terrible news about his elder brother and wanted

to help him.

"Oh, my poor brother! Don't worry! I'll take care of you."

"I'm sorry, Heungbu! Forgive me, I should have treated you well. I'll be a good brother from

now on, I promise," he said, honestly.

"Of course, we are brothers," Heungbu agreed.

The two brothers hugged and laughed happily.

❙• 148 •❙

Kongji and Patji

Once, there lived a good couple. They had a beautiful daughter named Kongji. Kongji was such

a nice girl. One day her mother passed away after a long illness. Her father remarried because

he thought that Kongji was lonely. The stepmother had a daughter of her own, Patji who was

lazy and greedy. The stepmother was nice when Kongji's father was around. But behind his

back, she treated her badly. A few months later, her father became sick and died. The

stepmother gave good food and nice clothes to Patji, her step sister. The stepmother kept Kongji

hard at work.

"Kongji, fill this jar with water, until I come back."

No matter how hard Kongji tried, the jar was still empty, because there was a big hole at the

bottom of the jar. When Kongji began crying with sorrow, a big toad appeared and blocked the

hole so that she could fill the jar with water.

The stepmother was surprised,

"How could she have filled the jar?" she wondered.

The next day the stepmother called up Kongji again.

"Kongji, pull out all the weeds from the field."

Kongji worked very hard but she couldn't finish even half of it. When she was crying, a cow

appeared and pulled out all the weeds from the field.

"It is impossible to finish all that in one day," thought the stepmother. She got really angry

when she knew Kongji finished the job on time.

One day, a handsome prince was passing through their village. Everyone went out to see the

prince. The stepmother and Patji dressed up nicely and went out to see the prince.

"Kongji, if you want to see the prince, pound all this rice on the mat, then cut the millet. But

you will never finish it in time. Ha Ha Ha...."

Kongji couldn't pound all the rice by herself. When she was crying desperately, a large flock of

birds flew in and pecked the rice at a great speed and got the work done in a second.

"Now I can go see the prince but I have nothing to wear," she said to herself sadly.

Suddenly, some mice appeared and brought a pretty dress and shoes.

Kongji put on the dress and was running quickly not knowing that the prince was passing by.

She accidentally left a shoe behind.

The prince recognized Kongji's sweetness and kindness.

"Who is that girl? Find the owner of the shoe."

The prince's servants searched for the owner of the shoe all around the country. Many girls

❙• 149 •❙

argued for the ownership of the shoe. But the shoe didn't fit anyone's foot. Finally the prince

came to Kongji's house.

"It's surely Patji's shoe." the stepmother shouted. But Patji couldn't fit her foot in the shoe

because her foot was too big. The prince finally asked Kongji to put on the shoe. The shoe fit

her foot perfectly. The prince realized that Kongji was the one who lost her shoe. The prince

and Kongji got married and lived happily ever after.

❙• 150 •❙

. Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. In what ways should grammar be taught in the Korean Elementary English class?

Grammar is an important part of learning English. However, in the past, grammar has been

over-emphasized and communicative competence has been neglected. Now, the Korean

government is trying to pay more attention to communicative competence and less to grammar.

This however, does not mean that grammar should be ignored.

It is important for teachers to teach and explain simple grammatical concepts that students will

use in every English class. For example, "I am", "She/He is". It is also essential to teach

grammar when lack of grammatical knowledge causes communication problems. Teachers should

keep the students' cognitive levels in mind when teaching grammar. Grammar becomes more

important as the level of the student becomes higher.

Q2. Fluency vs. Accuracy. Which one is more important?

The communicative approach is the basis of the Korean English Curriculum. Therefore, the

ultimate goal is to raise the ability of the students to communicate in English. So, the focus is

to get students to speak in English in a way that is understood. While speaking accurately is

desirable, it is highly recommended that teachers do not constantly correct errors. If teachers

constantly correct students' mistakes, they risk losing the interest and confidence of their students.

Q3. Which method of error correction is preferred?

There are four basic types of error correction. They are explicit correction, recast, clarification

request, and elicitation.

■ Explicit correction is when the teacher explicitly corrects an error. For example:

S. I can run fastly.

T. You should say, I can run fast. You should not add ly at the end of fast.

■ Recast is when the teacher repeats the sentence in its correct form. For example:

S. Where you go yesterday?

T. Where did you go yesterday?

■ Clarification request is when the teacher asks a student for clarification. For example:

T. How long have you had your glasses?

S. Two.

T. What do you mean? Two what?

❙• 151 •❙

■ Elicitation is where a teacher encourages a student to say the correct sentence by asking

some questions. For example:

S. The rabbit ate.

T. The rabbit ate what?

S. The rabbit ate carrots.

Clarification and elicitation are the preferred methods of error correction. Through using either of

these two methods, the teacher is not telling the student that he or she is wrong or that he or

she has made a mistake. These methods also allow the students to think for themselves. Explicit

correction, on the other hand, can prohibit the use of conversation and can also embarrass the

students in front of their peers as they are being told that they have made a mistake. Using

recast as a method of correction is not highly effective as students do not necessarily distinguish

the difference between what they said and what the teacher said.

Q4. In what ways can a teacher motivate Korean Elementary students?

Generally, students are motivated to study a foreign language when they feel that they are

learning something useful and fun. It is important for an English teacher to promote English as

valuable and useful. Students should be made aware of the fact that English is a worldwide

language and that being able to speak English is regarded as highly important.

There are various songs, chants and activities in the book. If they are used in a fun, exciting

way, students will enjoy learning English and will therefore be naturally motivated.

Q5. What are appropriate ways to discipline students?

It is important for the teacher to set the objectives, goals and rules of the class as soon as

possible. Through doing this, students can immediately be aware of what is expected of them

and this will limit misbehaviors. If students fail to follow the classroom rules and show a lack

of effort, they should be disciplined. The Korean co-teacher will have training and experience in

how to deal with such situations so it is important for the NSET and the Korean co-teacher to

communicate well about any problems with students. The students' homeroom teachers are also

able to help with any discipline problems.

❙• 152 •❙

Q6. How should teachers approach teaching students of a variety of different levels in

one class?

There are usually many students in one class. This makes it difficult to give students individual

attention. Teachers are required to develop ways to deal with the fact that there are students at

different levels within one class. Group learning and/or peer learning is one way to overcome

the problem. The teacher should also organize the seating arrangement in the class in a way that

will work best for him/her.

Teachers are advised to use a variety of teaching methods and materials as different students

learn more effectively in different ways. The use of reading materials and worksheets can

provide a good platform for the NEST to help the more advanced learners and for the Korean

teacher to provide help for the students who need supplementary learning.

Q7. Is the use of phonics recommended in a Korean Elementary English class?

Phonics refers to the relation between a sound and an alphabetical letter. But Korean students

can not be exposed to enough language input to find out that relation inductively. Therefore

teaching phonics explicitly is important. The teacher should dedicate appropriate amount of class

time in teaching phonics.

Q8. How can the teacher teach culture in the English Class?

The Korean English Elementary curriculum does require the NEST to provide some level of

cultural content in the class. This should be taught in order to help the students communicate

appropriately in social situations. The basis for teaching culture is that the students will have a

deeper understanding of how to speak and behave in different social circumstances when using

English.

Q9. How much emphasis should be placed on pronunciation?

English is the common medium for communication between people from various countries. Since

it is a worldwide language, it is spoken in many different accents. In Korean English Elementary

schools, the focus is to ensure that students are speaking clearly and that their speech is

comprehensible. The accent which they speak in is not a factor of high importance. Teachers

should correct pronunciation only when it is not understandable.

❙• 153 •❙

Q10. What are NSETs required to do during their non-teaching hours at school?

Any time spent not teaching during working hours should generally be used to prepare for future

classes. This time is an opportunity for the NSET and the Korean teacher(s) to discuss lessons,

ideas etc. Also, during this time, teachers should make teaching materials (flashcards, games

materials etc.) and lesson plans. This time should be used wisely and teachers should ensure

that they are well prepared for the next day.

Q11. How can teachers motivate students to be active and answer questions in class?

Students generally tend to not answer questions for two reasons:

1. the students do not understand the question

2. the students are not interested in the class

It is important for teachers to try to be patient with students. The Korean teacher can help the

NSET to distinguish whether students are not responding due to a lack of understanding or a

lack of interest. Teachers should ask questions using simple language which will help the

students to be comfortable in responding. Teachers can ask simple Yes/No questions to make the

task easier for students. Also, small rewards such as stickers can also encourage and motivate

students to participate.

Q12. How much translation by the Korean teacher is appropriate in a co-teaching class?

The best co-teaching classes do not require any translation. The Korean teacher's role is not to

translate everything the NSET says. Translation may occur in a class to simply confirm the

students' listening comprehension. English should be the main language in the classroom and the

teachers should speak clearly and at an appropriate level for the class. Teachers can ask

advanced students to translate instructions in Korean and the Korean teacher can confirm whether

or not the students understand.

Q13. How can a teacher include all of the students in a class?

In any class, good students are usually active participants. However, not all students like to

participate. Teachers must develop effective methods to motivate students to be active

participants. One good method is for a teacher to learn students' names. Generally, students like

to hear their name and it can help the teacher have a better relationship with a student.

Dividing the class into groups can promote peer learning. The teacher can ask questions to

individual groups and ask for every member of the group to answer together. This helps shy

❙• 154 •❙

students and slower learners to participate without feeling embarrassed. Teachers should always

try to be patient with slow learners and praising them can help them to be more confident in

the future.

Rewards such as coupons, stickers and certificates are excellent ways to encourage learners. They

are useful tokens of praise.

Q14. What is the dress code for Elementary school teachers in Korea?

It is widely believed that teachers are role models for students. Also, Elementary Schools in

Korea are professional environments. Therefore, teachers are required to dress semi-formally.

While formal business attire is not required, teachers must be presentable and smart. Teachers

should not wear clothes that are too revealing or too casual such as low cut tops, skimpy skirts,

sweat suits etc.

Q15. What level of language should a teacher use in the classroom for communicating?

The teacher should be aware of the overall level of the class and try to speak in a level of

English most appropriate for that class. It is encouraged that teachers speak in exaggerated tones

of voice and that they speak using simple sentences. English Elementary teachers should try to

restrict their vocabulary and simplify their language so that the students can understand the

teacher as much as possible. The use of physical movements such as gestures and miming is

highly recommended as it can further enhance students' comprehension.

❙• 155 •❙

References

● Arthur, H. 2003. Testing for Language Teachers (2nd ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge

Language Teaching Library.

● Diane Larsen-Freeman. 2003. Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching.

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

● Harmer, J. 1998. How to teach English: Longman.

● J. Michael O'Malley and Lorraine Valdez Pierce. 1996. Authentic Assessment for

English Language Learners: Practical Approaches for Teachers. NY: Pearson

Education.

● Lynne Cook, Ph.D. 2004. Co-Teaching: Principles, Practices, and Pragmatics. New

Mexico Public Education Department Quarterly Special Education Meeting.

● 서울특별시교육연수원. 2005. Teacher training program for co-teaching with NSET

in Elementary schools.

● 김인옥. 2008. Co-teaching Workshop. 서울특별시서부교육청

● 나서영. 2007. 교실수업개선연구대회수업지도안. 서울특별시교육청

● 노경희. 2002. 초등영어습득론. 서울: 한국문화사.

● 서지은. 2006. 초등 3,4학년을 위한 스토리텔링 활용방안. 한남대학교 교육대학원.

● 우지연. 2007. Analysis of Native Speaker Teachers and Korean English Teachers'

Co-teaching Classes. 한국교원대대학원.

● 윤현진. 2007. The Effect of Team Teaching on Elementary English Education. 광주교

육대대학원.

● 이완기. 2000. 초등영어교육론(3rd ed.). 문진미디어: 서울용산구.

● Seo, Duk-Il. 2005. Gateway to Speaking Korean

● 이재근, 이은정. 2007. 동화를 활용한 의사소통기능 중심 학습자료 개발 연구.

초등영어교육(vol.13, No.1).