Part C and D · It’s their bathroom habits that make some of us itch and sneeze. Many people develop severe allergies to dust mite feces (wastes). If you lie on a rug where dust

Part C and D

Name: Date:

1. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and data table below and on your knowledgeof biology.

Daphnia (water fleas) are sensitive to many changes in pond ecosystems. For this reason they are often usedin bioassays, tests in which organisms are exposed to various levels of a chemical to determine what levels are safe.The results of these tests determine whether or not the chemical being tested will affect other pond organisms.

An experiment was designed to determine the toxicity of different salt solutions on cultures of daphnia. Fivefish tanks were each filled with the same amount of water containing different concentrations of salt. Ten daphniawere placed into each tank. After 48 hours, the number of daphnia that had survived and the number of daphniathat had died in each tank were recorded and the percent mortality was calculated. The results of the experimentare shown in the data table below.

Effect of Salt Concentration on Daphnia After 48 Hours

Salt Concentration(g/L)

Number thatSurvived

Number thatDied

Mortality (%)

0.63 8 2 20

1.25 7 3 30

2.5 10 0 0

5.0 3 7 70

10.0 0 10 100

Effects of Salt Concentration on Daphnia After 48 Hours

Label the x-axis. Be sure to include units.

page 1

2. Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on each axis.

3. Plot the data for mortality on the grid. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points.

EXAMPLE:

4. Which salt concentration is most likely closest to the concentration of salt found in the natural environment of thisspecies of daphnia? Support your answer.

5. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Beware of Dust Mites

Quietly lurking within our mattresses, under our beds, and inside sofas and carpets are creatures toosmall to be seen without a microscope. Dust mites are arthropods closely related to spiders, scorpions, andticks. They feed on the dead skin cells regularly shed by humans and their animal pets. The average humansheds about 10 grams of dead skin a week. Cats and dogs create even more dander for dust mites to eat.The mites also eat pollen, fungi, and bacteria. They do not drink water but absorb it from the air.

Dust mites do not carry diseases and are harmless to most people. It’s their bathroom habits that makesome of us itch and sneeze. Many people develop severe allergies to dust mite feces (wastes). If you lie on arug where dust mites live, you might develop itchy red bumps on your skin. Breathe in dust containing theirfeces and you might have more serious symptoms, such as difficulty breathing or a severe asthma attack.Dust mites thrive in warm, humid environments — eating and nesting in dust — collecting bedding, fabric,and carpet. Think about this! A typical mattress can contain anywhere from 100,000 to 10 million dustmites. Nearly 100,000 dust mites can live in one square yard of carpet.

During a process called sensitization, a person’s immune system mistakenly identifies the inhaled dustmite waste as an invader. The next time the person is exposed to the dust mite waste, the immune systemlaunches an allergic reaction.

State one way, other than using a pesticide, that an individual could decrease the number of dust mites present inhis home.

page 2 Part C and D

6. A small village that is heavily infested with mosquitoes was sprayed with an insecticide once a week for severalmonths. Changes in the size of the mosquito population are shown in the graph below.

State one way that the population of mosquitoes present 7 months after spraying differs genetically from thepopulation of mosquitoes present before the spraying began.

7. The diagram below shows a branching “tree” representing the evolution of ten different groups of organisms alivetoday.

Identify the group of organisms that is most closely related to the Arthropoda group. Support your answer.

page 3 Part C and D

8. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and graph below and on your knowledge ofbiology. The graph contains information about an ecosystem.

The graph below shows the carrying capacities of an ecosystem for three different species, 1, 2, and 3,that inhabit an area and the actual population sizes of these three different species in the area.

Identify which species population would most likely have the greatest competition among its members.

9. Explain how an ecosystem can have three different carrying capacities.


A chemical known as fertex affects external fertilization of sea urchin eggs. An experiment was set upusing three tanks to investigate the effect of fertex. Each tank had a different concentration of fertex: 1%,2%, and 3%. Ten sea urchin eggs and 2 mL of sea urchin sperm were added to each of the three tanks. Afourth tank was set up as a control.

State one way the contents of the control tank would differ from the contents of the three experimental tanks.

11. Identify two factors that must be kept the same in all four tanks.

12. State one way to improve the validity of the experimental results.

13. Identify the independent variable in the experiment.

page 4 Part C and D

14. State one example of the type of data that should be collected during the experiment.


In order to enroll in most schools, students must be vaccinated against certain viral diseases, such as mumps. Evenwith these vaccinations, many students still suffer from other diseases. Discuss how a vaccination works and whysome students still become infected with other diseases.

Identify what is present in a vaccine that stimulates an immune response.

16. Describe how a vaccine protects against disease.

17. State why a student vaccinated against mumps can still be infected by the pathogens that cause other diseases, suchas chicken pox.

18. Recently, the bison population in Yellowstone National Park declined significantly. This was due in part to aparticularly harsh winter. State one reason why a harsh winter would have this negative effect on the bisonpopulation.

19. People who live in rural areas often use septic tanks for the storage of sewage. These people often flush a productcontaining harmless bacteria down the toilet once a month. These bacteria break down the sewage before it entersthe environment. State one ecologically sound reason for this action.

page 5 Part C and D


Officials OK Insect Release To Control Invasive Vine

The U.S. federal government has approved the release of a non-indigenous [nonnative] insect on Guamand in the Northern Marianas to control the rapid spread of a vine that is covering forests like a blanket, theSaipan Tribune reports.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture has given the green light to breed and release the Heteropsyllaspinulosa insect, which eats the Mimosa dilotricha [diplotricha] vine. The fastspreading plant is found inmany Pacific Islands, but is particularly widespread in the Northern Marianas and on Guam. It usually killsthe trees and shrubs that it covers.

Officials will collect the insect from Pohnpei, in the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau and Australia.

Source: “Officials OK Insect Release To Control Invasive Vine,” 4/2/08,www.saipantribune.com

Discuss the advantages of using the insect to control the rapid spread of the Mimosa diplotricha vine on Guam andthe Northern Marianas.

State one possible way the Mimosa diplotricha vine kills trees and shrubs

21. Explain why releasing the insect might be safer than spraying chemicals to kill the vine


Chickens as Drug Factories

Scientists in Scotland have successfully produced five generations of chickens that lay eggs containing certainprotein-based drugs. The scientists changed the DNA of the chickens so that two drugs, one used to treat skincancer and the other used to treat multiple sclerosis, were present in the egg whites. Cows, sheep, and goats havealready been altered to produce protein-based drugs in their milk. Chickens are considered good “drug factories”because they are inexpensive to care for, they grow fast, and their chicks inherit the special drug-producing ability.

Identify the technique used to alter the DNA.

23. State one reason why the scientists altered the DNA of the chickens instead of altering a protein already present inthe chickens.

24. State one advantage of using chickens for this procedure.

25. State one reason why some people might not support this method of drug production

page 6 Part C and D

26. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the Universal Genetic Code Chart below and on yourknowledge of biology.

Complete the missing amino acid sequences for plant species A in the table above.

page 7 Part C and D

27. Complete the missing mRNA base sequences for plant species B in the table above.

28. Based on the information provided in the completed table, which plant species is most closely related to theendangered species? Support your answer.

page 8 Part C and D

29. Base your answers to the following question(s) on the information and data table below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

Diabetes is a disease characterized by consistently high blood glucose levels (at or above 126 mg/100mL) as a result of hormone deficiency. For a study of diabetes, blood glucose levels from individual A andindividual B were recorded each hour over a 5-hour period following a meal. The results are shown in thedata table below. Blood Glucose Levels (mg/100 mL).

Blood Glucose Levels(mg/100mL)

Hours Individual A Individual B

0 135 90

1 175 122

2 200 110

3 185 87

4 165 85

5 150 90

Directions: Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid on the next page, followingthe directions below.

Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on each labeled axis.

page 9 Part C and D

30. Plot the data for individual A on the grid, surround each point with a small circle, and connect the points.

Example:

31. Plot the data for individual B on the grid, surround each point with a small triangle, and connect the points.

Example:

32. Identify one hormone associated with the maintenance of blood glucose levels.

33. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) can be found in an aquatic ecosystem and is often one factor that affects thesize of populations of aquatic organisms. Water temperature is very important in determining the amount ofDO in a water supply. The colder the temperature of the water, the more DO the water can hold.

State one possible reason why the biodiversity of an aquatic ecosystem could decrease if the water temperaturewere to increase. Support your answer.

34. Base your answer to the following question(s) on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.

Polio is a virus that can cause paralysis or death. At its peak, the disease affected about 500,000 people ayear worldwide before the development of an effective vaccine in 1955.

When the first polio vaccine was developed, it was tested in experiments using thousands of children assubjects. The children were injected with either the experimental vaccine or given a harmless injection withoutthe vaccine. Only after these extensive tests was the vaccine finally accepted as being successful in preventing thedisease.

Although, at this time, polio has been nearly eliminated in the Western Hemisphere, certain countries in theworld still report new cases of the disease. Complete elimination of the disease can be achieved in these countriesby vaccinating all of the children at the same time with the polio vaccine.

Identify the substance in the polio vaccine that makes it effective.

35. Describe how the body responds to the vaccine, making it effective against a particular disease.

page 10 Part C and D

36. Explain why the children in the first testing of the polio vaccine were not all given an injection of the experimentalvaccine.


In many areas, there are some small mammals whose fur color is influenced by temperature. In theseanimals, the trait for fur color is expressed only if the air temperature is above a certain level. In coldweather, when the ground is covered with snow, the trait is not expressed and the fur color is white.

Explain how the fur color change trait may help the small mammals survive.

38. Base your answer to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

New varieties of organisms have resulted from human activities. These organisms have often led toproblems in modern society. Two of these new varieties are listed below.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Pesticide-resistant insects

Select one of these varieties and discuss a problem associated with the development of this new variety oforganism. Identify the variety you selected:

Identify one biological process by which a population of this variety may develop resistance.

39. Describe how this process is involved in the production of a population of resistant organisms

40. Identify one problem caused by this resistance

41. State one solution to this problem

42. Identify one possible negative effect of this solution.



Green Tea & Acne

Green tea might be an effective treatment for acne, according to a study by researchers from MemorialMedical Center in the Philippines, reported by United Press International (UPI). The study showed that 3 percentgreen tea cream is comparable to 4 percent benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of moderate to severe acne.

Green tea has been shown to fight bacteria, reduce inflammation and decrease hormone activity - threecharacteristics that make the ancient tea an excellent candidate for an acne therapy.

In the study, one group of subjects applied benzoyl peroxide cream twice daily for 12 weeks and another usedgreen tea extract cream twice daily for the same period. Patients received identical bottles of cream and wereunaware of the type of treatment they were assigned. The researchers noted the green tea cream seemed to lightenpatients’ [acne] and improve the overall appearance of their complexion.

The preliminary data suggest greentea extract cream causes fewer side effects than benzoyl peroxide treatment.Patients in the green tea group reported fewer cases of dry skin, itching and allergic responses. Azucena Arguelles,MD, a private practice dermatologist from Mountain View, CA, told UPI that the findings, while promising, arenot yet substantial enough to change clinical practice.

Advance for Nurses, Nov. 10, 2003,“Green Tea & Acne,” www.advanceweb.com

Explain how this experiment can be used to develop a new treatment for acne.

State one reason why, even though the findings are promising, they are “not yet substantial enough to changeclinical practice.”


Raw eggs and undercooked poultry may contain Salmonella bacteria. These bacteria can cause food poisoningby invading the cells lining the small intestine and producing a toxin that causes inflammation in the intestine.Symptoms usually appear 24 to 48 hours after the bacteria are ingested. Symptoms include fever, diarrhea,vomiting, dehydration, and abdominal pain that may last for several days.

State one possible reason why the symptoms of food poisoning do not appear for 24 to 48 hours after eating foodcontaminated with Salmonella bacteria.

45. A student was visiting a friend at her home. Her friend owned two cats. After playing with the cats for a while,the student began to sneeze. Her nose began to run and her eyes became red, watery, and itchy. It also becamehard for her to breathe. A few minutes after leaving her friend’s home, the symptoms disappeared.

Provide a biological explanation for the symptoms the girl developed at her friend’s house. In your response:

Identify the body system that was responsible for triggering the reaction she experienced.


46. A student was visiting a friend at her home. Her friend owned two cats. After playing with the cats for a while,the student began to sneeze. Her nose began to run and her eyes became red, watery, and itchy. It also becamehard for her to breathe. A few minutes after leaving her friend’s home, the symptoms disappeared.

Provide a biological explanation for the symptoms the girl developed at her friend’s house. In your response:

Identify the type of reaction the student was most likely experiencing.

47. State one reason why her symptoms are not likely due to an infectious agent.


Environmentalists and public health experts are warning the public about some chemicals that they comein contact with daily, such as PBDEs and phthalates. PBDEs are used to make children’s clothing flameretardant and phthalates are used to manufacture many plastic bottles, toys, and cosmetics. Both of thesechemicals accumulate in the body and endanger health.

In one family tested, the young children had PBDE levels seven times that of their parents. These levelswere two to three times the levels that caused thyroid problems in animals. Animal studies have shown thatphthalates cause reproductive defects. Even at low levels, phthalates may contribute to infertility and impairedtestes in males. Both chemicals can cause nervous system damage.

Biomonitoring is a technology used to test for levels of industrial chemicals found in the body. Thetechnology is less than ten years old, but results from animal studies led some countries to ban PBDEs in2004.

Presently, the United States EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) does not require chemicalmanufacturers to conduct human toxicity studies prior to approval for use. If concerns regarding risk orexposure arise during the approval process, the EPA can ask for additional testing. Additional testing occursfor approximately 10 percent of the new chemicals submitted each year. The EPA has also set up voluntarytesting programs with major chemical manufacturers to rate some of the 3,000 most widely used chemicals.

The use of industrial chemicals, such as PBDEs and phthalates, provides both advantages and disadvantages.Discuss the disadvantages of using these chemicals.

Identify the technique used to determine exposure levels to these chemicals in humans.

49. State one possible reason why young children might have higher levels of exposure to these chemicals than doadults.

50. State one possible reason why chemical manufacturers might participate in the voluntary testing programs set up bythe EPA.


51. Base your answers to the following question(s) on the diagram below and your knowledge of biology.

Variations in Beaks of Galapagos Islands Finches

from: Galapagos: A Natural History Guide

Identify one species of finch that would most likely survive a sudden change in climate that destroyed seeds withsmall, thin coverings, leaving only seeds with large, thick coverings. Support your answer.

52. Identify one species of finch that would most likely survive a sudden change in climate that destroyed seeds withsmall, thin coverings, leaving only seeds with large, thick coverings. Support your answer.

An island has populations of both the cactus finch and sharp-billed ground finch. Explain how these finches canlive on the same island even though these finches have similar beaks and both eat plants.


53. Base your answer(s) to the follwoing question(s) on the data table below and on your knowledge of biology. Thedata table shows the number of fish species found at various ocean depths.

Fish Species Found atVarious Ocean Depths

Water Depth(m)

Number of FishSpecies Found

50 35

75 31

100 22

150 13

200 6

Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid, following the directions below.

Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on each labeled axis.


54. Plot the data from the data table. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points.

Example:

55. State the general relationship between water depth and the number of fish species found.

56. The approximate number of fish species that can be found at 120 meters is

A. 5 B. 13 C. 18 D. 31

57. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.

Mayflies

Mayflies belong to a group of insects known as Ephemeroptera, which means “shortlived wings.” Theyhave been given this name because the adult, the only stage that has wings, lives for only a few days.

The aquatic juvenile form of most mayfly species lives for several years under rocks in streams that havehigh levels of dissolved oxygen. The juveniles feed on microscopic photosynthetic organisms. Juvenilessupply food for trout and other stream fish.

Millions of adult mayflies emerge from stream water in early summer. The adults have wings for flight,but lack functional mouth parts. Their energy supply comes from food stored in their bodies. Birds and batseat adult mayflies. Adult mayflies mate, lay eggs, and die within a few days.

Identify the nutritional role of the juveniles in a stream food chain.

58. A student was asked to construct a food chain based on the information given in the passage. The student’s answeris shown below.

microscopic plants → mayfly eggs ← bats

State one of the errors the student made when constructing this food chain.



When Whales Walked the EarthA newly unearthed fossil is the missing link between land and marine mammals

Standing two to three feet tall on legs adapted to wade through shallow water, the 48-million-year-oldIndohyus is the missing link between modern day whales and their land-lubbing ancestors. Hans Thewissenof the Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy recovered the skeleton in rocksfrom Kashmir, a disputed region between India and Pakistan, where the deer-like herbivore lived during theEocene epoch, 56 to 34 million years ago.

The extreme thickness of its bones is a trait seen often in animals that are aquatic waders (thick, heavybones counteract buoyancy and allow the animal to stay underwater more easily), and chemical traces in itsteeth indicate that the animal ate plants in a freshwater environment. Scientists know that Indohyus belongsin the evolutionary path with whales because it has skeletal similarities to both modern whales and knownprimordial whale ancestors.

Source: Day Greenberg, “When Whales Walked the Earth,” Popular Science, May 2008

Identify one structure present in Indohyus mentioned in the passage. State how that structure made Indohyussuccessful in its environment during the Eocene Epoch.

Structure:

60. Identify one characteristic of Indohyus that led some scientists to conclude that it was an ancestor of modernwhales.


Blown AwayHead Lice Meet Hair Dryer of Death

Head lice are becoming indestructible. A study found that as many as 80 percent of the bugs are[resistant] to insecticides in over-the-counter shampoos, and resistance will only increase. Evolutionarybiologist Dale Clayton may have a new line of attack.

Clayton, who usually studies lice on bird feathers, stumbled onto his solution after a major researchsetback. When he moved his laboratory from England to the University of Utah a decade ago, his entire lousecollection perished in the dry desert air. Soon after, his 8-year-old came home from school with head lice.He wondered if human head lice could also be killed by drying them out. “It was sort of a forehead slapper,”Clayton says. After conventional hair dryers failed, Clayton came up with the LouseBuster, a 10-pound deviceresembling a vacuum cleaner that desiccates [dries out] the bugs with a jet of 140-degree air [140◦F]. “It’s apretty brutal assault,” he says. Tests show the invention is both safe and effective, eradicating 80 percent oflive lice and 98 percent of eggs, leaving survivors unable to breed. And, Clayton says, “it will be awfullyhard for lice to develop resistance.”

Source: Emily Saarman, “Blown Away—Head Lice Meet Hair Dryer of Death,”Discover Magazine, February 2007

State how Clayton first learned that desiccating lice kills them.


62. Design a controlled experiment to determine the effect of hot, dry air on head lice. In your experimental design,be sure to:

• state the hypothesis to be tested in the experiment

• state one way the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group

• state one result of the experiment that would support the hypothesis

63. In the past, diabetics used horse or cow insulin to control their glucose levels. Today, as a result of geneticengineering, human insulin can be synthesized by bacteria. State one advantage for a person with diabetes toreceive genetically engineered insulin rather than insulin taken from a horse or cow.


Smokers are passing down problems to future generations. Men who smoke and drink alcohol could beendangering the health of their future children and grandchildren. Toxic chemicals in cigarettes and alcoholare thought to cause changes in the DNA, which are passed down via the sperm to future generations.

Source: Associate Newspapers Ltd., Mail Online Health, Fiona Macrae, February 9, 2008

Explain how smoking and drinking alcohol by males can affect the development of an embryo. In your answer, besure to:

• identify the term used to describe a change in DNA

• state why changes that take place in a sperm cell can affect an embryo

• identify one factor, other than smoking and drinking alcohol, that may negatively affect a developing embryo


The California condor is the largest bird species in North America, with a wingspan of about 3.5 meters.They live in parts of California and in the Grand Canyon, and nest on rock ledges. Condors are scavengers.The condor population in the Grand Canyon is very small, with only about 70 adult birds.

Identify one human activity that could negatively affect this bird and state why it would have a negative effect.



Every population is linked, directly or indirectly, with many others in an ecosystem. The table belowshows the size of the moose and wolf populations that live on an island in Lake Superior.

Moose and Wolf Populations

State how the information in the table can be used to determine that the wolves are the predators.


67. State one possible ecological reason, other than human activity, for the change in the moose population between1975 and 1980.

68. Identify two limiting factors that keep the wolf population size from growing any larger.

69. Describe how a flu vaccine protects the human body. In your answer, be sure to:

• identify what substance is in a flu vaccine that stimulates immunity

• state how the human immune system reacts to the vaccine

• state one reason the flu vaccine does not protect a person from other viral diseases, such as measles


Two methods for controlling mosquitoes are listed below.

Control Methods

A. Draining a swamp where mosquitoes lay eggs.

B. Releasing more mosquito predators that are native to the ecosystem.

Identify the letter of the control method in the list that would most likely have the least damaging effect on theecosystem. Support your answer.

Method:

71. Scientists have recently discovered that two toxic chemicals in most antibacterial soap products do not break downwhen treated at wastewater facilities. These chemicals are in the nutrient-rich sludge that remains after wastewatertreatment. Farmers can buy this sludge to fertilize their fields. State one possible ecological problem that mayresult from the use of sludge for fertilizer.

72. Some of the pain from a sore throat is caused by swelling of moist throat tissue. A common remedy for a sorethroat is to gargle (rinse the throat tissue) with salt water. Explain why gargling with salt water would be expectedto relieve the pain of a sore throat.



The segments of DNA below were extracted from two different species of plants. The segmentsrepresent the same region of DNA that codes for a particular pigment (color) in these species.

A restriction enzyme is used to cut the DNA from species A and B. The enzyme binds to the sequenceG G G A T T and cuts between G and A. State how many cuts will be made in the DNA sequences of eachspecies when this enzyme is used.

Plant species A cuts:

Plant species B cuts:

74. The technique of paper chromatography was performed on plant extracts from four different plant species. Theresults showed the same pattern for two of the plant species. State an evolutionary relationship between these twoplants that is supported by this observation.


75. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A change in hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, causes sickle-cell disease. Hemoglobinsamples from different individuals can be compared by using a specific technique. The protein bandingpatterns of three samples are shown below.

Banding Pattern for Hemoglobin Proteins

Identify another substance that can be analyzed using this technique.



A New Theory on Malaria Transmission

Plasmodium falciparum, one parasite that causes malaria, spreads rapidly, infecting up to 500 millionpeople every year. Malaria spreads when an infected mosquito bites an uninfected human, who then becomesinfected. This infected human is bitten by an uninfected mosquito, which then becomes infected. Thisinfected mosquito then bites and infects an uninfected human. Malaria transmission is illustrated below.

Scientists have a new idea about how this disease spreads. When the malaria parasite is passed tohumans through the bite of an infected mosquito, there is a great possibility that this action alters thechemical scent of the human. The altered human body scent then attracts more uninfected mosquitoes, whichbite the infected person, thus spreading the disease.

To test this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted on humans infected with malaria. The resultsindicate that malaria gametocytes (a stage of the parasite) may trigger the production of chemicals that changethe scent of the human. The change in human scent makes humans more appealing to mosquitoes.

Scientists are now studying ways to copy this chemical scent for use in traps that would attractmosquitoes.

State one reason why the use of synthetic scents in traps is a better way to lower mosquito populations thanspraying with pesticides.


The graph below shows the effect of substrate concentration on the action of enzyme X. This enzyme isfunctioning at its optimal temperature, 36◦C, and at its optimal pH, 5.5.

State what would most likely happen to the rate of enzyme action if the temperature were reduced by 10 degrees.Support your answer.


78. Base your answer to the following question(s) on the experimental setup shown below. The For Teacher tubingconnected to both flask setups used in the experiment provides oxygen to the solution.

Source: Campbell and Reece, Biology, 6th edition (adapted)

State what type of data would most likely be collected during the experiment to support or refute your hypothesis.


Stem cells present in an embryo are responsible for the formation of various tissues and organs. Recentresearch suggests that it may be possible to replicate stem cells from sections of skin taken from adult mice,rather than having to use stem cells from the embryos of mice. In the future, human stem cells may be usedto replace human tissue damaged by diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis.

Discuss why the use of stem cells taken from a patient to replace damaged tissues and organs may decrease thepotential risk to a patient. In your answer, be sure to:

• identify the major problem that may occur when tissues and organs donated by another individual are used

• explain why this problem may occur

• explain why this problem will not occur if tissues and organs produced by stem cells from the patient areused


80. Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacterium that lives on the skin and in the nostrils of most people. Generally,it is controlled by the immune system of the body. Occasionally, the antibiotic penicillin is needed to control thebacterium. However, some strains of S. aureus have a resistance to penicillin, which makes them hard to kill andinfections difficult to cure.

Explain how the resistance to penicillin affects the S. aureus population. In your answer, be sure to include anexplanation of:

• how the exposure to penicillin affects the survival of some bacteria in the population

• why the frequency of penicillin-resistant bacteria can change over time within the population

• how it is still possible to cure patients who are infected with penicillin-resistant bacteria


An ecology class is trying to help reduce the problem of global warming by asking their school districtto change all of their old lightbulbs to compact fluorescent lightbulbs that use less electricity.

Identify one specific gas that contributes to the problem of global warming.

82. Describe one negative effect of global warming on humans or ecosystems.

83. Base your answer to the following question(s) on the information below and your knowledge of biology.

There’s No Place Like Home!

Some pets need expensive food, or grow to large sizes, or have nasty, dangerous behavior. Because of this,some people realize that they can no longer care for their pets. A pet twist-neck turtle in a state of near starvationwas found by rescuers at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The food that this species eats is not commonly found inNew York State. In Florida and other warm states, people have released pet snakes such as pythons and anacondasinto local lakes and swamps, where they have become a threat to other animals and even to humans. Thosereleased pets that survive in their new environment can eventually breed and multiply, causing even more problems!

Identify one abiotic factor that might affect the survival of a released pet and explain why that factor would affectsurvival.

84. State one reason released pets that survive in a new environment may be able to form a large population.



A valuable medicine is obtained from a certain rare species of plant. Scientists are anxious to findanother more abundant species of plant that is closely related to the rare one, and also produces the medicine.

Two newly discovered plant species, A and B, were studied and compared to the rare one. The results ofthe study are shown in the table below.

Speciesof

Plant

Characteristicsof Flowers

Shapeof

Leaves

SpeciesNumber

ofChromosomes

Enzyme APresent

Enzyme BPresent

Enzyme CPresent

rarespecies

pink5 petals

round 36 yes yes yes

species A pink5 petals

oval 34 no no yes

species B white5 petals

round 36 yes yes yes

Which newly discovered species is more closely related to the rare species? Support your answer.

Species:

86. Which procedure could also be carried out to help determine which newly discovered species is most closelyrelated to the rare species?

A. measurement of respiration rate in the plants

B. chromatography of pigment extracts from the plants

C. determination of the type of gas released by photosynthesis in the plants

D. analysis of chemical bonds present in glucose in the plants


87. The characteristics of four finches that inhabit the same island are represented in the chart below.

Complete the table below using information in the characteristics chart and your knowledge of biology.

Competes Withthe LargeTree Finch

Type of Finch State one reason why it competes or doesnot compete with the large tree finch.

no

yes

88. Studies of the finches of the Galapagos Islands have shown that

A. DNA will change to produce structures needed by birds to survive intense competition

B. a bird’s beak changes annually in response to the type of food that is most abundant each year

C. natural selection occurs when there are scarce resources and intense competition

D. the beak of a finch will change if the environment of the bird remains stable



The Control of Transpiration

Plants normally lose water from openings (stomates) in their leaves. The water loss typically occursduring daylight hours when plants are exposed to the Sun. This water loss, known as transpiration, is bothbeneficial and harmful to plants.

Scientists believe wind and high temperatures increase the rate of transpiration, but the size of eachstomate opening can be regulated. Reducing the size of the openings during drought conditions may helpreduce the dehydration and wilting that would otherwise occur.

A leaf may lose more than its own weight in water each day. Transpiration also lowers the internaltemperature of the leaf as water evaporates. On hot days, temperatures in the leaves may be from 3◦ to 15◦Ccooler than the outside air. With stomates open, vital gases may be exchanged between the leaf tissues andthe outside environment.

Researchers have also found many plants that use another response when leaf temperatures rise. Specialmolecules known as heat shock proteins are produced by plant cells and help to hold enzymes in theirfunctional shapes.

Identify two of the “vital gases” that are exchanged between leaf tissues and the outside environment.

90. Identify the specific leaf structures that regulate the opening and closing of stomates.

91. Explain why it is important for plants to “hold enzymes in their functional shapes.”

92. The graph below shows the growth of a population of coyotes in a wilderness area.

State one possible cause for the population decrease at X.



Help for Aging Memories

As aging occurs, the ability to form memories begins to decrease. Research has shown that an increasein the production of a certain molecule, BDNF, seems to restore the processes involved in storing memories.BDNF is found in the central nervous system and seems to be important in maintaining nerve cell health.Researchers are testing a new drug that seems to increase the production of BDNF.

Design an experiment to test the effectiveness of the new drug to increase the production of BDNF in the brains ofrats. In your answer, be sure to:

• state the hypothesis your experiment will test

• describe how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group

• identify two factors that must be kept the same in both the experimental and control groups

• identify the dependent variable in your experiment


Rabbits eat plants and in turn are eaten by predators such as foxes and wolves. A population of rabbitsis found in which a few have a genetic trait that gives them much better than average leg strength.

State what is likely to happen to the rabbits in the population that do not have the trait for above average legstrength.

95. Predict how the frequency of the trait for above average leg strength would be expected to change in the populationover time. Explain your prediction.

96. It was later discovered that the rabbits born with the trait for above average leg strength also inherited the trait forpoor eyesight. Taking into account this new information, explain how your predictions would change. Support youranswer.



Bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatment is becoming an increasing problem for the medical community.It is estimated that 70% of bacteria that cause infections in hospitals are resistant to at least one of the drugsused for treatment. Dangerous strains of tuberculosis (TB) have emerged that are resistant to several majorantibiotic drugs. While drug-resistant TB is generally treatable, it requires much longer treatments withseveral antibiotics that are very expensive.

Explain the loss of effectiveness of antibiotic drugs. In your explanation, be sure to:

• identify the genetic event that resulted in the original antibiotic resistance in some strains of bacteria

• explain how the overuse of antibiotics can increase bacterial resistance


The average life expectancy of humans in the United States increased from 63.3 years in 1943 to77.6 years in 2003. This, combined with other factors, has led to an increase in population.

State one factor that contributed to the increase in life expectancy in the United States.

99. State one way the increase in population affects other species.

100. The diagram below represents a cell found in some complex organisms. The enlarged section represents anorganelle, labeled X, found in this cell.

Describe the function of organelle X and explain how it is important to the survival of the cell. In your answer, besure to:

• identify organelle X

• state the process that this organelle performs

• identify the two raw materials that are needed for this process to occur

• identify one molecule produced by this organelle and explain why it is important to the organism



A wet-mount slide of red onion cells is studied using a compound light microscope. A drawing of one of thecells as seen under high power is shown below.

Describe the proper way to add a saltwater solution to the cells without removing the coverslip.

102. On the diagram below, label the location of each of the cell structures listed.

103. In the space below, sketch how the cell would look after the saltwater solution is added to it.



To most people, using maggots (fly larvae) for a medical treatment is not agreat idea. However, to many doctors, fly larvae do have a place in medicine, andthat place is inside open wounds.

In maggot debridement therapy, live fly larvae are mixed into a dressing for awound and the area is covered with gauze. Maggots, which will only eat deadtissue, feed on damaged flesh and leave the healthy tissue behind. In the process,the maggots excrete an antimicrobial chemical that helps cleanse the wound ofpathogens. When the dressing is cut away two or three days later, the maggots,now up to 10 times their original size, are easily removed.

People with diabetes often have impaired wound healing. This could lead toinfection. Maggot therapy has been used to clean these types of wounds.

State one possible reason why slow healing of wounds can lead to infection.

105. Which group of terms best describes a maggot?

A. decomposer, prey, host B. scavenger, heterotroph, consumer

C. producer, predator, parasite D. pathogen, carnivore, autotroph


106. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram of nerve cells below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

In the space below, sketch a chemical molecule that might be released from nerve cell A and be recognized andbind to area I of nerve cell B

107. Describe what would happen if a drug molecule shaped like were introduced into this nerve pathway.

108. Identify one substance, other than the secretions from nerve cells, used in cell communication.



A park with a small lake is home to a population of ducks. The building of a housing complexeliminates a nearby pond. Soon other ducks and waterbirds like geese and egrets come to live at this smalllake.

State one specific way the new populations of birds may affect the original population of ducks.

110. State one specific way the new populations of birds may change the abiotic factors of the environment in andaround the lake.

111. Predict one way the new populations of birds may affect the populations of plants that live in and around the lake.

112. Two life functions performed by all living organisms are nutrition and respiration. Identify two other life functionsthat are essential for the survival of all living organisms. Explain how each of the two life functions you identifiedmaintains homeostasis.

Life Function:

Explanation:

Life Function:

Explanation:

113. A population of bats feeds on flying insects. Some of these bats have a gene that results in much stronger flightmuscles than those of the other bats in the area. Explain how this variation could lead to evolutionary changewithin this species of bat. In your answer, be sure to include an explanation of:

• competition within the bat population

• survival of various individuals within the bat population

• how the frequency of the trait for stronger flight muscles would be expected to change within the bat populationover time

114. Identify one activity of a mother that can disrupt fetal development and explain how this activity might affect thedevelopment of her fetus.


115. Base your answer to the following question on the list below and on your knowledge of biology. The list includestwo processes involved in the development of a human fetus.

Processes

mitosis

differentiation

Select one process from the list and describe its role in the development of a human fetus. In your answer be sureto:

• identify the process you selected

• state the role of this process in fetal development

• identify the organ in the mother where this process occurs

Process:

116. Describe the cycling of carbon in an ecosystem. In your answer be sure to:

• identify the inorganic carbon compound that is obtained by plants from the environment [1]

• identify the process plants use to form more complex organic molecules from this carbon compound [1]

• describe how herbivores use these complex organic molecules

• identify the process herbivores use to return carbon to the environment


Windmill farms are being developed as alternative energy sources in some areas of the United States.Windmill farms convert energy from the wind into electricity.

State one reason why some residents might be concerned if windmill farms were planned for their part of thecountry.

118. State one environmental reason why using windmills for energy might be preferred over using coal for energy.


A scientist conducted an experiment to test the hypothesis that maple seeds exposed to acid rain willtake longer to germinate than seeds exposed to normal rain, which has a pH of 5.6. The scientist set up fourgroups, each containing 200 maple seeds. The water used for each group had a different pH value: 5.6,4.0, 3.0, and 2.0. All other conditions were kept the same. After ten days, the number of seeds that hadgerminated in each group was counted.

State one example of experimental results that would indicate that acid rain, which has a pH between 4.5 and 4.0,could be responsible for a decrease in the number of young maple trees in some forest regions.


120. Many plants can affect the growth of other plants near them. This can occur when one plant produces a chemicalthat affects another plant. Design an experiment to determine if a solution containing ground-up goldenrod plantshas an effect on the growth of radish seedlings. In your experimental design be sure to:

• state a hypothesis to be tested

• describe how the experimental group will be treated differently from the control group

• explain why the number of seedlings used for the experiment should be large

• identify the type of data that will be collected

• describe experimental results that would support your hypothesis

121. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology

A biologist at an agriculture laboratory is asked to develop a better quality blueberry plant. He is givenplants that produce unusually large blueberries and plants that produce very sweet blueberries.

Describe one way the biologist could use these blueberry plants to develop a plant with blueberries that are bothlarge and sweet.

122. The biologist is successful in producing the new plant. State one method that can be used to produce manyidentical blueberry plants of this new type.


Two adaptations of the monarch butterfly that aid in its survival are the production of a certain chemicaland a distinctive coloration that other animals can easily recognize. When a monarch butterfly is eaten, thepresence of the chemical results in a bad taste to the predator.

Although the viceroy butterfly does not contain the chemical that tastes bad to a predator, it doesresemble the monarch in size, shape, and coloration.

Explain how the combination of this chemical and the distinctive coloration aid in the survival of the monarchbutterfly.

124. How do the characteristics of the viceroy butterfly aid in its survival?



Food is often treated to lower the risk of disease and spoilage, as shown in the chart below.

Food Preservation Methods

Method Description of Method Example of Food TreatedWith This Method

canning heating at 115◦C for 30 minutes green beans

freezing storing between –10◦C and –18◦Cfor extended time

meat, fish, poultry

salting soaking in a salt solution for severaldays or weeks

pickles, sauerkraut

State one way extremely high temperatures can affect biological catalysts found in these organisms.

126. Explain why high salt concentrations can kill organisms.

127. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Thediagram illustrates what happens when a particular solution is added to a wet-mount slide containing red onioncells being observed using a compound light microscope.

Identify a process that caused the change in the cells.

128. To observe the cells on this slide it is best to start out using the

A. high-power objective and focus using the coarse adjustment, only

B. low-power objective and focus using the fine adjustment, only

C. high-power objective and focus using the fine adjustment

D. low-power objective and focus using the coarse adjustment


129. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below that shows some interactions betweenseveral organisms located in a meadow environment and on your knowledge of biology.

A rapid decrease in the frog population results in a change in the hawk population. State how the hawk populationmay change. Support your answer.

130. Identify one cell structure found in a producer in this meadow ecosystem that is not found in the carnivores.

131. Individuals of some species, such as earthworms, have both male and female sex organs. In many cases, however,these individuals do not fertilize their own eggs.

State one genetic advantage of an earthworm mating with another earthworm for the production of offspring.


132. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Thediagram represents six insect species.

A dichotomous key to these six species is shown below. Complete the missing information for sections 5.a. and5.b. so that the key is complete for all six species.

133. Use the key to identify the drawings of species A, B, C, and D. Place the letter of each species on the line locatedbelow the drawing of the species.



Proteins on the surface of a human cell and on a bird influenza virus are represented in the diagrambelow.

Human Cell Bird

In the space below, draw a change in the bird influenza virus that would allow it to infect this human cell.

135. Explain how this change in the virus could come about.

136. Identify the relationship that exists between a virus and a human when the virus infects the human.


Insulin is a hormone that has an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis in humans.

Identify a substance in the blood, other than insulin, that could change in concentration and indicate a person isnot secreting insulin in normal amounts.



A series of investigations was performed on four different plant species. The results of theseinvestigations are recorded in the data table below.

Characteristics of Four Plant Species

Plant Species Seeds Leaves Pattern of VascularBundles(structures in stem)

Type of Chlorophyll Present

A round/small needle-like scattered bundles chlorophyll a and b

B long/pointed needle-like circular bundles chlorophyll a and c

C round/small needle-like scattered bundles chlorophyll a and b

D round/small needle-like scattered bundles chlorophyll b

State one reason why scientists might want to know if two plant species are closely related.

139. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the experimental setup shown below.

On the diagram below, draw in the expected locations of the molecules after a period of one hour.

140. When starch indicator is used, what observation would indicate the presence of starch?


141. A plant cell in a microscopic field of view is represented below.

The width (w) of this plant cell is closest to

A. 200 µm B. 800 µm C. 1200 µm D. 1600 µm


Problem-Attic format version 4.4.181c_ 2011–2013 EducAide Software

Licensed for use by Dan FiguerasTerms of Use at www.problem-attic.com

Part C and D 06/04/2013

1.Answer: Salt Concentration (g/L)

2.Answer: marking an appropriate scale, without

any breaks, on each axis.

3.Answer:

4.Answer: 2.5 g/L; No daphnia died at this

concentration of salt. The mostdaphnia lived.

5.Answer: do not have a cat or a dog

lower the amount of moisture in the airin the home

do not have carpet on the floor

vacuum often

clean or remove dust often

wash bedding frequently

6.Answer: Seven months later, there is a higher

frequency in the population of the genefor resistance to the insecticide.

Most of the mosquitoes will have thevariation that protects them from thepesticide.

More have the gene that makes themimmune to the effect of the pesticide.

More mosquitoes have the gene thatallows them to survive.

7.Answer: They are closer to each other on the

branch (tree).

Arthropoda and Annelida share aspecific common ancestor that the otherorganisms don’t share.

8.Answer: 2;

The population size is greater thanthe size of the population that theecosystem can support.

Because it is above its carryingcapacity, the ecosystem cannot supplyenough food for survival, so membersof the species compete for limited food.

9.Answer: Each species has different life

requirements, and the type and numberof resources in an ecosystem willinfluence the population sizes ofspecies living there.

Each species has different requirements,which affect how many organisms canbe supported by the ecosystem.

Different species occupy differentniches.

10.Answer: The control tank would not contain any

fertex, while the experimental tankwould contain fertex.

The control tank would have no fertex.

11.Answer: amount of water

temperature of water

salinity of water

amount of light

time sperm and eggs remain in water

size of tanks

amount of sperm

the number of eggs

12.Answer: increase the sample size

repeat the experiment

have more tanks for each concentration

Teacher’s Key Page 2

13.Answer: amount of fertex

percent of fertex

concentration of fertex

14.Answer: percent of fertilization in each tank

over time

number of eggs fertilized at end ofexperiment

number of sea urchins thatdevelop/grow in each tank

15.Answer: dead/weakened virus/germ

antigens

small pieces of the virus/viral coat

16.Answer: It causes an immune response, so that

your body can respond quicker nexttime you are exposed to the samepathogen/organism.

It causes the body to produceantibodies that fight the disease.

17.Answer: Vaccines protect only against specific

diseases.

Antibodies are specific.

18.Answer: The young and old bison are more

likely to perish during a harsh winter.

More energy is used by the bison tokeep warm.

Less food is available.

19.Answer: It helps recycle molecules from the

organic wastes.

They prevent the buildup of humansewage.

It prevents contamination of the watersupply.

20.Answer: It kills trees and shrubs because it

covers them like a blanket, cuttingdown on the amount of sunlight tothese plants.

It cuts down on photosynthesis.

It outcompetes the trees for water orother nutrients.

The vine may have roots that attach totrees and shrubs and absorb nutrientsfrom them.

21.Answer: The chemicals may be harmful to

people.

The chemicals may affect other plantsor animals negatively.

Using insects does not add chemicalsto the environment.

22.Answer: genetic engineering

genetic manipulation

gene splicing

forming recombinant DNA

23.Answer: DNA carries the code for making the

proteins.

DNA can replicate and the code willbe passed on to offspring.

Proteins cannot be used to pass ontraits.

so the chicks will inherit thedrug-producing ability

24.Answer: They grow fast.

They need less room than biggeranimals.

Chickens are less expensive.

Baby chicks inherit the drug-producingability.

25.Answer: We don’t know the long-term effects of

these drugs on the chickens.

Some people think products fromgenetically modified organisms couldbe harmful.

People with egg allergies might not beable to use these drugs.

26.Answer:


27.Answer:

28.Answer: It is most closely related to the

endangered species because their aminoacid sequences are identical.

It is most closely related to theendangered species because the DNAsequences are the most similar.

29.Answer: marking an appropriate scale, without

any breaks, on each labeled axis.

30.Answer: correctly plotting the data for

individual A, surrounding each pointwith a small circle, and connecting thepoints.

31.Answer: correctly plotting the data for

individual B, surrounding each pointwith a small triangle, and connecting thepoints.

32.Answer: insulin or glucagon

33.Answer: - Warmer water holds less oxygen, so

some species would not have enoughoxygen to live.

- There would be less oxygen availablefor organisms and some organisms maydie off.

34.Answer: - dead/weakened pathogen - antigens -

a small piece of the virus/viral coat

35.Answer: - The body responds to the vaccine by

producing antibodies to protect againstpolio.

- The vaccine triggers an immuneresponse against a particular disease.

- The immune system is activated tofight off the virus.

36.Answer: - The children who did not receive the

vaccine served as the control group.

- They needed a group for comparison.

37.Answer: - The trait increases chances for

survival of the small mammalsby helping them blend into theirenvironment.

- They can avoid being eaten bypredators if they are camouflaged.


38.Answer: identifying one biological process by

which a population of this varietymay develop resistance. Acceptableresponses include, but are not limitedto:

- natural selection

- evolution

- reproduction

- mutation

39.Answer: describing how this process is involved

in the production of a populationof resistant organisms. Acceptableresponses include, but are not limitedto:

Natural Selection: - The populationhad some members that were naturallyresistant to antibiotics. They survivedand reproduced, passing on theresistance.

Evolution: - Some organisms wereresistant to the pesticide. Theysurvived and passed on the trait.

Reproduction: - Resistant memberssurvived and passed on the trait.

Mutation: - It produces variationsthat give some organisms a survivaladvantage.

40.Answer: identify one problem caused by this

resistance. Acceptable responsesinclude, but are not limited to:

- Resistant bacteria will survive andcontinue to make people sick.

- Insects will continue to destroy crops.

- Antibiotics do not work anymore.

- There will be less food available.

41.Answer: stating one solution to this problem.

Acceptable responses include, but arenot limited to:

- Do not use antibiotics/antibacterialproducts unless needed.

- Use different antibiotics or pesticides.

- Use a natural predator for pests.

- Insert genes into plants that will makethem resistant to bacteria or pests.

- Research and find newantibiotics/ways of controlling insectpests.

42.Answer: identify one possible negative effect of

this solution. Acceptable responsesinclude, but are not limited to:

- People might be sick longer.

- More people could get sick.

- Organisms may become resistant toother treatments.

- Natural predators may get out ofcontrol.

- Inserted genes may have an undesiredeffect.

- Research takes a lot of time andmoney.

43.Answer: - need to repeat experiment to see if

results are the same

- need a larger sample group

- need to see if side effects occur lateron

44.Answer: - It takes time for the bacteria to

reproduce.

- It takes time for the bacteria toproduce enough toxins.

- It takes time for the bacteria toinvade intestine walls.

- It takes time for the bacteria to causeinflammation.

45.Answer: identifying the body system that was

responsible for triggering the reactionshe experienced as the immune system.

46.Answer: - an allergic reaction or allergy

- an immune response to a usuallyharmless substance

47.Answer: - An infection would probably take

longer to develop.

- An infection by a pathogen wouldprobably not end so suddenly.

- The symptoms went away when sheleft her friend’s house.

48.Answer: identify the technique used to

determine exposure levels to thesechemicals in humans as biomonitoring.


49.Answer: - Young children have more contact

with the products that contain thesechemicals.

- Young children play with moretoys/use baby bottles.

- Children wear flame-retardantclothing.

50.Answer: - They may participate to prevent being

sued in the future.

- They may participate because itimproves their public image.

- They may participate to make suretheir product is safe.

51.Answer: - large ground finch or medium

ground finch or small ground finch orsharp-billed ground finch because ithas a large crushing beak and eatsmainly plant food

- large/small tree finch or woodpeckerfinch or warbler finch because theydon’t eat much plant food

- The warbler finch eats only animalfood, so it would not be affected.

52.Answer: - different niches

- eat at different times

- live in different areas

- amount of food was sufficient tosupport both

- may eat different plants/different partsof plant

53.Answer:

54.Answer:

55.Answer: - The deeper the water, the fewer fish

species are found. - Fewer fish speciesare found as the water gets deeper. -More fish species live near the surfacethan in deeper water.

56.Answer: C

57.Answer: They eat microscopic autotrophs. prey

for fish consumer food for troutherbivores

58.Answer: - Both arrows don’t go in the same

direction. - Mayfly eggs do not eatbats. - Mayfly eggs do not feed onmicroscopic plants. - According to thepassage, mayfly eggs and bats are notin the same food chain.

59.Answer: sample responses: —legs – adapted to

wade through shallow water —heavybones – to counteract buoyancy —teeth– adapted to eating freshwater plants

60.Answer: —It has skeletal similarities to whales.

—The structures/shapes of the bonesare similar.

61.Answer: His entire louse collection perished in

the dry, desert air.


62.Answer: - Lice exposed to high temperatures

will have a lower survival rate thanthose exposed to 98.6◦F (bodytemperature). - Lice not blasted withhigh temperatures will have a highersurvival rate. part 2: - The controlgroup will not be exposed to heat andthe experimental group will be exposedto 140-degree air. part 3: - The liceblasted with the 140-degree air had alower survival rate than the lice notblasted with hot air. - The lice notblasted with high-temperature air livedlonger.

63.Answer: - Genetically engineered insulin is

actually human insulin and is lesslikely to be rejected by the person. -Insulin from a horse or cow may causean allergic reaction in a human. -Genetically engineered insulin costsless. - Human insulin may have fewerside effects.

64.Answer: part 1: mutation part 2: - Reproductive

cells can pass on traits. - Mutationsthat occur in sex cells can be passedon to offspring. - The sperm cellcontributes half of the geneticinformation for the embryo. - Thesperm and egg combine to form anembryo. part 3: - mother’s poor diet -toxic chemicals in air, food, and water- drugs - radiation - other geneticdisorders

65.Answer: - Building homes might destroy

their habitat. - Hunting the condorreduces its numbers. - Hunting otheranimals might reduce their food source.- Removing dead animals (roadkill)would reduce available food for thecondors.

66.Answer: - There are fewer predators than there

are prey, so the wolf is the predator. -In a food chain/food pyramid, thereare more prey animals than there arepredators.

67.Answer: - There were more wolves, so the

moose were being killed off. - Theremay have been less food available forthe moose, since the moose populationhad been growing for 20 years. -Disease may have affected the moosepopulation. - There may have beenreally bad winters.

68.Answer: - number of moose - living space on

the island - diseases - competition withother predators - weather conditions -hunting

69.Answer: part 1: - dead/weakened pathogen

- antigens - a small piece of thevirus/viral coat part 2: - Antibodiesare produced against the virus. -increase in number of white bloodcells - produces a primary immuneresponse - It builds up immunity. part3: - The antibodies are specific for theflu virus. - The white blood cells thatremain in the body are specific for theflu virus. - The white blood cellsare specialized to attack only the fluvirus. - The two viruses have differentcharacteristics. - Each vaccine resultsin immunity to only one disease.

70.Answer: - B would have the least damaging

effect on the ecosystem because ifnative predators are used, they arealready part of the food web. - B isbest because method A destroys theentire ecosystem.

71.Answer: - Toxic chemicals may kill organisms

that are beneficial. - Toxins mayaccumulate in organisms at higherlevels in food chains and cause seriousproblems. - Toxins may end up inplants used for food.

72.Answer: - The salt solution causes water to

move out of the swollen cells (tissue),reducing the swelling and relieving thepain. - The loss of water by the cellsdecreases the swelling and relievessome of the pain. - Gargling with saltwater will reduce swelling. - When aperson gargles with salt water, watermoves by diffusion from the throattissues into the salt water, reducingswelling.


73.Answer: Plant species A cuts: 1 Plant species B

cuts: 0

74.Answer: - They have a close evolutionary

relationship. - They have a commonancestor. - These two organisms aremore closely related to each other thanto the other two.

75.Answer: DNA, another protein, or other

acceptable responses.

76.Answer: The scents are very specific for

the insect they attract, or Pesticidesdisrupt food webs, or Pesticides affectorganisms other than mosquitoes, orOver time, more insects that areresistant to the pesticide would appearin the population.

77.Answer: The reaction will slow down because it

is below the optimal temperature.

78.Answer: plant height, or number/size of

leaves/roots, or amount/percent of leafdiscoloration, or daily growth

79.Answer: rejection of tissues or organs; foreign

proteins from donated/tissues/organstrigger immune response, or immunesystem attacks foreign tissues/organs;Proteins in tissues/organs will be thesame as those of the patient, so theimmune system. will not attack.

80.Answer: Bacteria may vary in their susceptibility

to penicillin, and resistant ones survive,or In the bacteria that survive, thereare naturally occurring variationsthat provide resistance to penicillin,or When exposed to penicillin, moreof the resistant ones survive, orNonresistant bacteria die off; Whenexposed to penicillin, the frequency ofresistant bacteria will increase as thosethat are resistant survive and reproduce,or The resistant bacteria will surviveand they will produce offspring that areresistant; Patients can be treated withantibiotics other than penicillin.

81.Answer: carbon dioxide (CO2), or methane, or

nitrous oxide, or CFCs

82.Answer: higher sea level, or habitat loss, or

climate change

83.Answer: Lack of water could result in

dehydration, which interferes with cellfunctions, or temperature, becausedifferent species are adapted to live indifferent climates

84.Answer: lack of natural predators, or Food/prey

may be extremely abundant in the newenvironment, or breed and multiply inthe new environment

85.Answer: B; because it has more characteristics

in common with the rare species

86.Answer: B

87.Answer: Competes With

the LargeTree Finch

Type of Finch State one reason why it competes or doesnot compete with the large tree finch.

no large/smallground finchorwarbler finch

The large tree finch eats mainly animal food,while thelarge/small ground finch eats mainly plant food.orThe warbler finch may eat different animals.

yes warblerfinch

They both eat animal food.

88.Answer: C

89.Answer: Must have two acceptable responses.

Acceptable responses include, but arenot limited to: - oxygen - water vapor- carbon dioxide

90.Answer: Guard cells.

91.Answer: Acceptable responses include, but are

not limited to: - If the shape of anenzyme changes, it may not functionor it may function differently. - Keyactivities may slow down or stop. -The shape of an enzyme determines itsfunction.


not limited to: - disease - harsh winter- food supply decreased - predatorsNote: Do not accept “death” or “theydied” without a corresponding cause.


93.Answer: State the hypothesis the experiment

will test. Acceptable responses include,but are not limited to: - Rats thatare given the drug will show anincrease in BDNF in their brains. -The drug affects memory formation inrats. Note: Do not allow credit for ahypothesis that is written in the formof a question.

Describe how the control groupwill be treated differently from theexperimental group. Acceptableresponses include, but are not limitedto: - The control group will not getthe drug; the experimental group will.- The control group will get a placebo.

Identify two factors that must be keptthe same in both the experimental andcontrol groups. Acceptable responsesinclude, but are not limited to: - Bothgroups should have the same numberof rats. - rats of the same age - kept insame conditions - given the same food

Identify the dependent variable in theexperiment. - amount of BDNF foundin their nerve tissue - ability toform/store memories


not limited to: - The rabbits that donot have the stronger leg-strength traitwill start to decrease in number. -They might be eaten by predators.


not limited to: - The above averageleg-strength trait would increase infrequency because the rabbits with thestronger legs would be more likely toget away from predators.


not limited to:

- The frequency of the trait for aboveaverage leg strength might actuallydecrease because the poor eyesightmight be more of a disadvantage thanthe leg strength is an advantage. -Now it seems that the frequency willmore likely decrease because they willnot see well enough to get away. -The frequency of the trait for aboveaverage leg strength will remain thesame because the advantage will becanceled out by a disadvantage.

97.Answer: Identify the genetic event that resulted

in the original antibiotic resistance insome strains of bacteria. Acceptableresponses include, but are not limitedto: - mutation - a change in the DNAcode

Explain how the overuse of antibioticscan increase bacterial resistance.Acceptable responses include, but arenot limited to: - Antibiotics kill onlynonresistant strains. Resistant bacteriasurvive and reproduce. - Overuse ofantibiotics selects for resistant strainsof bacteria.


not limited to: - better medicaltreatments - better sanitation


not limited to: - Human requirementsfor space, food, and resources oftenharm other species. - As humansbuild more homes/roads/malls, animalhabitats are destroyed. - Increasedpopulation increases competition withother species for limited resources.


100.Answer: Identify organelle X as a

mitochondrion.

State the process this organelleperforms. Acceptable responsesinclude, but are not limited to: -respiration - aerobic respiration -releases energy Note: Allow credit foran answer that is consistent with thestudent’s response to the first bullet.

Identify the two raw materials neededfor this process to occur. Acceptableresponses include, but are not limitedto: - sugar/glucose - oxygen (O2) Note:Allow credit for an answer that isconsistent with the student’s responseto the first bullet.

Identify one molecule produced bythis organelle and explain why it isimportant to the organism. Acceptableresponses include, but are not limitedto: — ATP – This molecule makesenergy available for life functions. —Water – This molecule is important forchemical reactions. — CO2 – This is awaste product that needs to be removedto maintain homeostasis. Note: Allowcredit for an answer that is consistentwith the student’s response to the firstbullet.


not limited to: - Place saltwatersolution on one side of the coverslip.Then draw the saltwater solution underthe coverslip by placing a piece ofpaper towel on the opposite side. -Place a drop of saltwater solution onone side of a coverslip and a papertowel on the other side.

102.Answer: Credit for labeling the locations of the

cell wall and the cell membrane andcytoplasm on the diagram.

Note: All three must be correctlylabeled to receive this credit.

103.Answer: Credit for showing that the membrane

has pulled away from the cell wall.

Note: Allow credit if the cell iscorrectly drawn but not shaded.

104.Answer: - There would be more time for

pathogens to cause infection. - Slowhealing increases exposure time topathogens. - An open wound willprovide a suitable environment forpathogens.

105.Answer: B

106.Answer: Note:

Accept any shape with a correspondingsection that will fit into the receptor onnerve cell B.

107.Answer: - Nothing; the shape would not be

accepted by receptors on B. - It wouldnot bind with the receptors in area I.

108.Answer: - hormones - antigens - receptor

molecules

109.Answer: - New populations of waterbirds will

compete with the original populationof ducks for space/food. - Newindividuals of the same species as theoriginal duck population may competefor mates. - may bring disease withthem - original population may decline

110.Answer: - Bird waste will pollute the water and

make it cloudy. - Additional wastemight change the pH of the lake. -New birds will decrease the amount ofspace available to other birds. Note:Do not accept just “pollution.” Thestudent’s answer must address aspecific abiotic factor.


111.Answer: - More birds will eat the plants, so

the plant populations will decreasein number. - Some birds will eatorganisms that eat plants. Since therewill be fewer primary consumers,the plant populations will increasein number. - Bird wastes will makethe soil more fertile so more plantswill grow. - The population of plantswill decrease. Note: Do not acceptextinction of the plants.

112.Answer: Example of correct response

Circulation or transport moves essentialmaterials through the cell or organism.

Excretion gets rid of potentiallyharmful wastes.

113.Answer: - Bats with the variation for stronger

flight muscles would most likely catchmore flying insects than bats withoutthe gene.

- More bats possessing the gene forstronger flight muscles would survivethan those without.

- Over time, more bats would possessthe variation for stronger flight muscles.

114.Answer: - Having x rays can result in defects in

the genes of the fetus. - Smoking maycause low birth weight.

115.Answer: - Mitosis produces more cells, causing

the fetus to grow. - Differentiationcauses individual cells to havespecialized functions, resulting in theformation of tissues and organs. -Mitosis - Uterus - Differentiation -Uterus

116.Answer: Allow a maximum of 4 credits,

allocated as follows:

• Allow 1 credit for identifying theinorganic carbon compound thatis obtained by plants from theenvironment as carbon dioxide(CO2).

• Allow 1 credit for identifyingthe process plants use to formmore complex organic moleculesfrom this carbon compound asphotosynthesis.

• Allow 1 credit for describinghow herbivores use thesecomplex organic molecules. -as a source of energy - as asource of nutrients - as a sourceof materials to synthesize othermolecules

• Allow 1 credit for identifying theprocess herbivores use to returncarbon to the environment. -respiration - breathing - excretion

117.Answer: - It might block their scenic view. -

interrupt bird flight paths - They thinkthey will be too noisy. - decrease theamount of open space

118.Answer: - Windmill farms reduce air pollution.

- Wind power is a renewable energysource. - Energy doesn’t need to beimported.

119.Answer: - The control group had 190 seeds

germinate, while the experimentalgroup had only 150 seeds germinate. -If fewer seeds germinate at a pH of4.0, then this result would supportthe hypothesis that acid rain couldbe responsible for a decrease in thenumber of trees.


120.Answer:

• Radish seedlings grow faster whenexposed to goldenrod solution. ORRadish seedlings treated with thesolution will not grow as tall as thecontrol group. OR The solutionwill not affect the height of radishseedlings.

• The experimental group will begiven the solution while the controlgroup is given plain water. OR Theexperimental group will have groundup goldenrod in the soil.

• A large sample will increase thevalidity of the results. OR Sincesome may die, there will be enoughleft to do the experiment.

• The number of seedlings that survivein each group will be counted. ORthe height of the seedlings

• Radish seedlings exposed togoldenrod solution were twice as tallas the control group in two weeks.OR If the radish seedlings treatedwith the solution do not grow astall as those in the control group,the hypothesis is supported. OR Ifthere is no difference between theheight of the group treated withthe solution as compared to thecontrol group, the hypothesis will besupported.

121.Answer: Use selective breeding/artificial

selection. OR Cross sweet-berryblueberry plants with large-berryblueberry plants. OR Use recombinantDNA to move the sweet gene into thelarge-berry plants.

122.Answer: cloning, vegetative propagation,

cuttings, or asexual reproduction

123.Answer: The predator gets a bad taste from the

monarch butterfly and then recognizesother members of that species and doesnot eat them.

124.Answer: Since the viceroy butterfly resembles

the monarch, predators that have tasteda monarch butterfly do not eat viceroybutterflies.

125.Answer: High temperatures can destroy

biological catalysts in organisms. ORHigh temperatures cause enzymes tochange shape (denature).

126.Answer: High salt concentrations can remove

water from cells. OR disrupts waterbalance in cells OR water leaves thecells by osmosis OR causes dehydration

127.Answer: osmosis, diffusion, or passive transport

128.Answer: D

129.Answer: The hawk population will decrease

because there will be fewer snakessince there are fewer frogs for them toeat. OR The hawk population willincrease because there will be moregrasshoppers for the shrews to eat andmore shrews for the hawks to eat.

130.Answer: chloroplast or cell wall

131.Answer: Mating with another earthworm allows

for variety in the species. OR betterchances of survival due to variation orgenetic recombination

132.Answer: 5. a. has white or clear or light wings

5. b. has shaded or black or darkwings

133.Answer:

134.Answer:

135.Answer: mutation OR mutagenic agent that led

to a new protein

136.Answer: parasite/host (parasitic) OR

pathogen/host (pathogenic)

137.Answer: sugar, glucose, or ketones


138.Answer: Two related plants may produce

similar substances that could be usedfor medicines. OR A related plantmay provide a cheaper source of asubstance. OR If a plant becomesextinct, a related plant may provide analternative source of a substance.

139.Answer:

140.Answer: A blue-black color would indicate the

presence of starch. OR A color changewould occur.

141.Answer: B

Documents

Part C and D · It’s their bathroom habits that make some of us itch and sneeze. Many people develop severe allergies to dust mite feces (wastes). If you lie on a rug where dust