���Scientific Method and Research Ethics���

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Part 2���������������Anna Petronella Foultier  

Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986)  

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Pyrrhus et Cinéas, 1944��� ���

Pour une morale de l’ambiguïté, 1947 (“The Ethics of Ambiguity”)���Le Deuxième Sexe, 1949 (The Second Sex, 2011)���Privilèges/Faut-il brûler Sade? (“Must We Burn Sade?”) 1955/1972���Philosophical Writings, 2004���Political Writings, 2012  ������

 

Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986)  

Den inbjudna (L’Invitée), 1943������

”Pyrrhus och Cineas” (Pyrrhus ���et Cinéas), 1944��� ���

För en tvetydighetens moral���(Pour une morale de l’ambiguïté),���1947  ���

Det andra könet (Le Deuxième���Sexe), 1949������

Privilèges/Faut-il brûler Sade?,���1955/1972������

Brigitte Bardot och Lolitasyn-���dromet: essäer, Modernista 2012���

The subject is embodied and situated���

The concrete human being (existence)���  

Situation����•  in space���•  in time���•  in society���•  in culture���•  in history, ���etc.���������

Existence is characterised by ambiguity���

immanence ßà transcendence���facticity ßà freedom���situation ßà project���

Our relation to other people: ���Freedom can be restricted by others, ���but it is also through our working in behalf of other people’s freedom that I can be truly free myself.���

human subject à the Other��� ���

(man) woman���(master) slave���(the white person) ”the Negro”���(the Christian) the Jew���(the colonizer) the native (l’indigène)���(the Jewish-Christian) the Muslim���(the heterosexual) the homosexual

etc.������The human being constitutes itself as such through exclusions.������

Woman is the absolutely Other�

She is the negative,�the inessential downside of the human being/man/the subject,�a deviation, etc. �

What distinguishes the relation between man and woman from other asymmetrical relations?  

No historical explanation to the subordination of women: an oppression without real cause.���

To a greater degree than man, woman is “a slave to the species”.���  

Pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding etc. are natural functions, not activities: an activity involves committing oneself in a project, thereby transcending the given situation.���

Woman is locked up in immanence.���

Biological ”facts”���have no meaning in themselves,���they are always given in a cultural situation.���������

Woman, gender���is a “becoming”���(un devenir).  

Judith Butler (1956–)  

Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of��� Identity (Genustrubbel), 1990/1999���

���Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex, 1993������Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative, 1997������Undoing Gender (Genus ogjort), 2004������Könet brinner (red. Tiina Rosenberg, 2005)������Precarious Lives (Osäkra liv), 2004���������������

sex ßà gender���������gender a social���construction������sex biological?������

anatomy?���genes?���hormones?���

Butler:������”Sex” is itself���a social ���construction, ���a norm.������

The heterosexual matrix:������

The gender categories are binary, stable and hierarchically ordered.  

The gender categories are produced as something natural, biologically given, through exclusion of those who don’t fit.    

”The other” for Butler is the homosexual, transgender person, etc.    

Compulsory heterosexuality constitutes the very intelligibility of a person.  

Gender is performatively constructed  

Linguistic monism?�

Performative speech acts������•  J.L. Austin: e.g. “I now pronounce you man and wife.”���

“I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow.”������•  Butler: All forms of discourse.������E.g. gay bashing ������  

Beauvoir:���

Gender is a becoming (”un devenir”)���������Butler:������

“Gender is the repeated stylization of the body a set of repeated acts within a highly rigid regulatory frame that congeal over time to produce the appearance of substance, of a natural sort of being.” (Gender Trouble)������

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”Sexual difference, however, is never simply a function of material differences which are not in some way both marked and formed by discursive practices. Further, to claim that sexual differences are indissociable from discursive demarcations is not the same as claiming that discourse causes sexual difference.”���(Bodies that Matter)������

Produce gender trouble –���perform gender in new ways  

Social facts:���•  their existence depends upon what people believe

about them���•  e.g. games, money���

A natural fact counts as a social fact in certain circumstances.������

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•  social facts that masquerade as natural facts (Carlshamre)���•  are self-reflexive – they constitute identities functioning as

norms���•  e.g. sex, gender, certain illnesses, race���

A social fact that have been reified through identification, habituation and exclusion of those who don’t fit.  

Social constructions:���