Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ)

By John R. Buri (1991)Presenter:

AidilZainiNizar

Baumrind (1971) identified three major parenting styles, reflecting distinct patterns of responsiveness: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive.

Authoritative parents are both demanding and responsive.

Authoritarian parents are highly demanding, but not responsive.

Permissive parents are more responsive than demanding

Buri (1991) developed the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) to measure the three parenting styles

Introduction……

The questionnaire contains 10 authoritarian, 10 permissive, and 10 authoritative items, and yields parental authority scores for each style based on the phenomenological appraisal by the respondent.

Responses to each of these items are made on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5).

The results of several studies have supported the Parental Authority Questionnaire as a psychometrically sound and valid measure of Baumrind's parental authority prototypes, and they have suggested that this questionnaire has considerable potential as a valuable tool in the investigation of correlates of parental permissiveness, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness.

It contains 30 items and 10 items for each parenting style

Parenting Style Item number

Authoritarian 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

Permissive 11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20

Authoritative 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30

RELIABILITY TESTStudy 1 : Test-Retest ReliabilitySample : 59 women, 64 menResult :Parenting Style Cronbach Coefficient Alpha

Values

Mother’s permissiveness 0.81

Mother’s authoritarianism 0.86

Mother’s authoritativeness 0.78

Father’s permissiveness 0.77

Father’s authoritarianism 0.85

Father’s authoritativeness 0.92

RELIABILITY TESTStudy 2 : Internal Consistency ReliabilitySample : 95 women, 90 menResult :

Parenting Style Cronbach Coefficient Alpha Values

Mother’s permissiveness 0.75

Mother’s authoritarianism 0.85

Mother’s authoritativeness 0.82

Father’s permissiveness 0.74

Father’s authoritarianism 0.87

Father’s authoritativeness 0.85

VALIDITY TESTINGStudy 1 : Discriminant-Related ValiditySample : 127 studentResult :

Mother’s authoritarianism was inversely related to mother’s permissiveness (r = -0.38, p <0.0005) and to mother’s authoritativeness (r =-0.48, p <0.0005).

Father’s authoritarianism was inversely related to father’s permissiveness (r = -0.50, p <0.0005) and to father’s authoritativeness (r =-0.52, p <0.0005) .

Mother’s permissiveness was not significantly related to mother’s authoritativeness (r = 0.07, p<0.10) and father’s permissiveness was not significantly related to father’s authoritativeness (r = 0.12, p<0.10)

Lets answer the PAQ……!

The PAQ is scored easily by summing the individual items to comprise the subscale scores. Scores on each subscale range from 10 to 50.

Parenting style determine based on the highest score among 3 parenting styles. If the authoritarian parenting score the highest, it means the parenting style is authoritarian.

Scoring PAQ

Example scoring…

Authoritarian Permissive AuthoritativeItem 1-10 11-20 21-30Score 37 30 27

The PAQ scoring show that Authoritarian parenting style

Explanation….

The different styles of parenting have effects on their children behavior.

In the family, parenting style directly impacts children’s behavior and symptoms of behavior. There is ample evidence to support the correlation between parenting style and children’s behavioral problems.

Parenting is a composite activity that is the sum of many particular behaviors working together or individually, to finally have an effect on the child’s behavior (Baumrind 1978).

Specific parenting behaviors, such as physical punishments, may affect children’s development and consequently cause behavioral disorders in them.

Authoritarian parents have high expectations of their children and have very strict rules that they expect to be followed unconditionally. According to Baumrind, these parents "are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation." People with this parenting style often utilize punishment rather than discipline, but are not willing or able to explain the reasoning behind their rules.

Authoritarian parents

Have strict rules and expectations. Very demanding, but not responsive. Don't express much warmth or nurturing. Utilize punishments with little or no

explanation. Don't give children choices or options.

Characteristics of the Authoritarian Parenting Style

The children of authoritarian parents:

Some children display more aggressive behavior outside the home.

Others may act fearful or overly shy around others.

Often have lower self-esteem. Have difficulty in social situations.

The Effects of Authoritarian Parenting

This style of parenting is sometimes referred to as "democratic" and involves a child-centric approach in which parents hold high expectations for their children.

Authoritative Parenting

Listen to their children Encourage independence Place limits, consequences and

expectations on their children's behaviour Express warmth and nurturance Allow children to express opinions Encourage children to discuss options Administer fair and consistent discipline

Characteristics of the Authoritative Parenting Style

People with authoritative parenting styles want their children to utilize reasoning and work independently, but they also have high expectations for their children. When children break the rules, they are disciplined in a fair and consistent manner.

Authoritative parents are also flexible. If there are extenuating circumstances, they will allow the child to explain what happened and adjust their response accordingly.

Tend to have a happier dispositions Have good emotional control and regulation Develop good social skills Are self-confident about their abilities to learn new skills

The Effects of the Authoritative Parenting Style

Child development experts generally identify the authoritative parenting style as the "best" approach to parenting. Children raised by authoritative parents tend to be more capable, happy and successful.

According to Baumrind, children of authoritative parents:

Permissive parenting is sometimes known as indulgent parenting. Parents who exhibit this style make relatively few demands upon their children. Because these parents have low expectations for self-control and maturity, they rarely discipline their children.

According to Baumrind, permissive parents "are more responsive than they are demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation."

Permissive Parenting

Have few rules or standards of behaviour When there are rules, they are often very

inconsistent Are usually very nurturing and loving

towards their kids Often seem more like a friend, rather than a

parent. May use bribery such as toys, gifts and food

as a means to get child to behave

Characteristics of the Permissive Parenting Style

Lack self-discipline Sometimes have poor social skills May be self-involved and demanding May feel insecure due to the lack of

boundaries and guidance

The Effects of Permissive Parenting

The PAQ is useful for assessing the permissiveness, authoritarianism and authoritativeness exercised by both mother and father.

Is it appropriate for both women and men who are older adolescents or young adults.

Given the fact that parental authority has repeatedly been cited as one of the principal variables of importance in parent-child interactions.

The potential of the PAQ as a research tool in the investigation of individual correlates of parental permissiveness, authoritarianism and authoritativeness is noteworthy

Conclusion