parcipatory.pptx

7/28/2019 parcipatory.pptx

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Participatory management is the practice ofempowering employees to participate inorganizational decision making. This practice

grew out of the human relations movement inthe 1920s, and is based on some of theprinciples discovered by scholars doingresearch in management and organizationstudies, such as the Hawthorne Effect.


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Environment and sustainable development

sustainable DevelopmentS.D is a pattern of economic growth in

which resources use aims to meet human needs whilepreserving the environment.so that thee needs can beme not only in the present ,but also for generations tocome.

S.D ties together concern for the carryingcapacity of natural system with the social challengesfaced by humanity.


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In recent years public participation has become tobe seen as a vital part of addressing environmentalproblems and bringing about sustainabledevelopment. In this context the limits of solelyrelying on technocratic bureaucratic monopoly ofdecision making, and it is argued that publicparticipation allows governments to adopt policiesand enact laws that are relevant to communities

and take into account their needs.


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Public participation in environmentalgovernanceWith growing complexities of the environmental

issues, public participation has come to the fore inacademic analysis concerning the contemporarydebates about environmental governance .There have emerged a number of arguments in favourof a more participatory approach, which stress thatpublic participation is a crucial element inenvironmental governance that contributes to betterdecision making.It is recognised that environmental problems cannotbe solved by government alone.Participation inenvironmental decision-making effectively links thepublic to environmental governance.By involving the public, who are at the root of both causes and solutionsof environmental problems, in environmental discussions, transparencyand accountability are more likely to be achieved, thus secures thedemocratic legitimacy of decision-making that good environmentalgovernance depends on. Arguably, a strong public participation inenvironmental governance could increase the commitment amongstockholders, which strengthens the compliance and enforcement of environmental laws.


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In addition, some opponents argue that the right toparticipate in environmental decision-making is aprocedural right that can be seen as part of thefundamental right to environmental protection.From thisethical perspective, environmental governance is expectedto operate within a framework coinciding the"constitutional principle of fairness (inclusive ofequality)", which inevitably requires the fulfillment of

"environmental rights" and ultimately calls for theengagement of public.

Further, in the context of considerable scientificuncertainties surrounding environmental issues, public

participation helps to counter such uncertainties andbridges the gap between scientifically-definedenvironmental problems and the experiences and valuesof stakeholders.Through joint effort of the governmentand scientists in collaboration with the public, bettergovernance of environment is expected to be achieved bymaking the most appropriate decision possible.


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Although broad agreements exist, the notion of publicparticipation in environmental decision-making has

been subject to a sustained critique concerning the realoutcome of participatory environmental governance.Critics argue that public participation tends to focus onreaching a consensus between actors who share thesame values and seek the same outcomes.However, the uncertain nature of many of theenvironmental issues would undermine the validity ofpublic participation, given that in many cases theactors come to the table of discussion hold verydifferent perceptions of the problem and solutionwhich are unlikely to be welded into a consensus due

to the incommensurability of different positions.


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Rio Declaration on Environment and DevelopmentMain article: Rio Declaration on Environment and DevelopmentThe Rio Declaration of 1992 enshrines public participation in its 27principles. Principle 10 states that "environmental issues are best handledwith participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level . The RioDeclaration continues, drawing a close link between access to informationand public participation:"At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access toinformation concerning the environment that is held by public authorities,including information on hazardous materials and activities in their

communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-makingprocesses. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness andparticipation by making information widely available. Effective access to

judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy,shall be provided."

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parcipatory.pptx