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garnetoc~es
- ma~Jo.9am~te
ookimeta
SEXUAL CYCLEIN ANOPHELINE MOSQUITO
(10-17 days)
Figure 4-15. Life cycle of human malaria parasites.
& !!JlI-.....",ifJiS&i!.iWitlfiJ el~
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rn
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Figure 3-9. Schematic representation of Balantidium coli. A. trophozoite. B. Cyst. c =cilia;cy= cytopyge; c.v. = contractile vacuole; f = food vacuole; g = gullet; m ;5: mouth; rna. n =macranucl:eus; mi. n = micronucleus. (Modified from Dobell andO'Connof, 1921.)
'tit~'stinal and Lumina' Protozoa-~-----------------
end.
21
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k
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EX 2000
Figure 3-:L Schf'matic representation of Entamoeba histolytica. A. Trophozoite containirlgred blooo celis uncergoing cige:>tiJn. B. Preqstic ameba devoid of cytoplasmic inclusions.C. Young uninucleate cyst. D. Binucleate cyst. E. J\\ature ql.1adrinudeate cyst. c =chromdtoid ondies; ect. =ectoplasrI,; eno. =endur'as;,n; g =glycogen vacuole; k = ka,yosome; n =nucleus; r.b.c. =red blnou cells.
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122 Basic & Clinical Parasitology
Figure 6-4. Life cycle of T~ich'uris trichiUra.
1-'!1~~
Children live largelyat ground level
/
Embryonated eggingested byhumans
Larva hatches from eggIn small intestine .
~Larvae penetratesintestinal villi(3-10 days)
.• ~ggSlnSOil ~•~ embryonate
,,?1 In 2-5 weeks ~
I Undev~loped eggspass in feces
\
"Returns to ilitastlnal lumenand mitjYates to cecum
Adult worms in cecum,appendix, or large intestineof humans
I
~ 140'
Larvae entercircvlation afterhatching from eggs
~Pneumonia from
many larvae in lungs
CYCLEINVOl.VESLARVAL MIGRATION
Two monthsbefore eggs in stool
Basic & Clinical ParasHdlo'gy
Larvae caMed up trachea,sWallowsd,a'n'd developto adults in small bowel
'.
Eggsveryresistant o
~~-
Many eggs passed2'-4 weeks to ~mbrydMte
Adult worms maymigrate, perforate,or obstruct bowel
/.Figure 6-14. Life cycle of Ascaris lumbrfcoldes.
'~;fl~~
·~:~t1
Adult worms attachto mucosa of smallbowel and suck blood
Iron loss proportionateto worm burden
Basic & Clinical Parasit~logy
Mig~a,ting 'Clrv~e oreak ir:Jtoalveo.li, 'ar~ qmi~o I),p
bronchi and traQhl;l.~" ~Iil:e.nswallowed
Eggs excretedin feces
Entercirculation
Develop
on soil ....... (>Rhabditiform larvae~~ @.
Filariform larvaepenetrate skin
~Soil
t
Figure 6-9. Life cycle of human hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale),
130
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8a$i€ & Clini,c~J Para.sitolQgy
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OeTAIL~
+-----_.- -.
\'
Children live largelyat ground level
/
Embryonated eggingested byhumans
Larva hatches from eggIn small intestine .
~Larvae penetratesintestinal villi(3-10 days)
Basic & Clinical Parasitology
Figure 6-4. Life cycle of Trichuris trichiUra.
.•...•.•. ~g9S In soil~•~ embryonate
,?1 In 2-5 weeks ~
I Undev~loped eggspass in feces
'\
"Returns to intestinal lumenand migrates to cecum
Adult worms in cecum,appendix, or large intestineof humans
122
iJ 14()'
Larvae entercirculation afterhatching from eggs
~Pneumonia from
many larvae in lungs
CYCLEINVOl.VESLARVAL MIGRATION
Two monthsbefore eggs in stool
Basic & Clinical ParasHdlo'gy
Larvae carried up trachea,swalldwed,8mj davelopto adults in small bowel
Eggsveryresistant o
~...........-..-
Many eggs passed2--4 weeks to sfflbryonate
Adult worms maymigrate, jJerforate,or obstruct bowel
/.Figure 6-14. Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoldes.
€~
Adult worms attachto mucosa of smallbowel and suck blood
Iron loss proportionateto worm burden
Basic & Clinical Paragit~l.ogy
Mig~a,t,ing '~rvi:\e preak ir;1toaN,eoli, ·~U~ p~mi~o IrIPbronchi and trao.h~~., ~Ii\e.n
swallowed
Eggs excretedin feces<§)<§)
Entercirculation
Develop
on soil """ ? ~
Rhabditiform larvae~
Filariform larvaepenetrate skin
~Soil
t
Figure 6-9. Life cycle of human hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duo.denale).
130
~~,
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11t~1;!~.,
Mf develop to infectivelarvae in mosquitoor fly muscle
:: ..~ ...:.....
Inguinal nodesand hydrocele
oil W. bancrofti and B. malayi I •
in lymphatics
LONG INCUBATION PERIOD(3 to 6 months)VARIABLE OUTCOME
~C7Maxim4m mt at night
(w. bancrofti and B. malay:)or afternoon (Loa loa)
/'
Calabar swellirlgot"hand and wrist
Loa loain skin
Figure 7-4. General life cycle of filarial parasites. mf=microfilariae.
Eye worm
Sheathedmf
in blood .
~
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.-'"'" c"'"~'~'i,,,,,,~·1tA's\~~,~J~fl~~r~l~pmlit~ri-"~~,':;":\ ':':'".. , '"." .", ".,.... - . ' .. ~.. _...-...__ ..-.
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Children live largelyat ground level
/Larva hatche'. 110m eggin small intestir·e
~".
Eggs in soil~.'"embryonate '
in 2-5 weeks
.'\Embryonated eggIngested by .humans
"--"
Larvae penetratesintestinal villi
. (3--10 days)
\
I Undev~loped eggspass in feces
Returns to intestinall'.'menand migrates to cecum
Adult worms in cecum,appendix, or large intestineof humans
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Figure 3-11. The inteslinal and atrial flagellates of humans. A. Giardia lamblia trophozoite :1'.
viewed frolll dorsill surface. B. Giardia lamlJlia cyst. C. Chilomastix mesnili.trophozoite, ven-[ral view. U. Chilomastix mesnili cyst, ventral view. E. Enleromonas hominis trophozoite. F.Enlerof1l0niJS hmllinis quadrinucl{'(lled cyst. G. I?clorlamonas inlcstinalis trophozoite. H. Re-' .,lorfilnlOnas inlestinillis cyst. I. Trichomonas lenax trophozoite. ). Trichomonas hominis . t ,:'\ ..
trophozoite. K. Trichomonas vagina!is trophozoite. a = axostylp.; aXil = axoneme; aJ. = ante-rior flagella; c = cytos[ol1le; e.b.r. = chrolllatoid basal rod; e.g. = chromatin granules; c.w. =cys[ willi; d =Slicking disk; f = f1ilgellurn; f. v. = food vacuole; fib. = fibril; i.a.f. = inferior ante-rior flagellum; k = karyosome; I.f. = lateral flagella; n = nucleus; p = parastyle; p.b. = .....J.pilrabastl! body; p.r. =posterior flagellum; 'I' = rhizoplast; s =shield; s.g. = spiral groove; u.m.::0 I/Ilfhd;lling rlH:~rnhr;:lIle;v = V(1ClJol!~; v.f. = ventDI flagella.
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";'> es.· ia: [c.uJ
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Figure 11-3. Larval forms of Fasciola hepatica. A. Immature egg. B. Miracidium in egg shell.C. Miracidium ready to enter snail. D. A very young sporocyst, immediately after completionof metamorphosis. E. Young sporocyst undergoing transverse fission. F. Adult sporocyst withrediae. G. Immature redia. H. Redia with' developing cercariae and one daughter redia.I. Cercaria. J. Body of cercaria. K. Encysted metacercaria. L. Excysted metacercaria. ap.=appendages; b=excretory bladder; b.p.=birth pore; c=ceca; C.c.=cystogenou5 cells; .c1'7.<;~lia;:··'"
t £1 .' ""l""":;''<'O'.;,,''''.. ",·G· - . - . p,. 5:.·~e-.~y.e-spot~ :A:.....:::;. ame~-e' - ." " ." .
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Pltl tyhclmin theJ
h-rr-n-t-n'-'"TT""..-rm:DJXlDJ:ID:xtl::n::;~
Immalure proglollids
I
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:~J!MfH~""J
II II I
I JI--,--~--
."~~
l
FIGURE 51·1 Major morphologic P:lrts of all adulr rapc\Von1l.
Malure proglOllit!
RosIe II u111
Scolex
-----S~c:":er""""""""
Gravid proglollid
Uterus
I
I
Gcnital Forc"", I
~7--- ~
•-~:.r;~,.",
\.tl!, "'. " ",'/ri~ . vi
Testis
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1BU Basic & Clinical Parasitology
D. fa tum T. saginata T. sofium
oggs ealenby cow
."........
Copepod is eaten byfrs!?h.y.rater, lish
" / egg~ eaten" by pig
Q.Onchosphere hatches in intestine.
car~;3d by blood to muscleand oiher tissues
Cis!icerci localizo and dovelop inn~uscles 0·1 pork and boel
i,i.
!
i'i:
Be~orpork .eaten raw or poorly cooked .
figure 9-1. Life cycles of lhe 3 main human inlesl:naltapewomls.
Fisheaten raw
Procercoid developsin muscles of lish
Intestina. Tape:worlJlS: Qf Hu.man Beings 195
•
SCOLEX
MATURE
CYSTICERCUS
SCOLEX
I---"lfrom
MATURE PROGLOTTI D
GRAVID PROGLOTTID
EGG
GRAVID PROGLOTTID
Figure 9-5. Taenia solium and T. saginata-a diagrammatic comparison.
INTEGUME:NT AND SUCKERS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM
e.g.
'1.5.
e v.n
stn.
d.n.
E XCRE.TORY SY STEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM fEMALE RE.PRODUCTIVE SYSTE.M
f.c.
I~.z:--I--c.l
fLAME CELL CIRRAL5AC AND GENITAL ATRllU fEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
u
l.e.
Figure 11-2. Schematic representation of morphology of a typical trematode. b=bladder; c=ceca; c.g.=cephalic ganglia; cl.=cilia; cr.=cirrus; cr.s.=cirral sac; c.t.=collecting tube;d.n.=dorsal nerve trunk; e=esophagus; e.c.=excretory capillary; e.p.=excretory pore;f.c.=flame cell; g.a.=genital atrium; g.o.=genital opening; 1.c.=Laurer's canal; I.n.=lateral '.nerve trunk; m.g.=Mehlis' gland; n=nucleus; oot=ootype; o.s.=orai sucker; ov.=ovary;p=pharynx; p.g.=prostate gland; s=spines; s.r.=seminal receptacle; s.v.=seminal vesicle;t=testis; u=uterus; v.d.=vas deferens; v.e.=vas efferens; v.n.=ventral nerve trunk; v.s.=ventralsucker; vt.=vitellaria; vt.d.=vitelline duct.
Intestinal, Hepatic, and Pulmonary Flukes of Human Rei:ngS:
Adult worfFlS in biliary lractor small intestine
Metacercariae ingested
229
Eggs excretedon moist soil
or water
Some species encyst on gills,scales, or muscle of fish.Other species encyst onaquatic plants.
2nd INTERMEDIATE HOST
After multiplicationcercariae emerge from
snail.
Miracidia hatch fromeggs of some species.Eggs of other specieseaten by snails.
1st INTERMEDIATE HOST
Figure 12-3. General life cycle for human intestinal and liver flukes (Fasciolopsis buski,Heterophyes heterophyes, Metagonimus yokogawi, Nanophytes salmincola, Clonorchissinensis, Opisthorchis felineus, O. viverrini, and Fasciola hepatica).
