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Parameters Command Line Parameters %1 %~f1Variables Create/read environment variables
Redirection Spooling output to a file, piping input
AND/OR Logic Conditional Execution (If-Then-Else) Loops Loops and Subroutines functions How to package blocks of code
Services List of Windows XP Services
Evaluating expressions Using brackets to Group and expand expressions
Delayed Expansion Manage <xml> and <html> text SET /A Environment variable arithmetic VarSubstring Extract part of a variable (substring) VarSearch Search & replace part of a variable Escape chars, delimiters and quotes Wildcards Match multiple files
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In this topic
• System unit• Storage• Mouse• Keyboard• Monitor • Printer • Speakers
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• Modem
Parts of a computer
If you use a desktop computer, you might already knowthat there isn't any single part called the "computer." Acomputer is really a system of many parts workingtogether. The physical parts, which you can see and touch,are collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand, refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell thehardware what to do.)
The illustration below shows the most common hardware ina desktop computer system. Your system may look a littledifferent, but it probably has most of these parts. A laptopcomputer has similar parts but combines them into a singlenotebook-sized package.
Desktop computer system
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Let's take a look at each of these parts.
System unit
The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usuallyit's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk.Inside this box are many electronic components that
process information. The most important of thesecomponents is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component is random access memory
(RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPUuses while the computer is on. The information stored inRAM is erased when the computer is turned off.
Almost every other part of your computer connects to thesystem unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports(openings), typically on the back of the system unit.Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes
called a peripheral device or device.
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System unit
Storage
Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices thatstore information on a metal or plastic disk. The disk
preserves the information even when your computer isturned off.
Hard disk drive
Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a
hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of platters with a magneticsurface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually serve as your computer's primarymeans of storage, holding almost all of your programs andfiles. The hard disk drive is normally located inside thesystem unit.
Hard disk drive
CD and DVD drives
Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front of the system unit.
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CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, andmany CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies of
your files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer.
CD
DVD drives can do everything that CD drives can, plusread DVDs. If you have a DVD drive, you can watchmovies on your computer. Many DVD drives can recorddata onto blank DVDs.
Tip
If you have a recordable CD or DVD drive, periodically back up (copy) your important files to CDs or DVDs. Thatway, if your hard disk ever fails, you won't lose your data.
Floppy disk drive
Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, alsocalled floppies or diskettes. Compared to CDs and DVDs,floppy disks can store only a small amount of data. Theyalso retrieve information more slowly and are more proneto damage. For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less
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popular than they used to be, although some computers stillinclude them.
Floppy disk
Why are floppy disks "floppy"? Even though the outside is
made of hard plastic, that's just the sleeve. The disk insideis made of a thin, flexible vinyl material.
Mouse
A mouse is a small device used to point to and select itemson your computer screen. Although mice come in manyshapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual
mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice arewireless.
Mouse
A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usuallythe left button) and a secondary button. Many mice also
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have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you toscroll smoothly through screens of information.
When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer onyour screen moves in the same direction. (The pointer'sappearance might change depending on where it's
positioned on your screen.) When you want to select anitem, you point to the item and then click (press andrelease) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your
mouse is the main way to interact with your computer. For more information, see Using your mouse .
Keyboard
A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:
• The function keys, found on the top row, performdifferent functions depending on where they are used.
• The numeric keypad, located on the right side of mostkeyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly.
• The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allowyou to move your position within a document or webpage.
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Keyboard
You can also use your keyboard to perform many of thesame tasks you can perform with a mouse. For more
information, see Using your keyboard . Monitor
A monitor displays information in visual form, using textand graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays theinformation is called the screen. Like a television screen, acomputer screen can show still or moving pictures.
There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode raytube) monitors and LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors.Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors havethe advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRTmonitors, however, are generally more affordable.
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LCD monitor (left); CRT monitor (right)
Printer
A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. Youdon't need a printer to use your computer, but having oneallows you to print e-mail, cards, invitations,announcements, and other materials. Many people also like
being able to print their own photos at home.
The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the most popular printers for thehome. They can print in black and white or in full color andcan produce high-quality photographs when used withspecial paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better able to handle heavy use.
Inkjet printer (left); laser printer (right)
Speakers
Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into thesystem unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow youto listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.
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Computer speakers
Modem
To connect your computer to the Internet, you need amodem. A modem is a device that sends and receivescomputer information over a telephone line or high-speedcable. Modems are sometimes built into the system unit,
but higher-speed modems are usually separate components.
Cable modem
Batch FilesDateMath Add or subtract days from any date
GetDate.cmd Get todays date (any region, any OS) GetTime.cmd Get the time now
GetGMT.cmd Time adjusted to Greenwich Mean Time deQuote Remove quotes from a string DelOlder.cmd Delete files more than n days old
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StampMe.cmd Rename a file with the date/time tdiff.cmd Time difference in Hours/Minutes Which.cmd Display full path to any command
xlong.cmd Find filenames that exceed the 256 char pathname limit DragDrop.cmd Drag and drop onto a batch script
Reference/How to Autoexec Run commands at startup Slow Browsing Speed up network browsing Desktop Heap Memory configuration Long Filenames NTFS filename issues Keyboard CMD Keyboard shortcuts Printing Printer connections and print drivers Recovery The Recovery Console RUN commands Start | Run commands ProfileFolders User Shell Folders Registry User interface settings (XP)
BuiltIn Groups Built-In Users and Security Groups Groups Local Domain groups, Global and Universal
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Moving and copying files by using the drag-and-dropmethod
The most common way to copy and move files and foldersis by using the drag-and-drop method, which means that
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you select one or more files and drag them to another location. For example, you can drag a file to the RecycleBin to delete the file, or drag a file to a folder to copy or
move it to that location.
How to drag files
When you drag a file or folder, exactly what happensdepends upon what you drag and where you drag it. Pop-upwindows containing information appear when you drag afile over a destination—pay attention to these to find outwhat will happen when you release the mouse button. Youcan also refer to the following table to learn more aboutwhat happens when you drag files and folders.
Tip
If you press and hold the right mouse button whiledragging, a menu appears that lets you choose a specificaction, such as copying or moving.
Dragging files
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When you drag a file This is what happensInto a folder on same harddisk
The file is moved to thedestination folder.
Into a folder on a differenthard disk The file is copied to the folder on the destination disk.Into the Navigation pane(left pane) of a folder
Nothing. You can't add files tothe Navigation pane.
Dragging folders
When you drag a
folderThis is what happens
Into a folder onsame hard disk
The folder is moved to the destinationfolder.
Into a folder on adifferent hard disk
The folder is copied to the folder on thedestination disk.
Into the Navigation
pane of a folder
A link to the folder is added to the Navigation pane, and the link is then
available from the Navigation pane of every folder.Was this helpful?
Windows Explorer
File management is the term used to refer to various
actions that are carried out on files in the computer (Egcopying, moving and deleting files). The reason that thisis necessary is because files are stored in areas, referredto as Folders. This is to keep things organized so thatyou and the computer knows how to find the files next
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time you need them. Examples of file manage are whenyou want to delete a file in a particular folder, or movean existing file from one folder to another. The main
program used for file management, is WindowsExplorer. You will normally find this under Start |Programs | Windows Explorer, although a Shortcut isnormally on the desktop as well. The common layout hasthe menu at the top, Folders (sometimes referred to asdirectories) down the left and the contents of the selectedFolder on the right. There are various methods that can
be used in this program for file management. Once youlearn these methods, and select the one you are mostcomfortable with, you will find that most “File Open”and “File Save As” dialogue boxes in other programswill work the same way. This means that you can createa Folder or Sub-Folder and then save a file into thatFolder. If you put a file into the wrong Folder, then youcan move it to the correct one.
The basic operation in Windows Explorer is to select theFolder that you want to work with in the left window,then perform the required actions in the right window.Common actions and methods used in WindowsExplorer are:
Select Folder - Left Click on Folder name in leftWindow.
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Expand Folder - Left Click on at left hand side of Folder name in left Window.
Double Left click on Folder name inleft Window.
Press Right Arrow.
Retract Folder - Left Click on at left handside of Folder name in left Window.
Double click on the expanded Folder
name (toggles step above).
Press Left Arrow.
Move a file - Left Click in right window anddrag file to destination Folder.
Right Click in right window, drag file
to Folder and choose "Move Here" from the smallmenu presented.
Left Click in right window, Click onCut in the toolbar, change todestination Folder, and Click on Pastein the toolbar.
Copy a file - Left Click in right window, hold downCtrl key and drag file to Folder.
Right Click in right window, drag file
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to Folder and choose "Copy Here" from the smallmenu presented.
Left Click in right window, Click onCopy in the toolbar, change todestination Folder, and Click on Pastein the toolbar.
Create folder - Left Click on existing Folder or Ms-dos(C:) in left window where the new Folder isto be created, then Right Click in empty area in right
window, choose New | Folder and type in a name.
The following picture shows Windows Explorer programfor a typical computer. When you run the program on your computer you will be able to see the disk drives and theFolders that exist in each, in the Left Window. Folders can
be singular, with files stored in them, or you can have Sub-Folders within Folders to further divide up the locations for storing files. Using the methods listed above, you canSelect, Expand and Retract Folders. Once selected, you can
perform file management using the above techniques in theright window.
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Eg, to create a Sub Folder in the “My
Documents” Folder, do the following:1. Left Click on the “My Documents” Folder
in the left window.
2. Right Click in the space in the rightwindow.
3. Choose New | Folder.
4. Type in a name for the new Sub Folder and press Enter.
When the “My Documents” Folder is expanded, youwill see the Folder just created .
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Paint Brush
Sound simple doesn't it? Using a paint brush should beinstinctive. Well, there's good news and bad news. The badnews is that good painting technique is not instinctive. Thegood news is it is easy to learn and I'm going to show you
how.There is a process to proper paint brush usage and itinvolves these steps:
Brush Loading;Paint Application and Paint Distribution;Paint Smoothing or Evening Out.
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