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PARADIGMS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
© LOUIS COHEN, LAWRENCE MANION & KEITH MORRISON
STRUCTURE OF THE CHAPTER• The search for truth • Two conceptions of social reality• Positivism• The assumptions, nature and tools of science • The scientific method• Criticisms of positivism and the scientific method• Naturalistic approaches• Normative and interpretive paradigms• Phenomenology, ethnomethodology, symbolic interactionism• Criticisms of naturalistic and interpretive approaches• Mixed methods research• Post-positivism, post modernism and post-structuralism• Complexity theory
PARADIGMS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
COMPLEXITYTHEORY
INTERPRETIVE
MIXED METHODS POST-POSITIVIST
POST-STRUCTURALIST
POST-MODERNIST
POSITIVIST
POSITIVISM (MACRO)
NOMOTHETIC, LAWS
OBJECTIVITY
CAUSALITY
NATURAL SCIENCE BASIS
GENERALIZATION
PREDICTION
CONTROL, MANIPULATION
QUANTIFICATION, LARGE SCALE
POSITIVIST DESIGN
REVIEW PREVIOUSLITERATURE
FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS
DESIGN RESEARCH
COLLECT DATA
IDENTIFY TOPIC
ANALYZE DATA REPORT FINDINGS
LOOK FOR ALTERNATIVE
EXPLANATIONS
START PROCESSAGAIN
NO
YES
POSITIVIST METHODS
EXPERIMENTS
SURVEYS
TESTS
INTERPRETIVE PARADIGM (MICRO)
NATURALISTIC
SPECIFIC/NON-GENERALIZABLE
SUBJECTIVITY, INTENTIONALITY
UNDERSTANDING/INTERPRETATION
IDIOGRAPHIC
INTERPRETATION
CONTEXT-BOUND
AGENCY
FLUIDITY, CHANGE
MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES
INTERPRETIVE/ETHNOGRAPHIC
LITERATURE REVIEW
IDENTIFY TOPIC
RESEARCH DESIGN
DATA COLLECTION
DATA ANALYSIS
ELABORATION OF CONCEPTS/THEORIES
REPORT OF FINDINGS
NATURALISTIC METHODS
ETHNOGRAPHY NARRATIVES, DOCUMENTS
THICK DESCRIPTION
OBSERVATION INTERVIEWS
NUMBERS, MEASUREMENT
SURVEY, EXPERIMENT
POSITIVISTAPPROACHES
ETHNOGRAPHY
NATURALISTIC APPROACHES
INTERVIEW
OBSERVATION
CASE STUDY
ACTION RESEARCH
NUMBERS, MEASUREMENT
SURVEY
ACTION RESEARCH
MIXEDMETHODS
ETHNOGRAPHY
EXPERIMENT
INTERVIEW
HISTORICAL & DOCUMENTARY
OBSERVATION
CASE STUDY
META-ANALYSIS
VIRTUAL WORLDS
MULTIPLE REALITIES INTERPRETIVE
RELATIVIST
POST-POSITIVISM, POST-STRUCTURALISM & POSTMODERNISM
NO GRAND NARRATIVES
CONTEXT & TEMPORALITY
DIFFERENCE &DIVERSITY
DISCOURSES
PHENOMENOLOGY
CONTRADICTORYDISCOURSES
AGENCY & INDIVIDUALISM
MULTIPLE MEANINGS
COMPLEXITY THEORY
Complex adaptive systems
Non-linearsystems
Open systems
Relationships Emergence
Connected-ness
Order without control
Distributedcontrol
Feedback/ communi-
cation
Self-organization
Holism