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Para-, proto-, secondary diplomacy,
Nebenaußenpolitik – border regions’ international
activities within multi-level governance and cross-border
integrationEuropean and North American approaches
Martin Klatt, PhD.Associate Professor
Dept. of Border Region StudiesSønderborg
Outline
1. Cross-border cooperation as a form of secondary diplomacy
2. European and North American examples3. Governance: problem solving or peace building?
1. German – Danish approach2. US-Canada
1. ”Peace Arch etc.2. Roll-back after 9/11 2001
4. Consequences
Para-, proto- diplomacy, Nebenaußenpolitik
International relations of federal states, regions, provinces, municipalities
Secondary diplomacy, ”non-state” diplomacy Difficult term Formalized (agreements, treaties,
representations) Informalized (networks, working relations)
Cross-border governance in Europe and North America
”State of the art”: North America: flow oriented, functional, non-
formalized (i.e. Blatter/Clement 2000, Blatter 2001) Economical/Ecological motives dominate and/or steer
cooperation Europe: territorial approach, formalized –
euroregions, EGTC (Scott, Perkmann, Paasi …) Create cross-border regions, territories Political motives dominate
”peace building” Europe of the people Bottom-up Europeanization
Europe of (Cross-Border) Regions?
Keating: regionalization of power is not the aim of EU Regional Policies, nor in the interest of nation states*
Schmitt-Egner: Transnational Regionalism – regions develop cross-border action space
Multi-level governance: Regions and Cross-border Regions have become important players in the EU’s system of multilevel governance
M. Keating: (2008) A Quarter Century of the Europe of Regions, Regional and Federal Studies 18 (5), 629-635
A Europe of Cross-Border Regions (CBRs)?
Source: Association of European Border Regions
Sønderjylland-Schleswig – A cross-border Region?
Region Sønderjylland-Schleswig was founded as a euroregion in 1997
Historic reference to the Duchy of Schleswig
Territorial reference
Peace building?
Narrative connected with the minority situation
Applied on the people-to-people activities
”Der må være en grænse!”May 1997
Fl. Tageblatt, 9 May 2011
Governance
Restructured in 2011 Infocenter Facilitator for cross-border projects No clear political function
Framework of German-Danish coop.
South-Western Baltic Sea Transregional Area Implementig New Geography (STRING)
Cooperation Schleswig-Holstein – Region South Denmark
Border Triangle Region Sønderjylland-Schleswig Interreg Germany-Denmark
Familiarity?
Poll in 2012 (Region South Denmark, 1,000 people north and south of the border) 75% agreed at least ”somewhat”: regional
Germans and Danes have much in common 75% did not have family or friends on the other
side of the border So how do they know?
US-Canada – border of peace?
Narrative of the longest, unguarded border of the world
Rollback since 9/11 2001
Smart Border Security paradigm Total control Pre-check, EDL,
preferred traveller, NEXUS etc.
Local influence????
North American CBRs*
*Govt. of Canada, Policy Research Initiative, 2008Method: primarily economic relations (trade)
Pacific North West Economic Region (PNWER)
”The gold standard of US-Canadian relations” Foundation, created by Alaska, Idaho, Oregon,
Montana, Washington State, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon, North West Territories
One big conference/year Several working groups Small secretariate in Seattle (WA) Politics, business, academia Governance: problem solving, case oriented
International Mobility and Trade Corridor Program
International working group along I 5 corridor Many stakeholders: from Federal institutions to
first nation tribes – mostly public Monthly meetings Aim: improving transport and mobility Governance: informing, discussing, cross-
border problem solving – no influence on the general agenda (security paradigm)
Cascadia Mayors’ Council
Working group of mayors (municipal) in Cascadia Started in 1998, suspended in 2007 (last meeting
in 2006) Great visions, no results Informative meetings, some resolutions (against
tougher border control) Depended on personal commitment Suspended due to lack of interest/tangible results
Environmental cooperation
Salish Sea Eco System Conference (initiators: EPA, Environment Canada) Annual conference involving different stakeholders
(politics, business, NGOs, academia) Critical dialogue, forum of information exchange
Abbotsford Sumas Aquifer International Task Force Cross-border water reservoir Cooperation driven by necessity
Washington State – BC cross-border task force Elapsed Dependent on personal commitment Each party has to solve their own issues first
Cross-border governance
Multi-level, low authority Stakeholder oriented Project oriented Dependent on commitment and necessity Low level institutionalisation No special focus on cross-border territoriality
Diplomacy?
Good, multi-level networks Competing with the sovereignty principle – but do
they win? Reproducing borders through cooperation Peace-building?
Reversibility (9/11, Danish border controls) Continuous unfamiliarity (DE-DK) Reduced interaction (US-CA)
References
Blatter, J. and N. Clement (2000). Transborder Collaboration in Europe and North America: Explaining Similarities and Differences. Borders, Regions and People. M. v. d. Velde and H. v. Houtum. London, Pion: 85-103.
BLATTER, J. K. (2001). "Debordering the World of States:: Towards a Multi-Level System in Europe and a Multi-Polity System in North America? Insights from Border Regions." European Journal of International Relations 7(2): 175-209.