Upload
others
View
5
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
PsyschedelicBirth:Bodies,Boundaries,andthePerceptionofPaininthe1970s
WendyKline,PurdueUniversity
PaperforWitsInterdisciplinarySeminarintheHumanitiesSeptember17,2018
On6March1973,Antonio,athirty-two-year-oldpsychiatristattemptedto
describetheunfathomablepainhehadjustexperienced.1“Outofnowherethemost
intensepainimaginablestartedpenetratingmyhandslikealazerbeamoranail,”he
wrote.Hecouldfeelthe“terrible,agonizingweight”ofthenailtearingintohisflesh.
Theintensepaininturntriggeredearliermemoriesofpain.Thefirstwasthe
severingofhisumbilicalcordatbirth;thesecond,hiscircumcisionasamedical
student.Andthen,anotherpainstarted,oneevenmoretorturous.Theskinatthe
edgeofhisfingernailsstartedpeelingoff,littlebylittle.Theonlythingthatkepthim
fromcollapsing,ironically,wasthesheerintensityofthepain;itdidnotallowroom
foranythingelse.“ItfeltasifIwassufferingthepainofallmankind,”hereflected.2
Antonio’sexperiencewouldnotbesurprisingtoliteraryscholarElaine
Scarry,whoarguedin1985thatduringintensemomentsofpain,the“contentsof
consciousness”are“obliterated.”3InTheBodyinPain,shepositsadirectconnection
betweenlevelsofpainandanindividual’ssenseofself.“Itistheintensepainthat
destroysaperson’sselfandworld,adestructionexperiencedspatiallyaseitherthe
contractionoftheuniversedowntotheimmediatevicinityofthebodyorasthe
bodyswellingtofilltheentireuniverse,”sheexplains.4Painforcestheindividualto
2
completelydissociatefromthecorporealbody,somethingthatScarryandother
academicsperceivedtobeatraumaticexperience.
Anotherstoryofalteredconsciousness,however,challengesthenotionthat
suchdissociationwasinherentlytraumatic.OnAugust2,1973,afterhoursofpain,a
younghippiebythenameofEllenfoundherselftransformed.Itbeganwithmusic,
assheaskedherhusbandPhiltoplaythepiano,thinkingitmighthelpsootheher.
“WhileIamnotanactualpianoplayer,”Philrecalled,“somequietmusicdidseemto
haveacalminginfluence.”5AndEllenbegantoreleasetheintensepain.“Onceit
startedhappening,”shewrote,“Iforgotallaboutthatotherstuffandexperienceda
wholeotherlevelofconsciousnessthatseemedeternalandtimeless.”Shelater
rememberedthat“thesenseofreliefandrelaxationmadeitseemlikeIwasmelting.
Iremembermymouthhangingopen,drooling,andfeelingverywarmand
psychedelicandlight-headed.Layingthere,IfeltOnewitheveryoneinthe
Universe.”6
Withinmonthsofeachother,AntonioandEllenperceivedintense
experiencesofpaininverydifferentways.Bothappearedtobeinalteredstatesof
consciousness,eitherbecauseoftheirpain,orinspiteoftheirpain.Whatwas
happening,andwhy?
Inordertoexplorethesignificanceoftheirexperiences,wehavetoputthem
inhistoricalcontext.Antoniohadswallowed400microgramsofLSDaspartofa
professionalstudyandtrainingprogramattheMarylandPsychiatricResearch
Institute,oneofapproximately116clinicalLSDstudiesfundedbytheNational
InstituteofMentalHealthintheU.S.7Inthisparticularstudy,conductedatthe
3
SpringGroveStateHospitalbetween1970and1975,108mentalhealth
professionalsvolunteeredtotakebetweenoneandthreehighleveldosesofLSD
andrecordtheirshortandlong-termreactionstothedrug.Theaverageageofthe
volunteerswasbetween39and41,andtwo-thirdsofthemwereeitherM.D.sor
Ph.D.s.Eighty-sixofthesubjectsweremale;onlytwenty-twowerefemale–aresult
ofthedecisionamongthepsychedelicresearchstafftoexcludewomenof
childbearingage“intheremotepossibilitythattheremaybesomedanger.”8This
decisionmayhavebeenaresponsetoLSDstudiesconductedinthelate1960son
pregnantratsandhamsterstotestforfetalabnormalities.9A1968reportdelivered
attheFederationofAmericanSocietiesforExperimentalBiologysuggestedthat
LSD’seffects“canbepasseddownthroughgenerations”butemphasizedthatthe
datacouldnotbeappliedtohumans.”10Likemanyscientistsengagedinpsychedelic
researchinthelate1960s,however,theydidn’twanttotakeanyunnecessaryrisks.
AsLSDbecamearecreationaldrugofthecounterculture,scientistsrightly
suspectedthattheirresearchwasinjeopardyandproceededwithcaution.
ThustheMPRIprofessionalstudyfocusedpredominantlyonmen,though
thisgenderimbalancewasnotdiscussedinthefindings.Theresultswerepositive
thoughsomewhatinconclusiveastolong-termeffects.Two-thirdsofthesubjects
experiencedpsychedelic“peak”experiences.Antoniowasoneofthem.Hiswasan
imaginedpain,inducedbyadrugthatalteredhisstateofconsciousnessonthat
memorableMarchday.
Ellen,ontheotherhand,hadnottakenanydrugsduringherAugustepisode.
Ninemonthspregnant,herpainstemmedfromcontractionssheexperiencedwhile
4
inlabor.Thoughshefelt“verywarmandpsychedelicandlightheaded,”herjourney
intoanalteredstateprovidedherwithanaturalsenseofpainrelief.Shewasoneof
sevenhundredhippieswholivedinbuses,tents,andafewhousesonathousand
acresofpropertyjustoutsideofSummertown,Tennessee,inanintentional
communityknownas“TheFarm.”By1973,TheFarmwasalreadywellknown,and
aremarkablefifteenthousandvisitorstraipsedthroughthepropertythatyear
alone,sometogawk,othersseekingfood,shelter,oraplacetogivebirth.Duetothe
presenceofself-trainedmidwivesandabeliefinthespiritualandtransformative
natureofbirth(whendoneoutsideofthehospital),childbirthonTheFarmbecame
itsownkindofpsychedelicexperience.11
Otherthantheiralteredstatesofconsciousness,Antonio’sandEllen’s
experiencesappeartosharenothingincommon.Antoniowaspartofa
predominantlymalescientificstudyconductedinalaboratorysetting,whileEllen
wasoneofagrowingnumberofwomenseekinganalternativetohospitalbirth.
Together,however,theirstoriessuggestsomethingdeeperaboutthequesttoinfuse
twoprofessions--psychiatryandmidwifery--withgreaterspiritualmeaningata
timeofgreatsocialupheaval.12LSDresearchersandhippiehomebirthmidwives,
marginalizedbyboththemainstreamandlaterhistorians,pushedtheboundaries
betweenscienceandspiritualism,betweenpainandpleasure.
GENDERANDPAIN
YettherewassomethingfundamentallydifferentinthewayAntonioand
Ellenexperiencedandinterpretedpain,eveninanalteredstateofconsciousness.
Culturalassumptionsaboutgenderhelptoexplainthisdifference.Studiessuggest
5
thatwomenbothexperienceandtendtoreportmorepainthanmen.Yettheyare
“morelikelytobelesswelltreated.”13Thiswasagreaterprobleminthe1960s,
whengenderdifferenceswereevenmorepronounced.Priortothewomen’shealth
movementandthefeministdemandforagencyandvalidityinthedoctor’soffice,
thesubjectivityofexperiencedpainseemedtosupporttheassumptionthatwomen
wereindeedtheweakersex.Ifwomenweremorefragileandemotional,thenof
courseitwas“allintheirhead.”14Withoutthepresenceofobjectivebiological
indicatorsofpain—theonlytypeofevidencevaluedinmodernmedicine—then
subjective,experientialreportswereirrelevant.
Butbytheearly1970s,somescholarsbegantochallengethismedicalmodel,
andthepresumeddistinctionbetweenbodyandmind.15AssociologistGillian
Bendalowargues,therewas“aneedtobroadenoutthedefinitionofpainfromthe
Cartesianpropositionwhichinevitablyactstodivorcementalfromphysicalstates
andtendstoattributesinglesymptomstosinglecauses.”16Opponentstothe
Cartesianmodelsuggestedthatpsychological,cultural,andemotionalfactors,could
anddidalterpainperception.SociologistIrvingZola—nostrangertofeminism,as
hewasmarriedtonotedwomen’shealthactivistJudyNorsigian—arguedthatpain
was“asmuchaculturalconstructasascientificone.”17Anesthesiologistand
medicalethicistHenryK.Beecherintroducedthenotionofaplaceboeffect,
observingthatundercertaincircumstances,placeboscouldeffectivelyrelieve
pain.18Asaresult,historianKeithWailoonotes,paintheorymoved“deliberately,
relentlessly,towardappreciatingthepowerofthesubjective,themind,psychology,
andperceptioninpainanditscontrol.”19
6
Theimplicationsofthisshiftwereenormous.Experiencingpain—whether
throughtheintensecontractionsoflabororthepotentiallyperilousjourneyofthe
psychedelictrip—tookonnewmeaningandvalue.Paincouldbetransformative;a
process,aspiritualjourney,apathtowardenlightenment.Yetnotallpainwas
createdequal;somevoicescontinuedtospeaklouderthanothers.
AstheauthorsoftheIntroductionofthisspecialissuenote,childbirth
becameakeyfocalpointinthedebateofpain.Itwasclearlygendered;onlywomen
givebirth.Butnaturalchildbirthadvocates,evenbeforethe1970s,stressedthe
extenttowhichpainstemmedlessfromthebiologyofbirthandmorefromfear.
OneofthefirstadvocateswasDr.GrantlyDick-Read,whopublishedhisfirstbook,
NaturalChildbirth,in1933.Inthatandhislater1944publication,Childbirth
WithoutFear,hepositedthatpaininchildbirthwasnotphysiological,butwas
insteadrootedinfear.Thesolutionwasnotanesthesiabutpreparationand
education.Over95percentofwomen,heargued,arecapableofexperiencing
childbirthwithoutunbearablepain.20
SETANDSETTING
Themosteffectivewaytoreducepaininchildbirthwithoutanesthesiawas
tocontroltheenvironmentinwhichlabortookplace.Creatingasettingtoreassure
laboringwomenthattheyweresafeandgettingtheminarelaxedmindsetwould
thereforeminimizepain.Childbirthcouldbepainless,evenwithouttheuseof
drugs.
Atestamenttotheunusualparallelsbetweenpsychedelicsandchildbirth,the
“setandsetting”principleemergednotfrombirthreformers,butfromLSD
7
research.ItwasintroducedbyTimothyLearyintheearly1960stoexplainwhat
madethepsychedelicdrugsdifferentfromothertypesofmedicine.Theactual
effectofpsychedelicdrugssuchasLSDdependedontwothings,Learyexplained.
First,itwascontingentuponthesetofthepersonhavingtheexperience–“his
personality,preparation,intentionandexpectation.”Second,itreliedonthesetting
–physical,social,andcultural(wheretheexperiencetookplace,withwhom,andin
whattypeofenvironment).21Anindividual’sperceptionofpainandpleasure,and
theabilitytoexperiencespiritualtransformationandalteredconsciousness,was
entirelycontingentuponsetandsetting,accordingtopsychedelicresearchers.22
Thus,ifwereturntothestoriesofAntonioandEllen,wecanbegintoseethe
extenttowhicheachbelievedthattheyhadchosenamechanismtowardspiritual
enlightenmentthroughpain.Whilethevehicletowardstransformationdiffered,the
processwassurprisinglysimilar.Andtheywerenotalone.Throughtheirstories,
andthoseofotherhippiehomebirthers(primarilyfemale)andpsychedelic
psychiatrists(primarilymale),weareabletotrackhowtwodifferenttypesof
alternativepractitionerssoughttoreshapeandredefinetheirprofessions.Three
themesareapparentinthesestories:thefluidityofboundaries,out-of-body
experiences,andcosmicunity.Theyappearintwoverydifferentcontexts:ahippie
communeandapsychiatrichospital.
THEFARMANDSPIRITUALMIDWIFERY
WhileTheFarmwaslocatedinTennessee,itsfounderswerefirmlygrounded
inCalifornia’scounterculture.MostwerefollowersofStephenGaskin,whohad
8
beenteachingcreativewritingandsemanticsatSanFranciscoStateCollegeinthe
1960s.Bytheendofthedecade,hebeganofferingacoursethroughthe
ExperimentalCollegecalled“MondayNightClass,”aseriesoflecturescovering
everythingfrommeditationtodiscussionsaboutpolitics,religion,andpsychedelics.
Thecoursereflectedtheexperimentationandsyncretismofthecountercultural
1960s.“Whenwefirstgottheclasstogetherwewerelikearesearchinstrument,
andwereadeverythingwecouldonreligion,magic,superstition,ecology,
extrasensoryperception,fairytales,collectiveunconscious,folkways,andmathand
physics,”Gaskinrecalled.“Andwebeganfindingthingsoutaswewentalongabout
thenatureofthemind.”23By1969,thisclasshadgrowntoseveralthousandpeople,
manyofwhombegantoseeGaskinastheirspiritualteacher.“Theideawasto
comparenoteswithothertrippersabouttrippingandthewholepsychicand
psychedelicworld,”wroteGaskin,bythenheavilycaughtupintheSanFrancisco
counterculturalscene.
PsychiatricresearchonLSDandotherpsychoactivesubstanceshadbeenon
theincreaseoverthepastdecade,asscientificstudiessuggestedtheirtherapeutic
potential.24GaskinandhisMondayNightfollowersalsobelievedinthetherapeutic
potentialofpsychedelics,butinadifferentcontext.AccordingtoGaskin,
psychedelicsservedasacatalysttoexpandhumanconsciousnessandattaingreater
spiritualawareness.Thus,drugs(initiallyLSD,butthennaturalsubstancespeyote
andpsilocybin)werearegularpartofMondaynightclass,aswellasSunday
MorningServices(standingmeditations)heldbeforesunriseinSutroPark.
Accordingtoonefollower,“SundayServicewasconsideredanidealplacetotrip—a
9
peacefuloasisintime,wheretheenergywasdependablyhigh,thevibesgood,andof
course,therewasStephen—trippingguideextraordinaire.”25
In1970,Gaskinwasinvitedtodeliveraseriesoflecturesatschoolsand
churchesacrossthecountry,andovertwohundredofhisfollowersdecidedtojoin
himinschoolbusesforthisso-called“AstralContinentalCongress,”acallfora
spiritualandsocialrevolution.TheCaravan,asitcametobecalled,generatedmore
andmoremediaattentionasitscollectionofschoolbuseswoundtheirwaythrough
forty-twostatesspreadingtheinchoatemessagesofpeace,spiritual,andsocial
revolutiontostudentsandchurchgoers.
PerhapsthemostremarkableaspectoftheCaravanwastheelevenbirths
thattookplaceonbusesenroute.Thefirstbirthhappenedinaparkinglotat
NorthwesternUniversity,whileStephenwaslecturinginsideanauditorium.Bythe
endofthetrip,acoregroupofwomen,undertheleadershipofInaMayGaskin,had
becomethedesignatedmidwives,teachingthemselvesalongtheway.
Attheendofthetour,Gaskinandhisfollowersdecidedtopurchaselandin
Tennesseeandcreateacommuneonathousandacres.Oncesettled,InaMayGaskin
andafewotherwomenestablishedamoreformalpracticeofmidwifery,consulting
thelocaldoctorwhoregularlydeliveredthenearbyAmishbabiesathome.Asthe
populationgrew(upto1500in1982,withabout14,000visitorsperyear),sodid
thenumberofbirths.Over2500babieshavebeenbornonTheFarmbythese
midwives,whosefavorablestatistics(includinga1.8%cesareansectionrate)have
caughttheattentionofconsumersandbirthpractitionersaroundtheworld.26
10
ManymorebirthshavebeenaffectedbyInaMay’shomebirthingphilosophy
thanthosebornonTheFarm,however.Herbook,SpiritualMidwifery,aguideto
birthingforconsumersandbirthpractitionerspublishedonTheFarm,hassoldover
halfamillioncopies,hasbeentranslatedintosixlanguages,andisstillinprint.
Ellen’sstorywasoneofoverseventybirthstoriesinthebookthatintroduced
ordinaryreaderstotheconceptofout-of-hospitalbirth.Fromtheveryfirstedition
ofthebookin1975toitsmostrecentprintingin2004,thesestorieshaveinspired
manyreaderstorethinkhowandwheretheirchildrenshouldbeborn.
Incontrasttothestandarddescriptionsoftheagonyofchildbirth,birth
storiespublishedinSpiritualMidwiferyweremorelikelytofocusontheecstasy.
Theyalsoutilizedthesamehippievocabularyusedtodescribedrugexperiences.“I
laiddownonthebedandbegantorushandeverythinggotpsychedelic,”described
MaryofherlaboronTheFarm.“Ibeganhavingbeautiful,rushingcontractionsthat
startedlow,builtuptoapeak,andthenleftmefloatingabouttwofeetoffthebed,”
shecontinued.Ashercontractionsintensified,theybecamemorepleasurable.“It
feltlikeIwasmakinglovetotherushesandIcouldwigglemybodyandpushinto
themanditwasreallyfine.”WhetherornotMary’sexperienceaccurately
representedatypicalbirthonTheFarm,itbecamethestandardtoaimfor,andwas
highlightedinthebookas“agooddescriptionofhowtohandletheenergyofthe
rushesofchildbirth.”27Itwasanintenselyphysicalandemotionalexperience,and
therebyanopportunityforspiritualgrowth.Withtherightpsychictools,Farm
hippiesbelieved,energycouldbechanneledintopleasureratherthanpain.
11
Repeatedreferencestopsychedelicstatesduringlaborunderscoredthe
connections--whetherliteralormetaphorical—thatFarmbirthersperceived
betweenthetwo.“IfelthigherthanIeverhadinmylife.Itwassuchaheavy
spiritualexperience,andsomuchfun.InbetweenrushesI’dlaughathowtelepathic
itwas,”wrotemidwifeCarolNelson28Inthepropersetting,physicalboundaries
betweentheself/bodyandtheexternalworldcouldmeltaway.“Iwassomewhere
ontheastralplane,feelingalltheforcesoftheUniverse,itfeltlike,poundingmy
body,”anotherwroteofherlabor,addingthat“Iflashedonwildstallions,thunder
andlightning,andtheocean.Ifeltlikemybrainandupperbodywereseparatefrom
therestofme,andwerelookingdownontheaction.”29
ManystoriesfeaturedinSpiritualMidwiferymadereferencestocommunal
out-of-bodyexperiencesthatappearedtoprovidepainrelief.“MaryLouisecame
overandputherattentiontotallytome.SheandIswappedbodies,”wroteSheila.
“Itwasfarout.IfeltmyselfleaveandenterMaryLouise’sandshecameoverand
didafewcontractionsforme,”shecontinued,believingthatthisprocessrenewed
herstrength.Italsotransportedhertoanotherdimension.Thensheadded:
“Ifoundmyselfinabeautifulplacewithagreenfieldandahouse.Itwasa
placeI’dneverseenbefore.Icouldstilltellmybodywascontracting,butI
wasdetachedfromit.ItoldMaryLouisewhathappenedandshesaidshe’d
beendoingthatcontractionandhadbeenabletofeelitall.”30
Recentstudiespointtoevidencethatvalidatesout-of-bodyexperiences
(OBEs)asa“knownandrecognizablephenomenon”ratherthanillusory.
Interestingly,currentscholarsattributetheexistenceofout-of-bodyexperiences
12
duringchildbirthasanindicationoftrauma,ratherthanasacopingmechanismor
anexpressionofjoy.Scholarsperceivedescriptionsofwomenfloatingoutoftheir
bodies,observingthebirthfromabove,asaformofdissociationordisembodiment,
signifyingcurrentorpasttrauma.31
ThiswasnotwhatwasbeingdescribedinSpiritualMidwifery.Inthiscontext,
birthwastrulyacommunalexperience–notjustwitnessedbyothers,butfeltby
othersaswell.Thisispartofwhatmadeittransformative.“Wekeptpassingthe
energybetweenus,andMaryLouisekneltnearmylegsandCarolandEdwardwere
oneithersideofme,”wroteanotherwomaninlabor.“I’drushandtheenergy
wouldmoveuptheirspinesandthey’darchtheirbacksandstraightenasthey’d
rush.”32Birth,inthissetting,provideda“contacthigh”foritsparticipantsthatcould
guidethemalltowardsgreaterspiritualawareness.“Maureen’sbirthwasavery
psychedelicexperienceforJosephandme,”wrotemidwifeMaryLouise.“She
seemedtobefillinguswithherconsciousness.”33Birthprovided,inthewordsof
psychologistAbrahamMaslow,apeakexperience–those“powerfulmomentsof
clarity,joy,orreligiousecstasy”thathewroteaboutinhisinfluential1964volume,
Religions,Values,andPeakExperiences.34Maslowdescribedpeakexperiencesas
“rare,exciting,oceanic,deeplymoving,exhilarating,elevatingexperiencesthat
generateanadvancedformofperceivingreality,andareevenmysticandmagicalin
theireffectupontheexperimenter.”35
Psychedelicbirthalsostrengthenedthematernalinfantbond,accordingto
itsadvocates.“Icouldn’tbelievethestrongbondIfeltformynewbabyandthe
overwhelmingmaternalinstinct,”wroteonenewmother.Shedescribedthefirst
13
momentswithhernewbornsonas“paradise;”shewas“mindblown”byhisbeauty
andherloveforhim.Herdescriptiontakesonadecidedlypsychedelictone.“The
treesandtheearlymorninglightjustflashedandreverbedlikeastrobe-light,and
forseveraldaysIwouldhaveaflashbackateverydawnandsunset.Iwasecstatic
fortwoweeks,”shewrote.36
Perhapsthemostprofoundaspectofthebirthexperiencedescribedwithin
thepagesofSpiritualMidwiferywasitsabilitytoinstillasenseofcosmicunity.
PsychiatristStanGrofdescribedbasiccharacteristicsofthecosmicunityexperience
as
“transcendenceofthesubject-objectdichotomy,exceptionallystrong
positiveaffect(peace,tranquility,serenity,bliss),aspecialfeelingof
sacredness,transcendenceoftimeandspace,experienceofpurebeing,and
arichnessofinsightsofcosmicrelevance.”37
ThoughhewasreferringtotheexperienceofLSDsubjects,cosmicunity–or
“oceanicecstasy,”asGrofsometimescalledit,wasaprevalentdescriptorinSpiritual
Midwiferybirthstories.“Wewereridingtherusheslikeasurferridesthewaves,”
wroteEdwardofhiswife’slabor.“TheenergywouldswellupandJanet’seyes
wouldgrowdeeperuntilitseemedlikeIcouldlookthroughthemlikepeepholes,
andseethevastnessofthecosmosoutbeyondherpupils;endlessspace.”38Ellen
“experiencedawholeotherlevelofconsciousnessthatseemedeternalandtimeless”
duringherlabor.“Layingthere,IfeltOnewitheveryoneintheUniverse,”she
wrote.39Anotherexperiencedasenseofcosmicunityafterherdaughterwasborn,
14
writing:“HereyesopenedrightawayanditlookedliketheUniversebeingunfolded
beforemyeyes.”40
Inthecounterculturalcontext,then,childbirthbecameacommunityevent,a
sourceofspiritualawakeningandtranscendence,andevenapsychedelic
experience.IttookrootinNorthernCaliforniaasanaturalextensionofStephen
Gaskin’steachings.AsthepracticetraveledfromthehillsofSanFranciscotothe
busesontheCaravanandontoSummertown,Tennessee,itgainednewmeaning
andsignificance.Whatstartedasanexperimentinalternativebirthingbecamean
establishedprofession,ablendingofspiritualtheories,trialanderror,andmedical
advice.
Itwasfarfrommainstream,thoughmediacoverageandthepublicationof
SpiritualMidwiferydidputalternativemidwiferyonthemap.Morewasneeded,
however,tocounteracttheclaimsthatwhatwashappeningonTheFarmwasrisky
andselfish,privilegingthedesiresofthemotheroverthesafetyofthechild.To
understandhowalternativebirthcontinuedtogaincredence,weneedtoturntothe
emergingtheoriesofpsychiatry.
PSYCHEDELICPSYCHIATRYATSPRINGGROVESTATEHOSPITAL
StanislavGrofwasamedicalstudentworkinginthepsychiatrydepartment
atCharlesUniversityinPraguewhenapackagearrivedonemorningin1956.The
boxwasfromSandozPharmaceuticalLaboratoriesinBasel,Switzerland.Itwasnot
thatunusualforpharmaceuticalcompaniestodistributetheirdrugsinthehopes
thatresearcherswouldconductstudiesonthem.Whatwasspecialaboutthis
packagewasitschemicalcontents:LSD-25.Sandozsuggestedinaletterinthebox
15
thatLSD“mightbeusedasakindofunconventionaltrainingtoolthatwould
providepsychiatrists,psychologists,students,andnursestheopportunitytospend
afewhoursintheworldoftheirpatients.”41Sandozhadbegunshipping
investigationalsamplesunderthetradenameDelysidtopsychiatristsin1949for
experimentaluse,arguingitcouldbeusedtotreatschizophreniaandanxiety,as
wellas“toinducemodelpsychosesofshortdurationinnormalsubjects,thus
facilitatingstudiesonthepathogenesisofmentaldisease.”42
Grofwasintrigued.OnNovember13,1956,--St.Stanislav’sday—he
swallowed150microgramsofLSDasoneoftheearliestCzechvolunteersforsucha
study.“Whathappenedtomewasenormous,andseemedlikethebeginningofa
newlife,”hesaidlater.43Withinafewhoursofingestingthedrug,hisentire
conceptionaboutthehumanpsycheandtheroleofpsychoanalysiswasturned
upsidedown.“Icouldn’tbelievehowmuchIlearnedaboutmypsycheinthosefew
hours,”herecalled.Hewas“hitbyaradiancethatseemedcomparabletothe
epicenterofanuclearexplosion.”Theexplosion“catapulted”himoutofhisbody.
“Ataninconceivablespeedmyconsciousnessexpandedtocosmicdimensions”44
Thetimingwasfortuitous,forGrofwasinthemidstofanexistentialcrisis.
LikemanypsychiatristsinEuropeandtheU.S.inthe1950s,hewasinspiredby
Freudiananalysis.Psychoanalytictheory,hebelieved,offered“seeminglybrilliant
explanationsforavarietyofmysteriousproblems–thesymbolismofdreams,
neuroticsymptoms,thepsychopathologyofeverydaylife,insightsintoreligion,
sociopoliticalmovements,art,andmanyothers.”45
16
Theproblemwasthedisconnectbetweentheoryandpractice.Theresultsof
psychoanalysiswereextremelylimited,hebelieved,andtookmassiveamountsof
timeandmoney.“Ihadgreatdifficultycomingtotermswiththissituation,”Grof
reflected.“Tobecomeapsychoanalyst,onehadtostudymedicine.Andinmedicine,
ifwereallyunderstandaproblem,weareusuallyabletodosomethingpretty
dramaticaboutit.”
Heneededevidence.AccordingtopsychiatristJeffreyLieberman,past
presidentoftheAmericanPsychiatricAssociationandauthorofShrinks:TheUntold
StoryofPsychiatry,thishasbeentheAchillesheeloftheprofessionfromthestart.
Didmentalillnessliewithinthemind,orwithinthebrain?“Oncologistscantouch
rubberytumors,pulmonologistscanpeerthroughamicroscopeatstringsof
pneumoniabacteria,andcardiologistshavelittletroubleidentifyingtheyellowish
placquesofartery-clottingcholesterol,”hewrote.“Psychiatry,ontheotherhand,
hasstruggledharderthananyothermedicalspecialtytoprovidetangibleevidence
thatthemaladiesunderitschargeevenexist,”hecontinued.46Psychiatrysuffered
thesamechallengesthatpaindid;howwasitpossibletoproveitwasreal,givenits
subjectivityandthelackoftangibleevidence?
Grofagreed.Overthenextfifteenyearshewouldpersonallyconductover
2,000psychedelicsessions,atfirstinPrague,andthenattheMarylandPsychiatric
ResearchInstituteinCatonsville,MD.HisobservationsconvincedhimthatFreud’s
studyofhumanpersonalitywasonlythetipoftheiceberg.LSDhadchanged
everything,demonstratingtheinadequacyoftheexistingtheoreticalframeworksto
17
explainhumanpersonality.Grofproposedwhathecalled“anewCartographyofthe
humanpsyche.”
Thekeycamefromthatlittlebox.LSDwasadifferentkindofdrug.Itwas
notcausingsomething,perse.Everyonereacteddifferently,andtheexperience
couldbedifferenteverytime,foreveryperson.Instead,heargued,LSDwasa
catalystforpsychologicalprocesses(anargumentalsomadebyStephenGaskin).It
wasnot“producingartificialexperiencesbyinteractingwiththebrain.Rather,by
increasingtheenergeticlevelinthepsyche,thepillswerebringinginto
consciousnessthecontentsfromthedepthoftheunconscious.”Thisoffered
enormouspotentialtomentalhealthprofessionalstodevelopnewtherapeutic
techniques(suchasGestalttherapy,encountergroups,psychedelictherapy,and
whatGrofwouldcall“transpersonalexperiences”).
Thus,atthesametimethatGaskinandhisfollowerswereapplying
psychedelicexperiencestonewwaysoflivingandbirthinginTennessee,Grofset
outtorecreatetheseexperiencesinalaboratorysetting.Thoughtheyhadsimilar
ideasaboutthepotentialofpsychedelicdrugs,Grofandhiscolleaguesatthe
MarylandPsychiatricResearchInstitutewentoutoftheirwaytoappearanything
butcountercultural.LSDtripstookplaceinacontrolledenvironment(aroom
insideofthehospital),observedbytwoprofessionals-apsychiatristandan
assistant.Thesubjectworeaneyemaskandlistenedtomusicintendedtoenhance
andguidethesession,whichwasthenrecordedandanalyzed.DidLSDhelpthe
terminalcancerpatientcomingtotermswithdeath?Thealcoholicwhocouldn’t
18
stopdrinking?Thedepressedpatientcontemplatingsuicide?Theanswer,Grofand
otherpsychedelicresearchersbelieved,inallofthesecases,wasyes.
Thetherapeuticimplicationsofthisdrugdiscoverywererevolutionary,
accordingtoitsadvocates.Onedidn’tneedtobeanalcoholicorsuicidalordying
fromcancertobenefitfrompsychedelictherapy.Everyonestoodtobenefit,by
achievingahigherstateofconsciousness(asthehippiesaspired),orexperiencing
“self-actualization”(aspsychologistAbrahamMaslowpromoted).Newconferences
andpublicationsinthelate1960slaidthefoundationfora“newinterdisciplinary
approachtothestudyofconsciousness.”47Theseideassolidifiedintoanewformof
psychologyknownas“transpersonalpsychology,”markedbytheintroductionofthe
newJournalofTranspersonalPsychologylaunchedbyMaslowin1969.48
MakingtheInvisibleVisible:TheMPRIstudy
Simplyput,LSDputpsychiatrybackintheplayingfield.“Ifweacceptthe
basicpremise,thatpsychedelicdrugsmakeitpossibletostudythecontentand
dynamicsoftheunconsciousprocessesthataredifficulttoreachwithlesspowerful
techniques,”Grofproposedatananthropologyconferencein1972,“theheuristic
valueofthesesubstancesbecomesimmediatelyobvious.”Psychedelicdrugs
“exteriorize[d]otherwiseinvisiblephenomenaandprocesses,”andinthehandsof
researchers,theycarried“unusualpotentialasresearchtoolsforexplorationofthe
humanmind.”Andhere,hebelieved,ishowitwouldsavepsychiatry:“Itdoesnot
seeminappropriatetocomparetheirpotentialsignificanceforpsychiatryand
psychologytothatofthemicroscopeformedicineorthetelescopeforastronomy.”49
19
LSDprovidedthe“tangibleevidence”(inthewordsofLieberman)thatpsychiatrists
hadbeenlackingsincethebirthoftheirprofession.
From1970to1975,GrofandhiscolleaguesattheMarylandPsychiatric
ResearchInstituteconductedanLSDProfessionalStudyandTrainingProgram.
Antoniowasoneof86menoutofthe108participants.Thoughthegender
imbalancewasostensiblytoprotectwomenofchildbearingagefrompassingonany
possiblegeneticdefectsresultingLSDuse,italsohadimplicationsforthestudy’s
findings,thoughtheseremainedunarticulatedatthetime.50AsSarahShortall
argues,thewaysinwhich“gendermediatedanddifferentiatedthedrugexperience”
inthe1960and‘70swaslargelyignored.Whilebothscientistsandhippieswho
believedinthetherapeuticbenefitsofLSDarguedthatthedrug“transcendedall
humanboundaries”suchasraceandgender(inthewordsofAllenGinsberg),there
remaineda“distinctlywhite,male,middle-classbias”withinboththe
counterculturaldiscourseandthescientificstudies.51
Theexperienceofthe(predominantlymale)subjectsprovedinvaluableto
Groffortheirarticulationofthepsychedelicexperienceinacontrolledenvironment
(thesewere,remember,highlyeducatedhealthprofessionalswhohadavested
interestinthemainstreamingofpsychedelicdrugsfortherapeuticintervention).
TheircolorfuldescriptionsappearedtofollowacoherentstructurethatledGrofto
developanewpsychologicalschematic.
Nearlyallsubjectsexperiencedafluiditybetweentheirbodiesandtheir
environment.“ThefirstthingInoticed,”wrotesubject7,athirty-nineyear-old
male,“wasadissolvingofsomeofmybodyboundariesasIexperiencedmyhands,
20
whenplacedontopofoneanother,meltintoeachother.”52Subject6,atwenty-
four-year-oldmale,wrotethat“itwaslikeIwasslippingthroughthespaces
betweencells,thespacesbetweenmusclefiberoutintotheuniverse.AtonepointI
rememberfeelinglikeagreatweightwaspressingonmyphysicalbodyand
crushingmeandIwasleakingoutofmybody.”53Subject15,athirty-year-oldmale,
remarkedthat“mybody,meanwhile,wasmoistandfeltmalleable,asthoughits
boundarieswereonlyarbitrary.”54
Moredramaticwasthedescriptionof“peak”experiencesunderLSD
(reportedbytwo-thirdsofallsubjects).“Ipushedandpushedandthenitwashere,”
wrotesubject10,afemale.“Clearlightallaboutandpureenergy..notelectrical
energybutsomeotherkindofenergy...energyofwhichItoowascomposed.”55
Subject15wrote,
“Iwasconsciousofbeingstretchedoutandfeelingelongatedsuddenlyand
instantaneouslyasilentwailcamefromverydeepinsidealmostbelowme
andrushedthroughmesostrongly,sorapidly,thatIbecameacylinderbut
astheanguishpouredthroughitbroughtwithitatremendoussurgeof
energythatshotmeskywardbutcarriedmewithit.Myanguishbecame
myenergythatbecamemyjoy.”56
Inthisaccount,painwasanecessarysteptowardsspiritualtransformation.There
wouldbenojoywithoutpain.Emotionalpain,intheformofanguish,providedthe
catalystinsubject15’snarrative.Believingthatpainwasaninevitablepartof
transformationundoubtedlyprovidedassuranceandabilitytoembraceemotional
discomfortasbothinevitableandpositive.
21
WhatGrofrealizedfromhisownobservationsandhisanalysisofthese
writtenreports,isthestrikingsimilaritybetweentheseaccountsandthoseof
childbirth.“Thegeneralideacamefast–butthedetailswereaddedovertheyears,”
heexplained.“Searchingforasimple,logical,andnaturalconceptualizationofthis
fact,Iwasstruckbytheastoundingparallelsbetweenthesepatternsandtheclinical
stagesofdelivery.”Whataccountedforthesimilarities,hewondered?“Igradually
realized..onecommondenominator:asignificantcontributionfromthetraumaof
birth.”57
Antonio,subject18inthestudy,providedGrofwithacoherentand
convincingaccountoftherelationshipbetweenbirthtraumaandpeakLSD
experiences.Hereceivedhisfirstdosage(300mcg;afairlylargedose)on
November21,1972.Threemonthslater,hewasgivenanevenhigherdoseof400
mcg.“Ibeganaverystrongdefinitefeelingofbeinginabirthsituationandfeeling
thatinordertogothroughwithit,”hedescribedafterhisfirstsession.“Icouldnot
usemyselfbutthatIhadtorelyonStanasthemidwife.Hewouldhelpmethrough
thisexperienceofbirth,”concludedAntonio.58
StanGrofservingasamidwife:ThisdescriptionmusthavestruckGrofasa
usefulandpowerfulmetaphor.Byguidingthesubjectthroughthememoryofbirth
traumainagentlersetting,Grofcouldhelphimreintegratethepainfulexperience
andbegintoheal.59Grofbegantorealizethat,likeaspiritualmidwife,hecould
empowerhispatienttoturnpainandfearintosomethingblissfulandmeaningful
andproductive.
22
Antoniocontinuedtoarticulatethesignificanceofbirthtohuman
developmentexperiencedinhispsychedelictrip:
“ThenIbegintofeelmybirthasbeingsomethingimportant..wantingitto
besomethingspecial,butinsteadIamperceivingmyselfbeingrebornlike
intoamachineorintoaspacecapsule.Ifeelacoldnessaboutthebirthin
termsofthemechanicalmachinequalityofitinrelationshiptoglorious
noblebirththatIwouldexpect.”60
Thiswas,ofcourse,theveryassessmentofbirthreformerswholabeledhospital
birthascoldandmechanical.
Ratherthanfocusonlyontheexperienceforthelaboringmother,Antonio
alsounderscoredtheimportanceforthechild.Asamentalhealthprovider
interestedinhumanbehavior,heexperiencedarevelationregardingtheimpactof
birthandbonding,writing:
“Isuddenlyfeltthetremendousimportanceforthechildtohaveproper
loveandmaternalcareafterbirth....Ifthechildweretobedeprivedof
propercare,thefeelingoflossanddespairhemighthaveexperiencedin
thewombatbirthwouldhavebeenreinforcedthroughouthislife.He
wouldgrowtofeelinsecurewithfeelingsofdoubtandasenseofdeepguilt
andunworthinessabouthimselfandhewouldn’tknowwhy.”61
Ensuringapositivebirthexperiencethatenabledaninfanttobondwiththemother,
Antoniosuggested,wascrucialforhumandevelopment.
BacktoBirth:Grof’sBasicPerinatalMatricies(BPM)
23
Grofwassoldonthisnotion.“Istartedseeingthattherewasthisdeep
perinatalpoolofdifficultemotionsandphysicalfeelingsinthehumanunconscious,
whichisthesourceofvariousformsofpsychopathology...roots[ofdisorders]can
betracedtothetraumaofbirthanddifficultiesofprenatallife,”hewrote.62He
createdatemplateoffour“basicperinatalmatrices”relatedtothedevelopmentof
thefetusandtheexperienceofbirth.Thesefourmatricescorrespondedroughlyto
thedevelopmentofthefetus,followedbystagesoflabor.Eachmatrix,Grofargued,
hadanenormousimpactonthehumanpsyche.“Thinkingintermsofthebirth,”he
explained,“providesnewanduniqueinsightsintothedynamicarchitectureof
variousformsofpsychopathologyandoffersrevolutionarytherapeutic
possibilities.”63However,morewasatstakethansimplyrecoveryofunconscious
traumasinbirth.Undertherightconditions,heargued,theseprocessescouldlead
to“orgiasticfeelingsofcosmicproportions,spiritualliberationandenlightenment”
alongwith“mysticalunionwiththecreativeprincipleintheuniverse.”64
ThesimilarityinlanguageanddescriptionsbetweenLSDpeakexperiencesin
thelaboratoryandspiritualbirthonTheFarmcannotbeoverlooked.Theyappear
tobedescribingalmostexactlythesamething,despitethegenderdifference.Allthe
birthstoriesweretoldbywomen,whilethepsychedelictripsweredescribed
predominantlybymen.Whilemanyoftheirdescriptionsofbirthtraumastemmed
fromtheperspectiveoftheinfantexitingthebirthcanal,theactuallanguageoften
alsomimickedthoseofthelaboringwomen.Itmightseemsurprisingtoseethese
unexpectedentanglementsbetweenpsychedelicpsychiatryandspiritualmidwifery.
24
Yetbothgroups(psychedelicpsychiatristsandspiritualmidwives)benefitedfrom
thisideologicaloverlap.
Forthemidwives,Grof’sfindingsaddedtotheirbeliefthatanout-of-hospital
birthwasbeneficialtothebaby,andnotjustempoweringtothemother.Frequently
accusedofbeingirresponsibleandselfishbychoosingtostayoutofthehospital,
theywelcomedevidencethatimpliedpsychologicalbenefitstothebaby.They
believedthatwhattheyweredoingwasnotonlyspiritualandcounterculturalbut
scientific,andtheydrewuponthetheoriesofscientists–includingpsychedelic
researchers--tobuttresstheirclaims.Theendresult,intheformofabooksuchas
SpiritualMidwifery,wasagrowingacceptanceandmainstreamingofout-of-hospital
birth.
Forthepsychiatrists,theconnectionbetweenpsychedelic“peak
experiences”andspiritualbirth,includingperceptionsofpain,furtherlegitimized
theirclaimsthatpsychedelicdrugsofferedinsightsintohumanbehaviorand
consciousness.Likemidwives,psychedelicpsychiatristswerewaryofbeinglabeled
asirresponsibleorhedonistic.BymarketingLSDasatherapeuticresearchtoolthat
couldhealwoundsfromtraumaticbirth,theypositionedtheircraftascuttingedge.
Bothgroups–themidwivesandthepsychedelicresearchers–borrowedfromeach
other’sbeliefsystemsandtheoriestolegitimizetheirownclaimsaboutthe
significanceofawakeningtheunconscious.Bydoingso,theyexpandedthe
parametersoftheirprofessions,suggestingthepossibilityofnewapproachestothe
psychologyofthemindandthepsychologyofbirth.
25
1Nothisrealname.2Subject18,box1,MSP170,MarylandPsychiatricResaerchCenterLSDProfessionalTrainingProgramStudyFiles,KarnesArchivesandSpecialCollections,PurdueUniversityLibraries,WestLafayette,IN.3ElaineScarry,TheBodyinPain:TheMakingandUnmakingoftheWorld(OxfordUniversityPress,1985),p.304Scarry,p.355emailcorrespondencewithauthor,December2,2017.6QuotedinInaMayGaskinSpiritualMidwifery:RevisedEdition(Summertown:TheBookPublishingCompany,1977),p.137.7KatherineR.Bonson,“RegulationofhumanresearchwithLSDintheUnitedStates(1949-1987),Psychopharmacology(October262017).8“PsychedelicResearchStaffMeeting,”January27,1969,page1,folder2,box11,MSP70,CharlesSavagepapers,PurdueUniversityLibraries,WestLafayette,Indiana.9TheodoreBarber,LSD,Marihuana,Yoga,andHypnosis(Routledge2017),p.50.10“RatsDeformedbyLSDExperiments,”TheGuardian,16April1968,clippinginDB26file,RDLaingpapers,UniversityofGlasgowSpecialCollections.YetaccordingtoKatherineR.Bonson,memberoftheControlledSubstanceStaff,CenterforDrugEvaluationandResearchattheFoodandDrugAdministration,“therearenocredibledatasupportingtheallegationthatLSDaltersgeneticmaterial.”SeeBonson,“RegulationofhumanresearchwithLSDintheUnitedStates(1949-1987),Psychopharmacology(October262017).11FormoreonTheFarm,seeWendyKline,“TheLittleManualThatStartedaRevolution:HowHippieMidwiferyBecameMainstream,”inDavidKaiserandW.PatrickMcCray,eds.,GroovyScience:Knowledge,InnovationandAmericanCounterculture(Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPress,2016),pp.172-204.12 For more on the quest for greater spiritual meaning and authenticity in the 1970s, see LucasRichertandMatthewDeCloedt,“Supplebodieshealthyminds:yoga,psychedelicsandAmericanmentalhealth,”Med.HumanitiesEpub,March30,2018 13Hoffmann,D.E.andTarzian,A.J.,“TheGirlWhoCriedPain:ABiasAgainstWomenintheTreatmentofPain,”JournalofLaw,Medicine&Ethics,Vol.29,pp.13-27,2001.p.2214SeeWendyKline,BodiesofKnowledge:Sexuality,ReproductionandWomen’sHealthintheSecondWave(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,2010).15JoannaBourke,TheStoryofPain:FromPrayerstoPainkillers(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2017)p.300.16Bendelow,G.(1993),PainPerceptions,EmotionsandGender.SociologyofHealth&Illness,15:273–294,p.275.17Wailoo,Pain,p.6618seeFabrizioBenedetti,“BeecherasClinicalInvestigator:PainandthePlaceboEffect,”PerspectivesinBiologyandMedicine,2016,Vol.59(1),p.3719Wailoo,Pain,p.67.
26
20GrantlyDick-Read,TheNaturalChildbirthPrimer(NewYork:HarperandRow,1955),p.1.FormoreonDick-Readandnaturalchildbirth,seePaulaMichaels,Lamaze:AnInternationalHistory(OxfordUniversityPress,2014).21IdoHartogsohn,“APsychedelicTechnology:HowSetandSettingShapedtheAmericanPsychedelicExperience1950-1970,”inBenSessa,editor,BreakingConvention:PsychedelicPharmacologyforthe21stCentury,2017,p.14222FormoreonLSDstudiesthattrackedtheimportanceofsetandsetting,seeErikaDyck,PsychedelicPsychiatry:LSDFromClinictoCampus(Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,2008),pp.67-68.23StephenGaskin,TheCaravan,rev.ed.(1972;Summertown,TN:BookPublishingCo.,2007),127.24Thereisavastandexpandingliteratureonthehistoryofpsychedelicpsychiatry.SeeinparticularErikaDyck,PsychedelicPsychiatry:LSDfromClinictoCampus(JohnsHopkins2008),MatthewOram,“TheTrialsofPsychedelicMedicine:LSDPsychotherapy,ClinicalScience,andPharmaceuticalRegulationintheUnitedStates,”PhDdiss.,UniversityofSydney,2014;DouglasOsto,AlteredStates:BuddhismandPsychedelicSpiritualityinAmerica(ColumbiaUP2016)NicholasLagnlitz,Neuropsychedelia:TheRevivalofHallucinogenResearchsincetheDecadeoftheBrain(Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2012);DonLattin,ChangingOurMinds:PsychedelicSacramentsandtheNewPsychotherapy(NewYork:SynergeticPress,2018);Lattin,TheHarvardPsychedelicClub:HowTimothyLeary,RamDass,HustonSmith,andAndrewWeilKilledtheFiftiesandUsheredinaNewAgeforAmerica(NewYork:Harper,2011);MartinA.LeemandBruceShlain,AcidDreams:TheCompleteSocialHistoryofLSD:TheCIA,TheSixties,andBeyond(NewYork:GrovePress,1985);LucasRichertandMatthewDeCloedt,“Supplebodieshealthyminds:yoga,psychedelicsandAmericanmentalhealth,”Med.HumanitiesEpub,March30,2018;SarahShortall,“PsychedelicDrugsandtheProblemofExperience,”PastandPresent(2014),Supplement9,pp.187-206;MichaelPollan,HowtoChangeYourMind:WhattheNewScienceofPsychedelicsTeachesUsaboutConsciousness,Dying,Addiction,Depression,andTranscendence(NewYork:Penguin,2018).
25MelvynStiriss,VoluntaryPeasants:LaborofLove(HotButtonPress,Warwick,NY2012)location679(kindle).26http://www.thefarmmidwives.org/preliminary_statistics.html.LastviewedMay30,2013.27Thisedition(original)doesn’thavepagenumbers28SpiritualMidwifery:RevisedEdition,p.70.29SpiritualMidwiferyRevisedEdition,p.141.30SpiritualMidwifery:RevisedEdition,p.6331LyndaBateman,CatrionaJones,andJulieJomeen,“ANarrativeSynthesisofWomen’sOut-of-BodyExperiencesDuringChildbirth,”JournalofMidwiferyandWomen’sHealth,Vol62,no.4,July/August2017,p443.32SpiritualMidwifery:RevisedEditionp.15433SpiritualMidwifery:RevisedEditionp.6234WalterTruettAnderson,TheUpstartSpring:EsalenandtheHumanPotentialMovement:TheFirstTwentyYears(iuniverse,2004),p.66
27
35AbrahamMaslow,Religions,Values,andPeakExperiences,1964,p.245(check).FormoreonMaslow,seeNadineWeidman,“BetweentheCountercultureandtheCorporation:AbrahamMaslowandHumanisticPsychologyinthe1960s,”inKaiserandMcCray,eds.,GroovyScience,pp109-141.36SpiritualMidwifery:RevisedEditionp.14237StanGrof,“VarietiesofTranspersonalExperiences:ObservationsfromLSDPsychotherapy,”JournalofTranspersonalPsychology,VolumeIV,No.1,1972,p.51.38SpiritualMidwifery:RevisedEditionp.15339SpiritualMidwifery:RevisedEditionp.13340SpiritualMidwifery:RevisedEditionp.7741Grof,interview,“TheGreatAwakening,”inRogerWalshandCharlesGrob,eds.,HigherWisdom:EminentEldersExploretheContinuingImpactofPsychedelics(NewYork:SUNYPress,2005),p.12242QuotedinBronson,“RegulationofhumanresearchwithLSDintheUnitedStates.”43Grof,“TheGreatAwakening,”p.12344GrofinterviewedinKeithThompson,“SearchfortheSelf,”YogaJournal,July/August1990,p.57.45Grof,“TheGreatAwakening,”p.12046JeffreyA.Lieberman,Shrinks:TheUntoldStoryofPsychiatry(BackBayBooks,2016),106.47Grof,“VarietiesofTranspersonalExperiences,”JournalofTranspersonalPsychology,1972,p.4748MartinHalliwell,TherapeuticRevolutions:Medicine,Psychiatry,andAmericanCulture,1945-1970(RutgersUniversityPress2014),p.26149Grof,“Implicationsofpsychedelicresearchforanthropology:observationsfromLSDpsychotherapy”atconference“Ritual:ReconciliationinChange”July21-29,1973,PaperpreparedinadvanceforparticipantsinBurgWartensteinSymposiumNo.59,p.8,box1folder3,MSP1,StanislavGrofpapers,PurdueUniversityLibraries,WestLafayette,Indiana.Emphasisadded.50FormoreontheMarylandPsychiatricResearchInstitutestudies,seeMatthewOram,“TheTrialsofPsychedelicMedicine,”PhDdiss.,Univ.ofSydney.51SarahShortall,“PsychedelicDrugsandtheProblemofExperience,”PastandPresent(2014),SupplementB,177-206,p.201.SeealsoDouglasOsto,AlteredStates:BuddhismandPsychedelicSpiritualityinAmerica(ColumbiaUP2016)52Subject7,box1,MSP17053Subject6,box1,MSP17054Subject15,box1,MSP17055Subject10,box1,MSP17056Subject15,box1,MSP17057Grof,“TheGreatAwakening,”p.13358subject18,box1,MSP17059Indevelopingthistheory,Grofwasundoubtedlyinfluencedbyotherpsychiatristswhohadfocusedonbirthtrauma,namelyOttoRank,andtosomeextentSigmundFreud.Othersbegantofocusonbirthandprimaltherapyinthepostwarera/1970s,suchasJanov,butdisagreedaboutwhattypeoftherapeuticeffectswouldbesuccessful.60subject18,box1,MSP17061subject18,box1,MSP170
28
62Grof,“TheGreatAwakening,”p.13363Grof,TheAdventureofSelf-Discovery:DimensionsofConsciousnessandNewPerspectivesinPsychotherapyandInnerExploration(NewYork:SUNYpress,1988),p.9.64GrofquotedinJeffreyKripal,Esalen:AmericaandtheReligionofNoReligon(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,2008)p.258.