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Technical Bulletin 22
Papaya mealybug andits management strategies
R.K. Tanwar, P. Jeyakumar and S. Vennila
National Centre for Integrated Pest ManagementLBS Building, IARI Campus, New Delhi 110012
NCIPM
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Citation
R.K. Tanwar, P. Jeyakumarand S. Vennila (2010)
Papaya mealybug and its management strategies
Technical Bulletin 22
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,New Delhi
Year of Publication
August 2010
Cover page photograph
Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatuson mulberry, Morus alba
Published by
Dr. O.M. BambawaleDirector
National Centre for Integrated Pest ManagementLBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012
Tel.:91-011-25843935, 25843936, 25740951, 25740952, 25843985
Fax: 91-011-25841472, E-mail: [email protected]:www.ncipm.org.in
Designed and Printed at
M/s Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial AreaPhase-I, New Delhi 110 012
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Introduction ............................................................................................. 1
Origin and distribution ............................................................................ 2
Morphology ............................................................................................. 2
Host plants .............................................................................................. 3
Damage symptoms ................................................................................ 8
Biology .................................................................................................... 9
Factors responsible for high population buildup ..................................10
Mode of dispersal ................................................................................. 11
Association with ants ............................................................................ 11
Association with other species of mealybugs ......................................12
Management strategies ........................................................................ 13
Cultural and mechanical control ..................................................... 13
Biological control ............................................................................. 14
Chemical control ............................................................................. 17
Phytosanitary measures ................................................................. 18
Guidelines and cautions .......................................................................18
Selected references ............................................................................. 19
Annexure on identification of important species .................................. 20
CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION
The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus
marginatusWilliams and Granara de
Willink(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is
asmall polyphagous sucking insect with
pest status that attacks several genera
of host plants, including economically
important tropical fruits, vegetables and
ornamentals. Infestation of the mealybug
appears as clusters of cotton-likemasses on the above-ground portion of
plants with long waxy filaments.
Immature and adult stages of
P. marginatussuck the sap of the plant
and weaken it. The leaves become
crinkled, yellowish and wither. The honey
dew excreted by the bug and the
associated black sooty mould formation
impairs photosynthetic efficiency of the
affected plants.
Papaya mealybug has caused
havoc in agricultural and horticultural
crops ever since its first report from
Coimbatore in 2007. The insect
assumed the status of a major pest in
2009 when it caused severe damage to
economically important crops and huge
losses to farmers in Coimbatore, Erode,
Tirupur and Salem districts of Tamil
Nadu. In the same year, standing
mulberry crop over 1,500 hectares in
Tirupur was destroyed by the pest
leading to enormous financial losses to
mulberry growers across the district.
Papaya mealybug and its management strategies
Clusters of cottonlike masses of P. marginatuson
papaya leaf (1); enlarged view of P. marginatus on
pigeonpea (2)
1
2
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The female papaya mealybug can easily be identified by the presence of
eight antennal segments, in contrast to nine in pink hibiscus mealybug,
Maconellicoccus marginatus.
Ovisac is three to four times the body length and develops ventrally beneath
the body of the female.
When pressed, the body fluid of yellow colour comes out.
(Source: EENY-302, Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service,
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, March 2008;
Website http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu.or http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.Credits: D. Miller and G. Miller, USDA)
HOST PLANTS
Heavy attack of papaya mealybug has been noticed on wider range of cultivated
crops and weed hosts belonging to different families of plant kingdom. The following
table provides the list of recorded hosts of P. marginatus.
adult male
Paracoccus marginatus
adult female
Paracoccus marginatus
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Table: List of recorded hosts of papaya mealybug, P. marginatus
Host category Botanical name Common name Family
Cultivated Cajanus cajanL. Redgram Leguminaceae
agricultural and Carica papayaL. Papaya Caricaceae
horticultural crops Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Silk cotton Malvaceae
Gossypium hirsutumL. Cotton Malvaceae
Hibiscus rosa sinensisL. Shoe flower Malvaceae
Jatropha curcusL. Jatropha Euphorbiaceae
Manihot esculentaCrantz Tapioca Euphorbiaceae
Morus albaL. Mulberry Moraceae
Psidium guajavaL. Guava Myrtaceae
Lycopersicon esculentumMill. Tomato Solanaceae
Solanaum torvumSw. Turkey berry Solanaceae
Solanum melongenaL. Brinjal Solanaceae
Tectona grandisL. Teak Verbanaceae
Weed hosts Abutilon indicumL. Country mallow Malvaceae
Achyranthus asperaL. Latjira Amaranthaceae
Cleome viscosaL. Wild mustard Capridaceae
Commelina benghalensisL. Spider wort Commelinaceae
Convolvulus arvensisL. Chandvel Convolvulaceae
Euphorbia hirtaL. Garden sprug Euphorbiaceae
Phyllanthus niruriL. Hazardani Euphorbiaceae
Leucas aspera(Willd) Dronapushpi Lamiaceae
Ocimumsanctum L. Tulasi Lamiaceae
Parthenium hysterophorusL. Congress grass Asteraceae
Tridax procumbensL. Ghamra Compositae
Trianthema portulacastrum L. Pig weed Aizoaceae
Canthium inerme(L.f.)Kuntze Turkey-berry Rubiaceae
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Host plants of papaya mealybug I
1. Tulasi 2. Parthenium hysterophorus3. Silk cotton 4. Tapioca
1 2
3 4
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Host plants of papaya mealybug II
5 6
7 8
5. Papaya 6. Cotton 7. Guava 8. Teak
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Host plants of papaya mealybug III
9 10
11 12
9. Brinjal 10. Pigeonpea 11. Jatropha 12. Hibiscus
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DAMAGE SYMPTOMS
Papaya mealybug infestation appears on above ground parts on leaves, stemand fruits as clusters of cotton-like masses.
Symptoms of papaya mealybug infestation: 1. Dried plant 2. Chlorosis in mulberryleaves 3. Leaf deformation in mulberry 4. Waxy coating on papaya fruit
5. Crinkled leaf of papaya 6. Infestation on brinjnal fruit 7. Malformed jatropha
fruits
1 2 3
4 5
67
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The insect sucks the sap by inserting its stylets into the epidermis of the leaf,
fruit and stem.
While feeding, it injects a toxic substance into the leaves, resulting in chlorosis,
plant stunting, leaf deformation or crinkling, early leaf and fruit drop, and death
of plants.
The honeydew excreted by the bug results in the formation of black sooty
mould which interferes in the photosynthesis process and causes further
damage to the crops.
Heavy infestations are capable of rendering fruit inedible due to the buildup of
thick white waxy coating.
BIOLOGY Papaya mealybugs are most active in warm, dry weather.
Females have no wings, and move by crawling short distances or by being
blown in air currents.
Life cycle of papaya mealybug
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Females usually lay 100 to 600 eggs. Eggs are greenish yellow and
are laid in an ovisac sac that is three to four times the body length and
entirely covered with white wax. The ovisac is developed ventrally on the
adult female.
Egg-laying usually continuous over a period of one to two weeks. Eggs hatch
in about 10 days, and nymphs or crawlers begin to actively search for feeding
sites.
Adult males may be distinguished from other related species by the presence
of stout fleshy setae on the antennae and the absence of fleshy setae on the
legs.
Females have three instars whereas males have four instars. Males have
longer development time (27-30 days) than females (24-26 days) at 251
0
C,652 %RH and 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod.
Adult females attract the males with sex pheromones.
Under greenhouse conditions, reproduction occurs throughout the year.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR HIGH POPULATION BUILDUP
With rapid development, high survival rate, and enormous reproductive
capacity, P. marginatuspopulation could potentially reach a high level.
Wax layer and waxy fibres over the ovisac and body of mealybug nymphs
and adult females protect them from adverse environmental conditions and
routine chemical pesticides. Availability of alternate hosts / weeds around fields not cared by cultivators.
Movement of crawlers through air, irrigation water or farm equipment helps in
fast spread of the mealybug from infested field to healthy fields.
No phytosanitation: free movement of infested fruits, vegetables and other
material between States.
Intensive cropping system.
Wider acceptability of hosts by papaya mealybug and its subsequent
adaptability on them.
Ant association: providing protection from parasitoids and predators and aiding
in dispersal of the pest.
Piecemeal pruning of mulberry crop provides sufficient time for migration and
settlement of crawlers from the old infested crop to the pruned crop.
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In certain crops like tapioca or cotton, stems which often carry mealybug
infestation are stocked in the farm for propogation or other purposes. These
stocks, near the newly planted crop act as reservoirs of papaya mealybug.
MODE OF DISPERSAL
Healthy plants can be infested from mealybug infested plants as juvenile
mealybugs can crawl from an infested plant to another plant.
Small crawlers get readily dispersed by wind, rain, irrigation water, birds,
ants, clothing, and vehicle, etc.
The wax, which sticks to each ovisac and nymphs, also facilitates passive
dispersal by equipment, animals or human beings.
The female mealybug is not active and unable to fly. In fact, human beingsgreatly facilitate in the transport of these mealybugs.
Long-distance movement is aided through transport of infested planting
material and fresh fruits and vegetables from one end of a farm to the other or
even across the country.
Ants, attracted by the honeydew, have been seen carrying mealybugs from
plant to plant.
ASSOCIATION WITH ANTS
Mealybugs are
known to offer ants
with their sugary
excretion (honeydew)
and in return ants help
in spreading the
mealybugs and
provide protection
from predator ladybird
beetles, parasites and
other natural
enemies. Ants alsokeep the papaya
mealybug colony
clean from detritusAssociation of ant, Oecophylla smaragdina with papaya mealybug
on jatropha (left) and custard apple (right)
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that accumulate in the secreted honeydew, which may be harmful to the colony.
Species of ant, Oecophylla smaragdinahas been found attending papaya mealybug,
feeding on honeydew on jatropha, papaya and other plants.
ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER SPECIES OF MEALYBUGS
Papaya mealybug on guava, teak and other plants has been found associated
with other species of mealybugs. Two tailed mealybug, Ferrisia virgatawas the most
Association of papaya mealybug with other species of mealybug on guava:a. Guava fruit infested with complex of mealybugs b. Association with two
tailed mealybug F. virgataat Coimbatore c. Association with F. Virgata
and Maconellicoccus hirsutusat Peramblur
a b
c
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common species of mealybug found associated with P. marginatus in Coimbatore
districts of Tamil Nadu on guava and teak. In Peramblur district of Tamil Nadu, guava
leaves as well as fruits were found infested with a complex of mealybugs. In this
mealybug complex the population of F. virgata was the highest followed by
P. marginatusand Maconellicoccus hirsutus. Details of identification of other important
species of mealybugs are furnished as annexure.
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Mealybug control often involves the control of attendant ants that are important
for the proper development of mealybugs. Without the ants, mealybug populations
are small and slow to invade new areas and the field would be free of a serious
mealybug infestation. Therefore, management of mealybugs often includes the controlof ant species.
For management of mealybugs, it is important to know the species present as
management programs for the various mealybugs may differ. Plant protection products
are of limited effectiveness against mealybugs because of the presence of waxy
covering of its body. Management of mealybug involves the following tactics:
Cultural and Mechanical
Monitoring and scouting to detect early presence of the mealybug
Pruning of infested branches and burning them
Removal and burning of crop residues
Removal of weeds/alternate host plants like Hibiscus, Partheniumetc. in and
nearby crop
Avoiding the movement of planting material from infested areas to other areas
Avoiding flood irrigation
Prevention of the movement of ants and destruction of already existing ant
colonies
Sanitization of farm equipment before moving it to the uninfested crop
Application of sticky bands or alkathene sheet or a band of insecticide on
arms or on main stem to prevent movement of crawlers
Preventive: In tapioca, stems are stocked for propagative purpose in the farms.
These planting materials often carry mealybug infestation, if the previous years
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c
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri larva (Left) and adult (Right)
a
cb
Natural enemies of papaya mealybug:
a. Scymnussp. b. Dipteran parasitoid parasitizing papaya mealybug
c. Mealybug mummy containing parasitoid
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pseudococcids and coccids. S. epius, being the dominant predator, feeds
efficiently on the ovisacs, nymphs and adult of papaya mealybug. Newly
hatched larvae of S. epiusare pale pink in colour and remain inside the
mealybug ovisac devouring the eggs of the mealybug. The creamy white
Spalgis epius: a. Pre pupa b. Pupa c. Adult butterfly
a b
c
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second instar larvae come out of the ovisac. As the larvae of S. epiusis slug
like coated with wax coating and camouflaged with mealybug population,
therefore, it is very difficult to distinguish the predator from its prey. The total
life cycle lasts for 14.83 0.44 days with the larval life span of 9.832.39
(I instar: 2.50.5 days; II instar : 1.750.25 days; III instar : 1.410.38 days; IV
instar : 20.5 days; V instar : 2.10.76 days). The larvae pupate on the under
surface of the leaves to form the characteristic rhesus monkey face chrysalis.
The pupal period is about 5.45 0.50 days. Ex situ confinement studies have
shown that the fifth instar larvae consumed as much as 18 to 26 (22.333.21)
ovisacs and 112 to 132 (121.66 8.86) nymphs and adults of the mealybugs.
During the whole larval period the predatory larvae devoured about 42 to 53
(48.154.08) ovisacs and 196 to 222 (210.99 10. 77) nymphs and adults of
P. marginatus (Thangamalar et al., 2010). There is a need to conserve the native predators of the pest. Australian ladybird
beetle (C.montrouzieri) predates on mealybugs, eating 3,000-5,000 mealybugs
in various life stages and is released @ 10 beetles per tree or @ 5000 beetles/
ha.
When high activity of S. epius and other natural enemies is observed, care
should be taken to delay spraying operations and measures should be taken
to conserve them.
Exotic parasitoids/predators such as Anagyrus loeckiNoyes and Menazes,
Acerophagous papayaeNoyes and Schauffand Pseudleptomastrix mexicana
Noyes and Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were released in Sri Lanka inMay 2009 (imported from Puerto Rico) and resulted in 95 to 100% control of
the papaya mealybug in some parts of that country by August 2009. There is
a need to introduce such exotic parasitoids in India to contain the pest without
harming the environment.
Chemical control
Locate ant colonies and destroy them with drenching of chlorpyriphos 20 EC
@ 2 .0 ml/litre of water.
Regular monitoring of the crop for mealybug infestation and its natural
enemies .
Spot application of insecticide immediately after noticing mealybug on some
plants in the crop field.
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If the activities of natural enemies are not observed, use of botanical
insecticides such as neem oil (1 to 2%), NSKE (5%), or Fish Oil Rosin Soap
(25g/litre of water) should be the first choice .
Chemical control is only partially effective and requires multiple applications.
Apply recommended chemical insecticides as the last resort such as
profenophos 50 EC (2 ml/litre), chlorpyriphos 20 EC (2ml/litre), buprofezin 25
EC (2 ml/litre), dimethoate 30 EC (2 ml/litre), thiomethoxam 25 WG (0.6 g/
litre), imidacloprid 17.8 SL (0.6 ml/litre)
Spray profenophos @ 2 ml / litre on stumps immediately after pruning in
mulberry followed by second spray, 15 days after pruning, with dichlorvos @
2 ml /litre along with azadirachtin (10000 ppm) @ 1 ml /litre. Stickers should
always be added in spray solutions.
Avoid repeating the use of the same chemical insecticide as there are chances
for development of resistance in the pest.
Drenching soil with chlorpyriphos around the collar region of the plant to prevent
movement of crawlers of mealybug and ant activity is useful.
Insecticide resistance and non-target effects on natural enemies make
chemical control a less desirable control option.
Phytosanitary measures
It is relatively easy to detect mealybugs by inspection, so the basic requirement
that imported consignments of plants for planting should be free from the pest can befulfilled by inspection. Monitoring the movement of fresh farm produce, including
flowers, between countries as well as between States of our country is the first step
in controlling any spread within the region. This applies to both the import/export
trade and to passenger traffic. M. hirsutuswas added in 2003 to the European and
Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) A1 Action List, and endangered
EPPO member countries have recommended regulating it as a quarantine pest. Similar
case is required for papaya mealybug.
GUIDELINES AND CAUTIONS
Do not move any plant material with suspected mealybugs to pest free fields.Moving infested plants is the fastest way to spread the pest.
After pruning, the cuttings of infested shrubs or trees lying around must be
immediately burnt.
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Do not shake or scatter the infested material.
Proper phytosanitation of planting material, harvested produce etc., beforemoving to other States is required.
Intensive regular survey would be necessary to find out efficient parasitoids/
predators/pathogens of the pest.
Piecemeal harvesting of mulberry crop need to be avoided/monitored for
preventing spread of the pest.
Do not spray any chemical insecticide unless mealybug infestation is confirmed;
unnecessary spraying may destroy natural enemies which keep mealybug
populations under control.
Follow the waiting period of 2-3 weeks after the last spray to release the
mealybug destroyers. Water infested plants well before releasing mealybugdestroyers.
Predator beetles should be released in spots having adequate mealybug
population to ensure the best effectiveness.
Apply safer pesticides like dichlorvos, chlorpyriphos, fish oil rosin soap,
azadirachtin, buprofezin etc. during the activity of ladybird beetle.
If chemical control is chosen, always wear protective clothing and safety gear.
SELECTED REFERENCES
EENY-302, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology andNematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food
and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Published: August 2003.
Reviewed:March 2008. (Also available on Website: http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu. or
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu).
Papaya mealybug and its management: Published by Directorate of Centre for Plant
Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003.
Tanwar, R.K., Jeyakumar,P. and Monga, D. (2007) Mealybugs and their management,
Technical Bulletin 19, August, 2007, National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,
New Delhi.
Thangamalar, A., Subramanian, S. and Mahalingam, C. A. (2010) Bionomics of papayamealybug, Paracoccus marginatus and its predator Spalgius epius in mulberry
ecosystem, Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 23(1) : 39-41.
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ANNEXURE
IDENTIFICATION OF IMPORTANT SPECIES OF MEALYBUG
1. Striped mealybug or two tailed mealybug (Ferrisia virgata):The species
is associated with aerial portion of host plant. The body is grey in colour and
covered with very long waxy filaments and is provided with long tails. Two
dark stripes are present on dorsum and body fluid is of light color. This species
produces egg mass or ovisac.
2. Longtail mealybug(Pseudococcus longispinus):Anal wax filaments are
as long as the body and appear as long tails; 2nd to last pair of wax filaments
is also long; dorsal median stripe is present on abdomen.
3. Citrus mealybug (Planococcus citri) :Body is yellow to pink in colour,
covered with medium sized slightly curved waxy filaments and is not pyramid
shaped. One dorsal median stripe is present on the back in adults and body
fluid is clear. Anal filaments are less than one-eighth the length of the body.
This species produces an egg mass or ovisac which is irregular and remains
under body of the female.
4. Solanum mealybug(Phenacoccus solani): The body is covered with very
short waxy filaments. Long tails and stripes on the body are absent. This
species does not produce an egg mass or ovisac.
5. Pink sugarcane mealybug (Saccharicoccus sacchari): The insect is light
pink in color and occurs underneath leaf sheaths on sugarcane. Adult females
are provided with mobile legs.
6. Pineapple mealybug (Dysmicoccus brevipes):This insect is associated
with roots of host plants. Body color is light pink to grey and is provided with
17 pairs of wax filaments.
7. Pink mealybug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus; synonyms- Phenacoccus
hirsutus): Mealybug colonies contain immature as well as mature females.
Larger mealybugs are darker in color and covered with significantly more white
waxy material. There is very little wax on the body, no long tails or waxy
projections around the edge, no stripes and this mealybug produces an egg
mass. Ovisac is irregular and beneath the body. When squashed, a pink tored fluid is observed.
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8. Solenopsis mealybug(Phenacoccus solenopsis):The insect is provided
with short to medium sized waxy filaments around the body, anal filaments
about 1/4th length of the body and the two dark stripes on either side of the
middle ridge of the body. Long glassy rods are present on the back. This
species produces an egg mass or ovisac.
9. Mango Mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae):The females can be identified by
their flat shape, covered with white mealy powder.
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