Paola Gianotti - LNF Antiproton Physics @ GSI Overview of the GSI Future Project Scientific Areas and Goals The Antiproton Physics Program Charmonium

Paola Gianotti - LNFPaola Gianotti - LNF

Antiproton Physics @ GSIAntiproton Physics @ GSI

Overview of the GSI Future Project Scientific Areas and Goals The Antiproton Physics Program

Charmonium spectroscopyHybrids and glueballsMedium modification of hadronsHypernucleiFurther topics

The PANDA Detector concept Conlcusions

Present GSI FacilityPresent GSI Facility

Energies

• Linear acc.: UNILAC < 20 MeV/u• Heavy-ion sync.: SIS 1-2 GeV/u• Storage&Cooler: ESR < 0.8 GeV/u

UNILAC SIS

FRS

ESR

3 injectors

HSI: 8mA Ar1+

18mA Ar10+

15mA U4+

2.5mA U28+

0.5mA U73+

Upgrade towards the Future Facility

Freqency (power):0.3 Hz 3 Hz

Space charge reduction (vacuum): U73+ U28+

UNILAC SIS

FRS

ESR

SIS 100/200

HESR

SuperFRS

NESR

CR

p Target

GSI Future FacilityGSI Future Facility Primary Beams

• 238U28+ 1.5 GeV/u; 1012/s ions/pulse • 30 GeV protons; 2.5x1013/s

• 238U73+ up to 25 (- 35) GeV/u; 1010/s

Secondary Beams

• Broad range of radioactive beams up to 1.5 - 2 GeV/u• Antiprotons 3 (0) - 30 GeV

Storage and Cooler Rings

• Radioactive beams• e – A collider

• 1011 stored and cooled p 0.8 - 14.5 GeV

• Cooled beams• Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets

Key Technical Features

• From protons to uranium- In future also atiprotons

• From 1MeV/u to 2 GeV/u- In future up to 30 GeV/u

• 109 to 1011 particles/cycle - In future 1012 particles/cycle• 0.1Hz to 1Hz repetition rate

- In future up to 3 Hz

• From protons to uranium- In future also atiprotons

• From 1MeV/u to 2 GeV/u- In future up to 30 GeV/u

• 109 to 1011 particles/cycle - In future 1012 particles/cycle• 0.1Hz to 1Hz repetition rate

- In future up to 3 Hz

Research Activities at the GSI Future FacilityResearch Activities at the GSI Future Facility

Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei: Radioactive BeamsNucleonic matterNuclear astrophysics

Fundamental symmetries




Nuclear Matter and Quark Gluon Plasma: Relativistic HI BeamsNuclear phase diagramCompressed nuclear/strange matterDeconfinement and chiral symmetry





Hadron Structure and Quark Gluon Dynamics: AntiprotonsNon-pertubative QCDQuark-gluon degrees of freedomConfinement and chiral symmetryHypernuclear physics






Physics of Dense Plasmas and Bulk Matter: Bunch CompressionProperties of high density plasmasPhase transitions and equation of stateLaser - ion interaction with and in plasmas

SIS 18

Ion BeamHeating

Jupiter

Sun Surface

Magnetic Fusion

solid statedensity

Tem

pera

ture

[eV

]

Density [cm-3]

LaserHeating

PHELIX

Ideal plasm

as

Strongly co

upled

plasmas

Sun Core

InertialCofinement

Fusion






Physics of Dense Plasmas and Bulk Matter: Bunch CompressionProperties of high density plasmasPhase transitions and equation of stateLaser - ion interaction with and in plasmas

Ultra High EM Fields and Applications: Ions & Petawatt LaserQED and critical fieldsIon - laser interactionIon - matter interaction

Antiproton Physics ProgramAntiproton Physics Program

Charmonium (cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on qq models of mesons.



Search for gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs) in the charmonium mass range (3 – 5 GeV/c2).




Search for modifications of meson properties in the nuclear medium,and their possible relationship to the partial restoration of chiral symmetry for light quarks.

pionic atoms

KAOS/FOPI

HESR

π

K

D

vacuum nuclear mediumρρ

π+

π-

K-

K+

D+

D-

25 MeV

100 MeV

50 MeV



Search for modifications of meson properties in the nuclear medium,and their possible relationship to the partial restoration of chiral symmetry for light quarks.

D

50 MeVD

D+

vacuumvacuumnuclear mediumnuclear medium

π

K

25 MeV

100 MeV

K+

K

π

π

Precision -ray spectroscopy of single and double hypernuclei for Extracting information on their structure and on the hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon interaction.


-3 GeV/c

KKTrigger

_

secondary target

p

-(dss) p(uud) → (uds) (uds)

HESR - High Energy Storage RingHESR - High Energy Storage Ring

High luminosity mode High resolution mode

• p/p ~ 10-5 (electron cooling)• Lumin. = 1031 cm-2 s-1

• Lumin. = 2 x 1032 cm-2 s-1 • p/p ~ 10-4 (stochastic cooling)

• Production rate 2x107/sec

• Pbeam = 1 - 15 GeV/c

• Nstored = 5x1010 p

• Internal Target

Charmonium spectroscopyCharmonium spectroscopy

Charmonium spectrumis becoming more clear…

• 5 new measurements of c mass


Even on the ground state on the simplest parameters thereare consistency problems…

Five new measurements published 2002-2003,four by e+e- experiments


Charmonium spectrumis becaming more clear…

• ’c unambiguously seen



3580 3600 3620 3640 3660 3680

CBALL 86(2S)→X

’c

3637.7±4.4 MeV

BELLE 02B→K (KSK+π)

BELLE 03e+e-→J/ X

CLEO 03→KSK+π

BABAR 03→KSK+π

Mass (MeV)

New measurementsof mass are consistent!

tot = (19 ± 10) MeV


Charmonium spectrumis becaming more clear…

Open problems…


• ’c unambiguously seen

• h1c not confirmed

•States above DD thr. are not well established


MassDecay

channelsstudied

Total BR seen (%)Decay

ChannelsWith error <30%

c 2979.9±1.0 20 26.1 0

’c 3637.7±4.4 1

J/ 3096.87±.04 134 41.5 84

’ 3685.96±.09 51 48.0 33

c0 3415.1±0.8 17 10.1 10

c1 3510.51±.12 12 4.0 4

c2 3556.18±.13 18 6.5 8

hc 2 ? 0

3769.9±2.5 2 ~ 0 1

4040±10 6 ~ 0 1

4159±20 1 ~ 0 0

4415±6 2 ~ 0 0

3500 3520 MeV3510C

Ball

ev./

2 M

eV

100

ECM

CBallE835

1000

E 8

35

ev./

pb

c1

Charmonium PhysicsCharmonium Physics

e+e-→’→ 1,2

→ e+e-→ J

e+e- interactions:

- Only 1-- states are formed- Other states only by secondary decays (moderate mass resolution)

- All states directly formed (very good mass resolution)

→ J→ e+e

p p→ 1,2

pp reactions:

Br(e+e- → ) ·Br( → c) = 2.5 10-5Br(pp → c) = 1.2 10-3

Exotic hadronsExotic hadrons

In the light meson spectrum exotic statesoverlap with conventional states

The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the naive quark modelalso the gluons can act as hadron components

The “exotic hadrons” fall in 3 general categories:

(qq) gHybrids

Glueballs

(qq)(qq)Multiquarks

Exoti

c lig

ht

qq

Exoti

c cc

1 -- 1-+

0 2000 4000MeV/c2

10-2

1

102


In the light meson spectrum exotic statesoverlap with conventional states

In the cc meson spectrum the density of states is lower and therefore the overlap

The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the naive quark modelalso the gluons can act as hadron components

The “exotic hadrons” fall in 3 general categories:

(qq) gHybrids

(qq)(qq)Multiquarks

Glueballs

Exoti

c lig

ht

qq

Exoti

c cc

1 -- 1-+

0 2000 4000MeV/c2

10-2

1

102

“

In the light meson region, about 10 states have been classified as“Exotics”. Almost all of them have been seen in pp…

OBELIXOBELIX

A.Bertin et al.,Physics Letters B385, (1996), 493. A.Bertin et al.,Physics Letters B400, (1997), 226.

A.Bertin et al.,Physics Letters B361, (1995), 187.

F.Nichitiu et al.,Physics Letters B545, (2002), 261.

Crystal BarrelCrystal Barrel


Production

all JPC available

Formation

only selected JPC

Exotic states are produced with rates similar to qq conventional systems

All ordinary quantum numbers can be reached ~1 b

All ordinary quantum numbers can be reached ~1 b

p

p_

G

M

p

M

H

p_

p

M

H

p_

Even exotic quantum numbers can be reached ~100 pb

Even exotic quantum numbers can be reached ~100 pb

p

p_

G

p

p_

H

p

p_

H

Glueballs and HybridsGlueballs and Hybrids

Gluonic excitations of the quark-antiquark-potential

may lead to bound states

LQCD:

– mH ~ 4.2-4.5 GeV ; JPC 1-+

Charmed HybridsCharmed Hybrids

Fluxtube-Model predicts HDD** (+c.c.) decaysIf mH<4290 MeV/c2→

H < 50 MeV/c2

Some exotics can decay neither to DD nor to DD* (+c.c.)– e.g.: JPC(H)=0+-

• fluxtube allowedc0,c0,c2,c2,

c,h1, h1c

• fluxtube forbiddenJ/f2,J/(ππ)S

– Small number of final states with small phase space

r0=0.5fm

BaBar and Belle would expect ~300 evts. each in 5 years not competitive

• Light gg/ggg-systems are complicated to be identified

• Oddballs:exotic heavy glueballs– m(0+-) = 4740(50)(200) MeV– m(2+-) = 4340(70)(230) MeV

• Width unknown, but!– nature invests more likely in

mass than in momentum good prob. to see in charm channels

– Same run period as hybridsMorningstar und Peardon, PRD60 (1999) 034509Morningstar und Peardon, PRD56 (1997) 4043

GlueballsGlueballs

MultiMulti--quarks statesquarks states

Recently, different experiments have reported evidences of an exotic baryon with K+n quantum numbers: +(1540); ~ 18 MeV

The+(1540) state cannot be a 3-quarks state. Its minimal quark content is (uudds)

n → K (K+n)n → K (K+n)

T.Nakano et al.,Phys. Rev. Lett. 91,012002 (2003).

KXe → (Kp)Xe’KXe → (Kp)Xe’

V.V. Barmin et al.,hep-ex/0304040.

d → (Kp)(K+n)d → (Kp)(K+n)

S. Stepanyan et al.,hep-ex/0307018.

Theorists [R.Jaffe & F.Wilezek (hep-ph/0307341), M.Karliner & Lipkin (hep-ph/0307343)] predict charm and bottom analogues of the +(1540):

c+ with mass 2985 ± 50 MeV

p could be a good tool to search for multiquark states

Hadrons in nuclear matterHadrons in nuclear matter

One of the fundamental questions of QCD is the generation of

MASSThe light hadron masses are larger than the sum of the constituentquark masses!

Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking seems to play a decisive rolein the mass generation of light hadrons.

How can we check this?


Since density increasein nuclear matter is possible a partial restoration of chiral symmetry Light quarks are sensitive to quark condensate

Evidence for mass changes of pions and kaons has been observed

Deeply bound pionic atoms

Nucleus-Nucleus CollisionsProton-Proton Collisions

K-

K+

K-

K+

f*π= 0.78fπ

Kaon-production environments

pionic atoms

KAOS/FOPI

HESR

π

K

D

vacuum nuclear mediumρ = ρ0

π+

π-

K-

K+

D+

D-

25 MeV

100 MeV

50 MeV

Mass modifications of mesons

With p beam up to 15GeV/c these studieswill be extensed

Subthreshold enhancement for D and Dmeson productionexpected signal:

strong enhancement of the D-meson cross section, relative D+ D- yields, in the near/sub-threshold region.


pp→ D+D-

10-2

10-1

1

10

102

103

(nb)

4 5 6 7

D+

D-

T (GeV)

in-medium

free masses


• The lowering of the DD thresh.

– allow ’,c2 charmonium states

to decay into this channel

3

GeV/c2 Mass

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4

(13D1)

(13S1)

c(11S0)

(33S1)

c1(13P1)c1(13P0)

DD3,743,64

3,54

vacuum1ρ0

2ρ0

thus resulting in a substantial increase of width of these states

c2(13P2)

(23S1)

– states above DD thresh. would have larger width

• Idea– Study relative changes of yield and width of the charmonium

state (3770). BR into l+l- (10-5 in free space)

Predictions by Ye.S. Golubeva et al., Eur.Phys.J. A 17,(2003)275

J/J/ Absorption in Nuclei Absorption in Nuclei

e

e+

J/

p Important for the understanding of

heavy ion collisions– Related to QGP

Reaction– p + A J/ + (A-1) →e+e-

A complete set of measurements could be done

– J/,‘, J on different nuclear target

– Longitudinal and transverse Fermi-distribution is measurable

s

ud

s

dd

s

ds

s

ss

0

• Use pp Interaction to produce a hyperon “beam” (t~10-10 s) which is tagged by the antihyperon or its decay products

Hypernuclear PhysicsHypernuclear Physics

_

(Kaidalov & Volkovitsky)

quark-gluon string model

-capture:

- p + 28 MeV-

3 GeV/c

Kaons _

trigger

p_

2. Slowing down and capture

of insecondary

target nucleus

2. Slowing down and capture

of insecondary

target nucleus

1.Hyperon-

antihyperonproduction

at threshold

1.Hyperon-

antihyperonproduction

at threshold+28MeV

3. -spectroscopy

with Ge-detectors

3. -spectroscopy

with Ge-detectors

Production of Double HypernucleiProduction of Double Hypernuclei

-(dss) p(uud) (uds) (uds)

ExpectedExpected Counting Rate Counting Rate

Ingredients (golden events)─ luminosity 2·1032 cm-2s-1 ─ +- cross section 2mb for pp 700 Hz─ p (100-500 MeV/c) p500 0.0005– + reconstruction probability 0.5– stopping and capture probability pCAP 0.20– total captured - 3000 / day

– - to -nucleus conversion probability p 0.05– total hypernucleus production 4500 /month

– gamma emission/event, p 0.5– -ray peak efficiency pGE 0.1

• ~7/day „golden“ -ray events (+ trigger)• ~700/day with KK trigger

high resolution -spectroscopy of double hypernuclei will be feasible

Other physics topicsOther physics topics

Cross section σ ≈ 2.5pb @ s ≈10 GeV2

L = 2·1032 cm-2 s-1→ 103 events per month

• Reversed Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering

• CP-violation (D/ – sector)- D0D0 mixing

SM prediction < 10-8

- compare angular decay asymmetries for

SM prediction ~ 2·10-5

• Rare D-decays:D+→+ (BR 10-4)

W+

c

d

QCD systems to be studied at HESRQCD systems to be studied at HESR//

Final state Cross section # rec. events

Meson resonance + anything

100b 1010

50b 1010

2b 108

DD 250nb 107

J/(→e+e-,+-) 630nb 109

(→ J/) 3.7nb 107

cc 20nb 107

cc 0.1nb 105

HESR/ expected counting ratesHESR/ expected counting rates

One year of data taking ≈ 1-2(fb)-1

Competition Competition BES, BNL, CLEO-C, DaBES, BNL, CLEO-C, Dane, Hall-D, JHFne, Hall-D, JHF

Topic Competitor

ConfinementCharmonium

all cc states with high resolution

CLEO-C only 1–– statesformed

Gluonic Excitations

charmed hybridsheavy glueballs

CLEO-C light glueballsHall-D light hybrids

Nuclear Interactions

D-mass shiftJ/ absorption (T~0)

Dane K-mass shift

Hypernuclei-spectroscopy of- and -hypernuclei

BNL indirect evidence only JHF single HN

Open Charm Physics

Rare D-DecaysCP-physics in Hadrons

CLEO-C rare D-Decays CP-physics in D-Mesons

Detector requests:

• nearly 4π solid angle (partial wave analysis)• high rate capability (2107 annihilations/s)• good PID (, e, , π, K, p)• momentum resolution (~1%)• vertex info for D, K0

S, (c= 317 m for D)• efficient trigger (e, , K, D, )• modular design (Hypernuclei experiments)

General Purpose DetectorDetector

PANDA DetectorPANDA Detector

target spectrometer forward spectrometer

micro vertexdetector

electromagneticcalorimeter

DIRC:Detecting InternallyReflectedCherenkov light

straw tubetracker

mini driftchambers

muon counter

Solenoidalmagnet

iron yoke

The costs for the detector are estimated to be 28 M€, including 13 M€ for the most costly component, the electromagnetic calorimeter.

PANDA DetectorPANDA Detector

TargetTarget

• A fiber/wire target will be needed for D physics,• An internal cluster-jet/pellet target is under study:

1016 atoms/cm2 for D=20-40 m

Pellet target layoutPellet target layout

Cluster-jet target layoutCluster-jet target layout

Conversion Prob: ~3%,primary e+e- ~3.6%

Micro Micro VertexVertex DetectorDetector

beam pipe

pelle

t/cl

ust

er

pip

e

Hypernuclear Physics: Vertex DetectorHypernuclear Physics: Vertex Detector

Development of a Super Segmented Clover Detector for the VEGA array

High photopeak efficiency (ph > 0.3) Good angular resolution to increase Doppler correction capability (up to v/c ~ 0.5)

High rate capability Fast background rejection Operation into high magnetic fields

Central Tracking DetectorsCentral Tracking Detectors

Light materials, self supporting structure!

Light materials, self supporting structure!

Example event pp → → 4K

• 9000 straw tubes• 15 double layers• 2-14 layers are with angle between 4-9o

• tube length –1.5 m• tube diameters – 4, 6, 8 mm

• 9000 straw tubes• 15 double layers• 2-14 layers are with angle between 4-9o

• tube length –1.5 m• tube diameters – 4, 6, 8 mm

PID with DIRCPID with DIRC

(DIRC@BaBar)

(DIRC@BaBar)

GEANT4 simulation

Electromagnetic CalorimeterElectromagnetic Calorimeter

Length = 17 X0

APD readout (in field)

pp J/

e/π-Separation

PbWO4- CsI(Tl) - BGO

Muon DetectorMuon Detector

Forward SpectrometerForward Spectrometer

HADES@GSIHADES@GSI

• 6 layers of sense wires in• 3 double layers (y,u,v)• not stretched radially (mass)• realized at HADES

– high counting rates

– position resolution 70m

Tracking: Forward MDCTracking: Forward MDC

Radiator n=1.02

Multi pad gas detector

Mismatch photons CsI photon conversion

LHCbLHCb

proximity focusing mirrorsproximity focusing mirrors

PID: Forward RICHPID: Forward RICH

PANDA CollaborationPANDA Collaboration

•At present a group of 150 physicists

from 40 institutions of 9 Countries.

Bochum, Bonn, Brescia, Catania, Cracow, Dresden, Dubna I + II, Edinburg, Erlangen,

Ferrara, Frascati, Franhfurt, Genova, Giessen, Glasgow, KVI Groningen, GSI, FZ Jülich I + II,

Los Alamos, Mainz, Milano, TU München, Münster, Northwestern, BINP Novosibirsk, Pavia,

Silesia, Stockolm, Torino I + II, Torino Politecnico,Trieste, TSL Uppsala, Tübingen,

Uppsala, SINS Warsaw, AAS Wien

Bochum, Bonn, Brescia, Catania, Cracow, Dresden, Dubna I + II, Edinburg, Erlangen,

Ferrara, Frascati, Franhfurt, Genova, Giessen, Glasgow, KVI Groningen, GSI, FZ Jülich I + II,

Los Alamos, Mainz, Milano, TU München, Münster, Northwestern, BINP Novosibirsk, Pavia,

Silesia, Stockolm, Torino I + II, Torino Politecnico,Trieste, TSL Uppsala, Tübingen,

Uppsala, SINS Warsaw, AAS Wien

http://www.gsi.de/hesr/panda

Spokesperson: Ulrich Wiedner - Uppsala

Austria - Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Poland – Russia – Sweden – U.K. – U.S.

ConclusionsConclusions

high resolution spectroscopy with p-beam in formation experiments:

E Ebeam

high yields of gluonic excitations: glueballs, hybrids, multi-quark states

≈ 100 pb

partial chiral symmetry restoration by implanting mesons inside the nuclear medium

hyperon-antihyperon taggable beams

Thanks to the new GSI HESR facility p will be used to produce...

Tracking ResolutionTracking Resolution

J/+-

+- (J/) = 35 MeV/c2

() = 3.8 MeV/c2

Example reaction: pp J/ + (s = 4.4 GeV/c2)

Single track resolution

Invariant mass resolution

Present GSI FacilityPresent GSI Facility

UNILAC

SIS

FRS

ESR

Stage Plan for the Facility Construction

HESR & 4 MV e- -Cooling

Civil Construction 4

Built by the Julich machine division

Total Costs: 675 Million Euro

Documents

Paola Gianotti - LNF Antiproton Physics @ GSI Overview of the GSI Future Project Scientific Areas and Goals The Antiproton Physics Program Charmonium