Panorama International R&D Tcm326-128986

7/29/2019 Panorama International R&D Tcm326-128986

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International Panorama of

Electromobility R&D

Jean-Charles JacqueminFUNDP (Namur)March 31st 2011

(Presentation version : March 30 2011)


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Presentation

1. What panorama ? Reminder

2. Panorama 1 : Main trends and syntheticresults

3. Conclusions

4.Access to the knowledge base via Inet


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1. What panorama ?

Reminder :Globalvision and holistic surveygiven interactions between:

Techniques Managerial aspects Sociopolitical aspects Economic issues

Difficulties : exponential growth of the number of relevantinformations : this slideshow is a summary of summaries of


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Answer :

Creation of aContent Management System (CMS) to structure

a knowledge base.

Access to this CMS via Internet for the Be.eV

members (see 4. infra)


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2. Panorama 1 : Main Trends

Synthetic Results


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Technology (1/68)Electricity storage


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Trend 1

A confirmation of significativeprogresses in battery capacities(and a correlative decrease in theircost) (cf P0) but also a growing

interest for hybridization withsupercapacitors to get bacitors, thebest of both worlds


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Trend 2

New technologies (3Dnanostructures, solid state, printing,) to increase the energy density,the charge/discharge efficiency,


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Technology (3/68)

Electricity storage : Batteries (1/8) :From Tesla CEO Elon Musk :

Batteries Arent The Future

Progress in specific energy

1. The specific energy of EVs batteries increases :Targets to be verified in several prototypes (Saab epower, Mazda Axela,, etaxis, ) include a projected driving range of 200 kilometers

through the use of high density energy storage in lithium-ionbattery cells.As an example Envia Systems (link)states that By putting more energyin each battery, the number of batteries required decreases by50% in Envias case, dramatically reducing the overall cost of the

application..
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Technology (4/68)

Electricity storage : Batteries (2/8) :Significative Progress in (dis)charging time of batteries

2. The use of 3D nano structures to give capacitor-like power with battery-like energy. "Braun, a professor of materials science and engineering at the

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, states : "Most capacitors storevery little energy. They can release it very fast, but they can't hold much.Most batteries store a reasonably large amount of energy, but they can'tprovide or receive energy rapidly. This does both."Braun's group wraps a thin film into three-dimensional structure, achieving

both high active volume (high capacity) and large current. (link)

They have demonstrated battery electrodes that can charge or discharge ina few seconds, 10 to 100 times faster than equivalent bulk electrodes, yetcan perform normally in existing devices.


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Trend 3

Propositions and business moves todecrease the cost of batteries :Second life market and Large scalestationary electricity storage.


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Technology (5/68)

Electricity storage : Batteries (3/8) :Markets for the Second life of batteries

3. Second life of batteries : ENERDEL partners with ITOCHU for a second

smart grid project in apartment building in Tokoyama, with the intent todevelop a secondary market to lower battery costs for automotivebuyers(p.34 in link)

This development of a secondary market is considered as very important to

decrease the TOC of Evs. (See also recycling) As well as :


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Electricity storage : Batteries (4/8) :

Stationary storage to decrease the costs and increase efficiency

4. The addition of a robust stationary energy storage market offersthe opportunity to drive down the unit cost for mobile energy storage.

This is a trend that encompasses two different market areas (automotive andelectrical power) that could be mutually beneficial. (link)

Several scientific congresses have concluded that specific policies should focuson this trend and encourage large scale stationary storage to decrease (trougheconomies of scale) the battery costs while allowing a better management ofrenewable electricity sources. (link)

Technology (6/68)
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Trend 4

Prototypical metal-air batteriesclose to the energy density thatpetroleum products currentlyprovide.


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Metal-air better than fossil fuels ?

5. An ever increasing interest on metal-air batteries :

The look forward came at the 10X Advanced Battery R& D Conference held inSanta Clara, California, January 10 12. The Metal-Air batteries offer somephenomenal energy densities (hence the 10X conference title) that couldsignificantly increase the range and bring down the cost of on-board energystorage for future electric vehicles. An example was presented of a 100kg

battery pack that could provide enough energy for a 700km range.

Mobile applications ofMetal-air batteries are very attractive as they comeclose to the energy density that petroleum products currentlyprovide. (link) (to compare to the DBM data with a LMP battery).

Technology (7/68)
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Trend 5

Practical progresses in batteryrecycling but a political questionabout the rent distributionbetween the manufacturer, theconsumer and the recycler.


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Recycling : the closed loop and the rent distribution problem

6. A new value chain and a rent distribution problem

Through their partnership Tesla and Umicore (se also new partnerships) intendto "take the lead in developing a closed loop battery recycling system"As stated by Tesla :Umicores factory plants are able to recycle our batteriesinto completely reusable materials and substantially reduce the carbon footprintof manufacturing Lithium-ion batteries. The Umicore battery recycling

technology is able to save at least 70 percent on CO2 emissions at the recoveryand refining of these valuable metals. (). This is not only an attractive processfor Tesla from an environmental aspect, but it also provides a high marginof return.(link)

So, who has paid for the new battery ? Is he paid for the true value of its usedbattery ?

Technology (8/68)
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Trend 6

Research on batteries is federatingin the US and EU with preciseprogress objectives.


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Technology (9/68)Electricity storage : Batteries (7/8) :

Research (1/2) In the US :

Fundamental research on batteries is now on track as an example theBatteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT) Program is the

premier fundamental research program in the U.S. for developing high-performance. It proceeds by quarterly reports of progress towardsmilestones themselves based on the USABC goals. LBNL to Chair 4thSymposium on Energy Storage: Beyond Li Ion at PNNLJune 7-9, 2011 (link)
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Technology (10/68)Electricity storage : Batteries (8/8) :

Research (2/2) and in the EU :

The creation in Europe of a battery research consortium under theproject SOMABAT.

Numerous partners, among them Umicore and University of Lige, willinvestigate ways to produce working prototype lithium polymer batterieswith the primary goals set to decrease environmental impact, increasestability and enhance performance.

The 36 month project, is aspiring to produce a battery with an energydensity of up to 220 Wh/kg and a final cost less than $208/kWh(150/kWh), incorporating recyclable solid components.

The European Commission is supplying $5.1 million (3.7 million) of the

total $7 million (5.04 million) project cost. (link)
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Technology (11/68)Electricity storage :Fuel Cells :New tests

1. Mercedes has announced that its B-class F-Cellwill be driven around the world to promote

hydrogen fuel cell powered cars. (link)

2. Fuel-cell etrucks are tested in California. (link). Aswell as transit buses like the Proterra bus (infra).
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Technology (12/68)

Electricity storage : Other devices : Carbide derived carbon(1/3)

1. "Skeleton Technologies, an energy-storage start-up based in Tartu, Estonia,has been awarded a US patent on its nanoporous carbon powdersupercapacitor material. : (link1)Today, the energy density and maximum power of Skeleton Technologies'ultracapacitors reach 13 Wh/L and 70 kW/L respectively: roughly a 50%higher energy density and 4 higher power density.

The technology permits to deliver the same performance as competition, butat a lower price and in a smaller, more compact form-factor. Today, theprice of quality carbon is USD 20/kg; the target price for a superiorperformance carbide-derived carbon is USD 10/kg.The supercapacitors have passed initial tests by industry experts and majorcorporations and Skeleton Technologies plans to enter production for themarket by 2013."
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Technology (13/68)Electricity storage : Other devices : Bacitors (supercabatteries),

etc. (2/3)

2. Taiyo Yuden in Japan and others have recently announced lithiumbacitors with improved properties. (link) :

Combining the strength of lithium-ion secondary batteries with conventionalElectric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC)s, this next-generation energydevice offers an energy density 4 to 10 times greater than EDLCs.

Taiyo Yuden's Hybrid LIC (Cylindrical Lithium Ion Capacitor) boasts the keyfeatures of batteries (high voltage and high energy) while maintainingthe traditional characteristics ofcapacitors (rapid charge/discharge,high durability, safety and environmental friendliness).
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Technology (14/68)

Electricity storage : Other devices : Solid-state. (3/3)Planar Energy is one such company who has produced a solid statebattery to rival traditional li-ions.

This advanced solid-state battery technology has three times the energy

density of current li-ion batteries, costing less than half the priceper kilowatt-hour.

The researchers have confirmed that (...) the inorganic, solid state materialsused by Planar create a stable, longer-lasting unit than convential Li-Ion

batteries. The company says that Streaming Protocol for ElectrolessElectrochemical Deposition (SPEED) is "a low-cost, high-speed, roll-to-rolldeposition process, which is significantly more flexible and scalable thanexisting deposition methods". (...). This process will enable manufacturers toreduce costs by more than 50 percent whilst increasing capacity by 200-300

percent. Applying this to the automotive industry allows for a decrease incost and increase in the practicality of EVs. (...) " (link1)
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Technology (15/68)Recharging : Standards (1/2)

1. A British report, dated June 2010, on the Current Situation and FutureDirection of Electric Vehicle Charger Standardsby the SMMT (Society ofMotor Manufacturers and Traders Ltd) concludes (p.16 in file, link),concludes :

- The SAE J1772 vehicle inlet and vehicle connector are rapidly becoming

the accepted charging connector for the US and are likely to becomemandated by Californian legislation in the near future.

- SAE J1772 compliant vehicle inlets and vehicle connectors are alreadyavailable from at least one supplier, with other suppliers due to beginproduction by the end of 2010.

- Whilst the SAE J1772 vehicle inlet and vehicle connector provide anexcellent solution for the US market, where three phase electrical supply isnot commonly available and where it is common practice for the chargecable to form part of the charging point, they do not provide an idealsolution for Europe.
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Technology (16/68)

Recharging : Standards (2/

Recharging : Standards (2/2)

- The IEC 62196-2 Type 2 vehicle inlet, vehicle connector, outlet socket andplug appears to offer a better solution for the European market, permittingsingle or three phase charging at up to 70A.- IEC 62196-2 Type 2 vehicle inlets, vehicle connectors, outlet sockets andplugs are already available from at least one supplier, with other suppliers

due to begin production by the end of 2010. The European AutomobileManufacturers Association (ACEA) favour the IEC 62196-2 Type 2 connector.- The main obstacle to the adoption of the IEC 62196-2 Type 2 connector asthe standard European charge connector is that some European countrieshave national building codes/regulations on electrical installation which

require electrical contacts to be "shuttered" and the IEC 62196-2 Type 2connector specification does not include "shutters".- The IEC 62196-2 Type 3 vehicle inlet, vehicle connector, outlet socket andplug may provide a solution as they have the necessary "shutters" andpermit single or three phase charging at up to 32A."


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Technology (17/68)Recharging : Prospective

2. A study presented by the Energy Harvesting Journal(link) states :

About $2.3 billion will be spent on plug in charging stations at ex factoryprices in 2015. However, in contrast to the market for the vehicles, themarket for their charging stations is greatly dominated by car versions.

The non-car charging station business will peak in numbers in 2019 andvalue in 2017. There are several reasons.- Innovation is slower with cars- Batteries with longer range reduce the need for charging stations

Global demand for charging stations using contacts to the vehicle willquintuple in the next decade to reach over $20 billion including installation.East Asia takes 40% of the EV charging station market by value in 2021.

However other devices of energy harvesting are gaining efficiency likeenergy harvesting shock absorbers.
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Trend 7

A recurrent question : how to avoidpublic overexpenditure in publiccharging stations, as private agentsshould take the initiative. HoweverPPP are recommended to start theprocess.


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Technology (18/68)Recharging : Prospective : Are public charging points necessary ?

3. The assessment of the MINI-E leasing experiment by BMW gives somesinsights on the charging behavior of the leasees (link) :" In its 14 month Mini-E test lease program, involving two groups of 40drivers, two-thirds of participants only ever charged their two-seatall-electric mini at home. (...) While most of the participants in the trail

had begun their short lease believing that public charge points wereabsolutely essential to the future success of electric cars most discoveredthat the 100 mile range per charge offered by the Mini-E was more thanenough for daily use.

The participants did acknowledge however, that some of their

electric car charging behavior was formed by a lack of publiccharging infrastructure. ()

A lack of charging outside of the home didnt cause Mini-E leasees to leavetheir cars at home though: drivers reported that despite having severerange anxiety at the start of the trail they soon discovered the Mini-E couldprovide enough charge for all but the most demanding of trips."
http://www.beevinternational.be/resources/urls/electric-infrastructure-charging-surpriseshttp://www.beevinternational.be/resources/urls/electric-infrastructure-charging-surpriseshttp://www.beevinternational.be/resources/urls/electric-infrastructure-charging-surprises


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Trend 8

The offer of sophisticated services

with charging points for EV drivers,charge point owners, gridmanagers, and a preoccupation

to integrate all the differentsystems in the cloud charging ofEVs.


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Technology (19/68)Recharging : by wire : Vehicle to grid communications :

Car manufacturers partner to standardize the interfaces1. Mercedes-Benz is spearheading advanced new technology that allowselectric cars to talk directly with the national grid to enable cheaper andmore efficient charging of EVs. This technology is also using a smartphone

or iPad app, to inform the grid when the vehicle will be used next.

Mercedes is now leading a research group that includes representativesfrom all major German and French manufacturers, Detroits Big Three andToyota to make this vehicle to grid communications interface standard on all

future EVs from these companies. (link)
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Technology (20/68)Recharging : by wire : where ?

2. An IBV (IBM Institute for Business Value) study shows that :"Home charging is considered important to the success of EVs. "It iscrucially important that we build an infrastructure that can charge vehicleswhere their owners park them for extended periods of timewhether thatis at home or at work, school, or the store."

Where to put those charging stations?

"When deciding where to put charging stations, retail hubslike malls andshopping centers are good locations. "t's easy to envision charging stationsin these commercial locationscoupled with an advertising and

promotion-based business model for local storeswhich will helpmake the economics more feasible."

Partnering with large employersin target regions to create charginginfrastructure in the workplace also makes sense, Gyimesi added."(link)
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Technology (21/68)Recharging : by wire : new services

3. Sophisticated services are seen as a must with the chargingstations, an example with the Leviton director of business development(link).Leviton enlisted Charge Point Network Support Services, a product ofCoulomb Technologies of California.

Needs :- to find charging stations easily- to reserve charging time at a station via computer or smartphone- to use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) cards to access the power

station, which is locked until the charging provider allows access- or to dial an 800 number that is printed on the charging station to order a

charging session

CPNSS offers a lots of other valuables services using the capabilities of the

cellular organization and of RFID chips.

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Technology (22/68)Recharging : by wire : centralized management and charging

services4. Bosch proposes an integrated e-mobility solution using ICT between theEV driver and its chargers to offer a great flexibility of choice for the driverand other actors. (link) Siemens does the same (link)

The German Walther corporation presents its offer of charging solutions(file). Walther also offers a centralized payment system capable of ensuringits own control for 3 to 20 prepaid recharge points.This new solution will be presented by Walther at the show EVER, from 31

March to 3 April in Monaco." (link)
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Trend 9-1

Lot of so-called anxieties so far

identified : charge,


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Technology (23/68)Recharging : by wire : Charge anxiety

5. Charge anxiety may lead to impatience about the availabilty of fastchargers. Some have already hacked their Leaf EVSE level 1 to charge fasterin a Level 2 mode 240V 32 A. (link)
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Technology (24/68)Recharging : by wire : first CHADEMO certification in Europe

6. The Dutch Epyon is the first manufacturer to receive the CHADEMOcertification in Europe for its new multi-port EV fast chargers (link)
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Trend 10

A growing interest for induction

charging to ease the life of EVowners with a significativeprogresses both in charging

efficiency and in induction formoving vehicles.

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Technology (25/68)Recharging wireless : induction charging

1."Liberty Electric Cars works by engineering electric propulsion into existingvehicle platforms, replacing the internal combustion engine with electricalpower via four on-board motors (one per wheel). The new technology canalso allow for wireless charging where the car is simply parked over aninduction plate and charges automatically without the need for plugs orpower leads." (link)

2. "Rolls-Royce has revealed its all-electric 102EX Phantom and if it makesproduction, the firms demanding customers will be able to juice it upwirelessly. Clever induction charging technology means drivers will simply

have to park their limo over a special pad. This revives the 71kWh batterypack with no need for cables. A full charge will take eight hours, and give a

range of 124 miles." (link)

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Technology (26/68)Recharging wireless : induction charging

3. "Google latest project was announced Monday March 21st

and Google saysit has installed a wireless electric car charger, developed by a companycalled Evatran, to charge up plug-in cars on its Mountain View, Calif.campus. Currently the prototypes are getting just under 80 percentefficiency says Evatran, but the company says it will only bring a product tomarket with 90 percent efficiency.(...). Evatran also told last year that thePlugless Power devices would cost around $3,800 and would go on saleApril 2011 ." (link)

4. Some forecasts : "In a few years down the road, the plug-free electric

vehicle charging industry could become substantial and wirelesscharging is already starting to become more mainstream for gadgets. Globalshipments of gadgets capable of proximity charging are estimated to jumpnearly 70 times by 2014 from the 3.5 million units expected to sell this year,according to research firm iSuppli.." (link)

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Technology (27/68)Recharging wireless : induction charging for a moving EV

5. Bombardier Introduces PrimoveCity E-Mobility System (link)PrimoveCity utilizes the PRIMOVE technology capable of providing powertransfer for all electric vehicles. Using inductive energy transfer, PRIMOVEequipment mounted under the vehicle generates power from cables creating

a magnetic field placed under the ground's surface.

The system only energizes when it is fully covered by the vehicle. Vehicleand wayside components are designed to meet all applicable safetystandards. Reliable performance is ensured, even under adverse weather

and ground conditions such as snow, rain, ice, sand or water.

Bombardier will present its groundbreaking PrimoveCity program at theUITP 2011 59th World Congress and Mobility & City Transport Exhibitiontaking place in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, next April, 11-14.
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Trend 11

Battery swapping for cars and

trucks is more than an idea.

Technology


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Technology (28/68)Wireless recharging : Battery swapping (1/3)

1. By implementing BES (battery exchange stations) theaccommodation of renewables in the charging mix is considerablyeasier than by using FCS (fast charge stations).(link)

2. Battery swapping and exchange seems to be added as an optionwith the purchase of an EVin order to amortize the cost of the bateryover time and reduce the risk of the technological obsolescence of thebattery. . (link)

3. Renault limits battery swapping to Danemark and Isral for thetime being. (link) Prices schemes "all inclusive" are known for the Danish

buyers of the Fluence ZE, depending of the yearly anticipated distancedriven.

4. Betterplace inaugurate the first of the 40 BSS that will be installed inInsral this year. 9 are already completed. (link)

Inaugurating first Isral
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g gBSS on March 24 2011

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5. An EU Cordis project of 2.4 millionscalled EASYBAT (link) hasbeen awarded to a consortium of partners : among them Betterplace Isral,Renault, Continental, two German Universities, etc. " to address theseintegration challenges by defining new concepts for the smart insertion ofbatteries and by developing in particular generic interfaces for electricvehicles. integration system will be developed for fully electric vehicles. ()

EASYBAT will develop (i) generic interfaces to improve interoperabilitybetween the battery system modules and the vehicle on board-systems and(ii) new components for an easy & safe location and quick integration of thebattery in the vehicle. (iii) At each stage of the project, the EASYBATpartners will assess the feasibility of the overall battery swapping concept

considering costs, logistics, and environmental aspects. Based on theseparameters, the EASYBAT system performance will be compared toalternative solutions for EVs."

The project has a duration of 30 months starting on Jan 1st 2011 until June30 2013.

Technolog
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6. Tesla has designed its second electric car, the Model S, to have a batterythat can be quickly taken out and swapped with a new one, with the ideathat if battery swapping becomes common for electric car drivers one day,the Model S will be prepared, explained Tesla CTO JB Straubel at a tour of

Teslas Model S Alpha Build room.Making the battery swappable also makes it easier to install on themanufacturing line, he added. (link)

Technology
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Technology (31/68)

Electricity production by the vehicle : External energy harvestingPiezoelectric energy harvesting roads generate power when strained ina particular way. The devices are small but over a large area can amount tosignificant power generation. In Italy and Israel trials are underway withpiezoelectric energy harvesting roads - the vibrations due to vehicle

motion are turned into electricity. In a trial by the Israeli government, 2,000watt hours of electricity were generated on a 10 meter stretch ofhighway.However, these technologies would be best placed where a vehicle isslowing down, otherwise the systems can lower the fuel efficiency of thevehicle. Approaches to crossings, ramps and parking lots would be ideal

locations. ()Energy harvesters such as those described above meet unmet needs. Forexample, powering signage or lighting on roads or in pedestrian areas canbe done by harvesting energy from the traffic or footfall near it - noexpensive infrastructure is needed. (link)
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Trend 12 : types of vehicles

A multiplicity of actors, products,

research agendas, opportunities,partnerships, policies.

A lot of world premires duringthose three last months and firstexperiences with real customers. (cfP0)

Technology


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Technology (32/68)Types of vehicles : necessity of an EU regulation

"The Commission awarded a project to TRL to review the type-approvallegislation for electric vehicles and the potential safety risks. The specificobjectives of the project were:1. To provide recommendations on the completion of EC (and also

UNECE) type-approval requirements for electric vehicles;2. To assess potential risks associated with electric propulsion

that are not covered by legislation, including EC and UNECEregulations;

3. To provide recommendations on appropriate legislative action

if potential risks are identified.

The project focused on M and N category vehicles, from mild hybrids to purely-electric vehicles. " (file)

Technolog
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Technology (33/68)Type of vehicles : 2 wheels

Prices are down (link)

Technology
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Technology (34/68)Type of vehicles : 3 wheelers : do you need adrenaline ?

Nils Ferber EX electric drill-powered trike (link).

Technology ( / )
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Technology (35/68)Type of vehicles : Light 4 wheelers :

The prices, types and delivery date of the Renault Twizy are known. (link)

Twizy will be sold from 6,990 including VAT * (excluding tax incentives)Rent for the battery : 45 including VAT * / month (36 months, 7500 km peryear).

Technology
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Technology (36/68)Type of vehicles : electric cars (1/5)

A. The expected pure electric range is increasing,While 100 miles (160 kms) was a common norm in recent years, severalnew vehicles are presented with an expected range of 200 kms and more.(examples : Saab epower, Mazda Axela, Liberty Electric E-Range (retrofit

of a Range Rover), VW Bulli (300km) ) (link)

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B. BMW creates a new "i" sub-brand for its electric vehicles, the i3 formerlycalled Megacity has been spied in tests and a more precise concept shouldbe revealed at the Frankfurt motor show in September.

Made largely from carbon fiber for lightness and strength, the i3 isexpected to get a four-seat layout with a 134-horsepowerelectric motor driving the rear axle. A range-extended version could also beavailable after initial launch." (link)

Technology
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B. World premieres :The iMiEV is on sale in UK since January 2011 (link) as well as in France (file with

specifications) as well as the Nissan Leaf.

Technology
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C. The practicability of ecars is a continuous preoccupation,some unexpected newcomers, the Kangoo combi and VW Bulli (link).

Technology (40/68)
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D. Production announcements : some examples (1/2)Ford has announced a range of EVs for BEV to HEVs to available between end2011 to 2013. Volvo presents its V60 Diesel PHEV (available 2012). Toyotaannounces an IQ electric retrofit.

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D. Production announcements : some examples (2/2)Tata has started to assemble a batch of 1,500 Indica Vista EV superminimodels in Coventry UK on March 25. The Vista EV is a 4 seater capable ofcovering 120 miles on a full charge with a potential top speed of 71 mph. Itcan also manage 0-60 kph in less than 10 seconds.

The Coventry plant is essentially a location for assembly procedures part-built vehicles arrive from India and then the batteries, transmission andinterior parts are added. The vehicles will go on sale to the general public atthe beginning of 2012. (link)

.

Technology (42/68)
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Technology (42/68)Type of vehicles : e-taxis

1. ZAP in joint-venture with Jonway has presented its E-taxi (link) alreadydistributed in South Korea.
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Technology (43/68)

Type of vehicles : e-taxis (2/3)

2. Eco City Vehicles PLC (ECV), developer and distributor of eco-friendlycommercial vehicles in Europe, has announced the launch of an all-electricprototype of its London-licensed Mercedes Vito taxi).
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Technology (44/68)

Type of vehicles : e-taxis (3/3)

3. In January 2011, Mitsubish has announced that an electric taxi based on thei-MiEV pure electric car would be available commercially in the second halfof 2011 for a low cost of around $24,450. Toshiba is to supply lithium ionbatteries.. (link)

Technology (45/68)
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Technology (45/68)

Type of vehicles : all terrain and/or 4x4 (1/2)

With the entry of Avenport Investment in its capital , whose investmentpolicy is geared towards young SMEs with high potential, ElectricCar is acquiring a new partner to support its growth and development ofits VOLTEIS first 4X4 electric available on the market since February 2010.

(link)

Technology (46/68)
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Technology (46/68)Type of vehicles : all terrain and/or 4x4 (2/2)

Liberty electric cars retrofits Range Rovers. (link) And on the Volvo V60PHEV pushing the AWD button in the centre stack activates electric four-wheel drive. Instead of the mechanical power transmission of theconventional AWD system, the central control unit manages torquedistribution to the diesel-driven front wheels and the electrically powered

rear axle. (link)
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Trend 13 :

A significative accent onpracticability and security ofelectric cars, vans, taxis, ...

Technology (47/68)


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Technology (47/68)Type of vehicles : e-vans (1/2)

1. Ford announces the Ford Transit Connect full electric in collaboration withAzure Dynamics to be available in 2011. For the specs, see file and the testdrive. (link) and Renault offers two versions of the Kangoo (ZE et MaxiZE).

Technology (48/68)
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2. Think proposes two types of e-vans :The first, the THINK City N1 type approved for European vanhomologation, carries goods up to a maximum 237 kilograms and 700-litresin volume, and offers significant tax advantages in many markets.

The THINK Compactvan follows later this year. With an increased capacity

of 900-litres and designed as part of a large tender for fleet sales to theFrench Governments UGAP program. (link)

3. Mitsubishi Motors Corp and Yamato Transport Co Ltd will start a field test ofan electric pickup and delivery vehicle prototyped by Mitsubishi Motors. ()

The electric vehicle (EV) to be tested is based on Mitsubishi Motors' "MinicabVan" gasoline-driven commercial light van. The company used the motorand the lithium-ion rechargeable battery of its "i-MiEV" EV for theprototyped EV. Mitsubishi Motors aims at an early commercialization of thecommercial electric light van. (link)

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4. Goupil presents the coooling version of its electric van. Offering up to 70km range, this version of the G3 cooling van proves to be a goodalternative to refrigerated heavy vehicles for urban deliveries. Its compactsize, 1.1 m wide, and its 3 m turning radius allow it to slip easily into thenarrow streets. It primarily targets professionals in urban logistics delivery(for individuals, meal trays, communities ...).Goupil G3 refrigeration is sold from 27,900 excl.taxes ... (link)

Technology (50/68)
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Technology (50/68)Type of vehicles : light trucks1. In France, the Renault Maxity Electric truck will soon be available in leasing

this year. Renault Trucks has partnered with its subsidiary Clovis rental tooffer contracts with a duration of 48 months rental full service(maintenance - tires - insurance - replacement vehicles. ...). Aimed atdowntowns, the electric version of Maxity offers a payload up to 1.5 tonsand may be driven with a simple license B. The Maxity reaches a 70 km/h

maximum speed and its lithium-ion batteries loaded in 8 hours allow a 100km range. (link)

Technology (51/68)
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Technology (51/68)

Type of vehicles : e-bus (1/4)

1. AEV develops a E-Shuttle Bus WithRange Of 83 Miles. Early reportsindicate that the 21-foot E-Shuttlewill run on an 88.5 kWh lithium ironphosphate battery pack which willgive the vehicle a range of about133 km (84 miles) without the useof air conditioning, a top speed of80 km/h (50 mph) and consumption

of 665 Wh/km.Note AEV is also working on asolution for the exchange of batterypacks to be unveiled in late 2011.(link)

Technology (52/68)
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Technology (52/68)Type of vehicles : e-bus (2/4)

2. The French company SOCIT GRUAUMICROBUS is a partnership between theGroupe Bollor and Groupe Gruau (link)has developed an electric urban bususing LMP batteries and supercapacitors

(link)3. The first electric bus in service inFrance was officially inaugurated on thenetwork CoulBus Coulommiers (77)The electric bus is a Oreos 4X, developed

by PVI based in Seine-et-Marne. It isequipped with a 170 kwh lithium-ionbattery. allowing an approximate rangeof 120 km (at 70km/h) and canaccommodate 47 passengers. " (link)

Technology (53/68)
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Technology (53/68)Type of vehicles : e-bus (3/4)

4. Proterra Inc., a Greenville, S.C. company is producing battery-powered, fast-charging transit buses. The buses are fueled by Altairnano's lithium-titanatebattery systems and fuel cell that continouous recharge the batteries.(...) Altairnano's fast-charge capability is what makes the Proterra bus suchan innovative green solution. The bus can run a 2 hour bus route after asingle 5- to 10-minute rapid charge, and the batteries have an expectedlifespan of 12 to 15 years in any climate. These batteries are the onlycommercial technology that can currently provide these capabilities. (link)

Technology (54/68)
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Technology (54/68)Type of vehicles : e-bus (4/4)5. This idea has some success (link) : a mega-sized U-shaped ultracapacitor

could provide a low cost low tech decade of pollution-free transitservices with a double decker bus.

Technology (55/68)
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Technology (55/68)

In California, combinations of Fuel Cells andbatteries are used to power Class 8 heavytrucks and tractors in order to provide cleanoperations :Vision Motor Corporation will deliver the zero-emission hydrogen fuel-cell hybrid-electricpowered big-rig and terminal tractor, whichthey produced.Each truck has battery packs that arecontinually recharged by on-board hydrogenfuel-cells. The vehicles will undergo real-world

testing for the full 18 months, encounteringtypical circumstances that any comparativediesel-fuelled vehicle would. (link)

Type of vehicles : Heavy and special vehicles

Technology (56/68)
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Technology (56/68)E-Vehicle conception : Global engineering (1/3)

1. A Mc Kinsey study confirms that . Driving missionsmuch more thanthe size of vehiclesdetermine energy storage requirements." (link)and that should motivate car manufacturer to better know their customerneeds.This confirms the engineering choice made by Mia (formerly HeuliezFriendly ). The Mia comes with a standard 8 kWh battery pack but morepacks may be added to increase the range. (link)

Technology (57/68)
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2. Volvo and Opel both present new driving mode choices for their PHEV orEREV's the V60 diesel PHEV and the Opel Ampera EREV.

To be mentionned : the possibility tochoose a pure electric modealong with several otherpossibilites. (link)

Technology (58/68)


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3. Your electric car can go six miles further on its battery ifyou use LEDheadlights. (link)

"Jonathan Dunlap, the automotive lighting engineer and product marketing

manager with OSRAM SYLVANIA, says that LED (light emitting diode)lighting can have a significant impact on an electric vehicle's range. Overonly that last 2-3 years, the efficiency of LEDs has increased to the pointwhere LEDs use less than 25% the energy of halogen bulbs (and this willonly get better in the coming years). So, how much extra range can an EVget by using today's LED headlights? According to Dunlap:An efficient LED headlamp system can extend vehicle range by nearly sixmiles (9.5 km).

LEDs have additional benefits such as extremely long life (50,000 hours isnot uncommon) and vibration tolerance, meaning they can last the life of

the car. The main hurdle at this point is getting upfront costs down." (link)

Technology (59/68)
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Technology (59/68)E-Vehicle conception : new materials

New materials are developed to increase the efficiency of EVs. (link)

The move towards adoption ofcarbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) isexpected to soon gain momentum as a solution for significantly reducing theautomobile body weight. This weight-saving initiative by Toray and Daimlerwould partially offset any increase in weight caused by additional safety andcomfort features or new technologies used in alternative drive systems.Furthermore CFRP parts contribute to an increased stiffness of the vehiclebody, thereby further increasing the crash integrity of the passenger cell aswell as the comfort. (link)

Technology (60/68)
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Technology (60/68)E-Vehicle conception : Motors

1. Toyota moves away rare earths for its motors (link)) by attempting toreplace its magnet-type motor by a lighter and moreefficient induction motor. This move has been prepared by by thegovernment-backed New Energy and Industrial Technology DevelopmentOrganization (NEDO) and Hokkaido University. (link)

2. Note that "as a pioneer in the development of electric drive systems, ACPropulsion (...) has been making EV motors (i.e. for the Mini E, the Teslaroadster) without using rare earth metals for nearly 20 years. (link)

3. Yaskawa has developped a motor with good performance for slow and stop

and go driving. (link)4. The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has announced its

plans to implement by 2012 energy efficiency standards for electricmotors . (link)
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Trend 14 :The renewed interest in retrofitting.

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ec o ogy ( / )E-Vehicle conception :Retrofitting (1/3)

1. Japan Post "is currentlyelectrifying 25% of a22,000 vehicle fleetwith the intention ofconverting 100% of thefleet to pure EVs Byretrofitting the vehiclewith theENERDEL/THINK

drivetrain, the postalservice is able to retainits existing vehiclefleet" (link).

Technology (62/68)
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Technology (62/68)E-Vehicle conception : Retrofitting (2/3)

2. "The Japanese automotive supplier Yasukawa Electronics (...) has startedmarketing the YMEV, an electrified drive train that can be fitted intoconventional cars for turning them into EVs. The internal permanent magnet(IPM) motor and the control systems of the YMEV make it particularlyefficient in low speeds with frequent stop-and-go, such as in parcel delivery.Zero Sports, a company very active in the conversion of cars in Japan, isusing the YMEV for the 1,000 units strong EV fleet the Japan Post hasordered in 2010. " (link)

Technology (63/68)
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gy ( / )E-Vehicle conception : Retrofitting (3/3)3. Numerous actors work in the retrofit sector. Interested people may consult

http://www.calcars.org/ice-conversions.html
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Trend 15 :The integration of IC

technologies in EVs to provideuseful services inside and withthe vehicle.

Technology (64/68)


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gy ( )E-Vehicle conception : Interactivities (1/2)

1. The charging network must be offered with ICT service to facilitate thelife of EV drivers AND charging point owners. An example is given inthe Leviton director of business development interview. (link)

2. A common language in the cloud charging of EVs is necessary inorder to allow EV drivers inscribed at one network, will also be able tocharge at stations provided and serviced by another one. It might come ata higher charging rate, but technical access will be possible. (link)
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Trend 9-2Lot of so-called anxieties so far

identified : charge, signal,

Technology (65/68)


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gyE-Vehicle conception : Interactivities (2/2)

A new source of anxiety ? And a talent quest war.

3. Ford has just announced that it has chosen telecoms giant AT&T to providewireless connectivity to its new range of electric and plug-in cars, enablingdrivers of its 2012 Ford Focus electric car to remotely interact with their car

via an Internet portal or their smart phone.This will enable users to check on their cars state of charge, pre-air condition thecar and even schedule charging. In addition, the cars permanent Internetconnection means drivers get real-time traffic information, eventually integratingwith charging networks to show which charging points are available near the car orits destination. " (link)

But will range anxiety be accompanied by signal anxiety, the quality oftelecomunications being far from excellent everywhere ?Moreover a talent quest for tech talents recently made Detroit the fastedgrowing area for such diplomas competing with Silicon Valley (link)

Technology (66/68)
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gyE-Vehicle conception : Security (1/3)1. Given the side pole impact test that caused the 2011 Mitsubishi i-Miev so

much grief in the NCAP Euro tests earlier this month (feb; 2011) (link) :

Technology (67/68)
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gyE-Vehicle conception : Security (2/3)

Volvo decided to put its electric C30 in this same situation which is one of themost severe of all crash tests. (link), as well as Gordon Murray with thesmaller T.27 :

Technology (68/68)
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gyE-Vehicle conception : Security (3/3)

3. The European Commission, DG Enterprise and Industry commissioned areport from TRL to review the type-approval legislation for electric vehiclesand the potential safety risks.The specific objectives of the project were:1. To provide recommendations on the completion of EC (and also

UNECE) type-approval requirements for electric vehicles;2. To assess potential risks associated with electric propulsion that are

not covered by legislation, including EC and UNECE regulations;3. To provide recommendations on appropriate legislative action if

potential risks are identified. (file and link)

Economic Challenges (1/6)
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gA conclusion : R. Minsks MIT symposium

Transportation electrification offers the most promising pathway to a moresecure energy future, but there should be no mistaking the magnitude ofthis undertaking. The existing oil infrastructure spans the globe, was createdover the course of a century, and is worth trillions of dollars. Replacing itwith an alternate infrastructure that delivers similar functionality will takedecades, which should not be surprising given that new cars routinely lastfor fifteen years and new power plants are built to operate for fifty years ormore.Without committing to electrify at least parts of our transportation

system, the burdens of oil dependence on our economy and ournational security are only likely to grow.(file)
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Trend 16 :A political will and business moves

to avoid a dependency to EnergyCritical Elements.



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g

Macroeconomic strategies :

China monopoly on rare earths exports (> 90% of world exports) used inthe EV industry poses a strategic problem of natural resources dependencysince China has decided to reduce its export quota of rare earths. See this

topic under (Socio-politicals aspects > Strategic views > Public views infra)



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g ( )Financial risks and opportunities for consumers :

the rent distribution problem of used batteries

Enabling consumers to capture the residual value of automotive batterypurchases could significantly offset the higher upfront cost of purchasing agrid-enabled vehicle. As the first generation of GEV batteries enters thesecondary use market, a value will surely be derived. If nothing else, therecycling of battery raw materials alone will generate a notionalreturn on investment for consumers. More likely, battery values will bewell in excess of the recycling value given their potential use in the electricpower sector. In the meantime, however, markets are likely to undervaluelithium-ion batteries due to their inability to assess the risk of an unknown

technology.Therefore, governments should authorize programs to guaranteeresidual value for large format automotive batteries. Compared tothe uncertainty of battery research and development, establishing aminimum residual value would effectively buy down the cost of batteries

immediately. (adapted from link)


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Trend 17 : is it a trend or arecurrent fate ?Not better market penetration

forecasts for EVs. However theobservation that fleet begin theirelectrification (even by retrofitting)

given the relatives advantagesprovided by their electrification



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gMarket penetration : forecasts (most interesting) (1/3)

1. After the range, charge and signal anxiety, the delivery anxiety appearedin the Nissan Laef customer minds due to long delays and more recently tothe earhquake in Japan . (link)

2. According to a recent study by McKinsey, the electric drive vehicles (100%electric and hybrid) could dominate the global automotive market in 2030through the gradual evolution of standards for CO2 emissions. (link)

The firm relies on different assumptions on the evolution of legislation to

carry out various market analysis.

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Moderate reduction - 95 g / km CO2 by 2050In this case, the ICE vehicle maintains its supremacy heat until about 2035 beforegiving way to hybrid vehicles. The plug-in hybrid could emerge in the 2040s whilethe electric car would have a moderate with only 10% market share in 2050. Thefuel cell vehicles could never develop for lack of available infrastructure ...

Strong reduction - 40 g / km CO2 by 2050Probably the most likely hypothesis.In this case, the ICE vehicle will be predominant until 2030. After that date, electriccars and plug-in hybrids take rapidly a large market share at the expense ofconventional vehicles. The fuel cell would be favored on large vehicles for longertrips ...

Strict reduction - 10 g / km CO2 by 2050Here, the thermal vehicle loses its grip in 2025 to provide market share in theelectric-powered vehicles. In the long term, the technology becomes dominantpure electric for short trips and the fuel cell for longer distances. Hybrid cars andplug-in hybrid technology serve only temporary and quickly yield place to the two

previously mentioned technology.



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1. A summary of US EV penetration forecasts. (link)

Management Issues (1/14)
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Marketing : Leasing1. Swapping and leasing batteries seems to be a new business model allowing

buyers of EVs to amortize over time the cost and the technological obsolescencerisk of batteries.

"In the future, proposes Charles Gassenheimer, chairman and CEO of batterymanufacturer Ener1, electric-vehicle battery leasing should be added to the

options. We can come up with a creative lease finance model that moreappropriately allocates [the cost of] battery use, he said.

Currently, the battery represents up to 45 percent of the cost of an electricvehicle. Getting that cost down will be crucial to widespread consumer

acceptance of plug-in vehicles, according to virtually all reports. (...)Gassenheimer suggested that consumers could buy a service agreementunder which they pay $100 to $150 a month to use the battery. Every threeto five years, the battery could be swapped out. It wouldnt go to that greatbattery farm in the sky, however. It could still be used for storage . (link)

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Marketing : EV car rental

he Hertz Corporation announced last year (Dec. 6 2010) that New York will bethe first city to receive electric vehicles (EV) as part company's Hertz Global EVinitiative.

"Daily rental firm Hertz has also signed a two-year 500-unit electric vehicle

supply deal with Renault. The four Renault EVs launched in the next 18months the Kangoo van, lower medium Fluence, Supermini Zoe and Twizyscooter/city car are all included in the deal.

Hertz said there will be an allocation for corporates as theyre seen as early

adopters, although couldnt say how many cars would be devoted here.Our partnership with Hertz will allow the public to experience our innovative

driving technology first-hand, as well as developing their understanding of theenvironmental benefits of our Renault ZE Range, said Uwe Hochgeschurtz,senior VP of Renaults corporate sales division." (link1) For the original pressrelease see link2.

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Mobility Services : EV car sharing

1. Nice (see Panorama 0) opens its first car sharing station (link) and video :

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Mobility Services : Electricity for EVs Markets

One-Stop integrated solutions for EVs and certification of renewable energysources

The partnership of the Renault-Nissan Alliance and The Mobility House(Austria) intends to : give our EV customers in Austria and Switzerland a

competitive one-stop solution at our dealerships for all their e-mobility needs, including domestic charging, installation by acertified technician, and electricity. The Mobility House will provideseamless access to energy and energy-related services to all Renault andNissan EV customers anywhere anytime,said Thomas Raffeiner, Founder

and CEO of The Mobility House.

In Austria, TMH will also provide customers with certification thatthe electricity from their charging unit is derived from renewableenergy sources, making them eligible for electricity subsidies in that

market. (link) (From the press release)
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Trend 18 :Numerous new partnerships

between energy producers, carmanufacturers, telecommunicationoperators, research teams, . (Cf

P0)



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New partnerships (1/4)

1. Mercedes is now leading a research group that includes representatives fromall major German and French manufacturers, Detroits Big Three and Toyotato make their vehicle to grid communications interface standard on all futureEVs from these companies. See also Technology > Recharging > Rechargingby wire > Panorama 1 (link)

2. Bollor and Gruau have partenered to conceive and produce the microbusGruau electicty using LMP batteries and supercapacitors. (link) See alsoTechnology > Type of vehicles > ebus > Panorama1 (link)

3. Daimler (Mercedes) and Torray have partenered to mass produce CFRP autoparts to be used in all Mercedes models starting in 2012 by using a new

production method called Short Cycle Resin Transfer Molding (SCRTM).(link)See also Technology > EV conception >Materials> Panorama 1 (link)4. A new research consortium has been founded around the MIT, called the MIT

Energy Initiative (MITei). Its numerous members are big energy corporationstogheter with electronic firms, electricity distribution societies, academic

institutions, etc. (link).

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5. ZAP and Jonway have partenered in a JV owned for 51% by ZAP :JonwayAutomobiles revenues from selling its gasoline vehicles will helpbuild the foundation for ZAP Jonways growth in the electric vehicle market,allowing ZAP to focus on further strengthening its EV technology, reinforcedby Jonways manufacturing production expertise and ready market access toChina,said Dr. Priscilla Lu, founder and general partner of Cathaya Capital, aCross Border Fund focused on China. (link)

6. The Saab ePower is the first electric vehicle from Saab and is a result ofa private public partnership between Saab Automobile, Boston Power(batteries), Electroengine in Sweden AB (battery management system),Innovatum (project management), Power Circle (Swedens electric powerindustry trade organization) and the Swedish Energy Agency (partialfinancing). (link)

7. ENERDEL has develo ed numerous artnershi s to develo its activities

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8. EDTA, Electric Drive Transportation Association, is "the preeminentUS industry association dedicated to the promotion of electric drive as thebest means to achieve the highly efficient and clean use of secure energy inthe transportation sector." (link) It groups the main US carmakers, energycompanies, batteries and battery components manufacturers, component

suppliers, infrastructure developers, industry trade associations, defensecontractors, governemental agencies and other interest associations.

9. After a similar experience I North America, Tesla launches a battery recyclingprogram throughout Europe through a partnership with Umicore. It intents todo the same in Asia. (link)

10. BMW Peugeot Citron Electrification is the name of the new BMW PSApartnership. "BMW Peugeot Citroen Electrification will focus on thedevelopment and manufacture of components for hybrid vehicles (batterypacks, electrical machinery, generators, power electronics, chargers), as wellas the software for the operation of hybrid systems. (link)

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11. A group of large Japanese compnies, heavy-weights in EV technologies,including NEC, Nissan, NTT Docomo, JX Nikko Nisseki Energy Group, andNihon Unisys, announced their intentions to work together in the SmartNetwork Project in developing communication standards for bothnetworked home appliances and electric vehicles. (...) Vehicle-to-grid (V2G)

communication is therefore an important area of research in Japan. (link)12. In January 2007, Volvo Cars and Vattenfall launched an industrial partnershipwhose aim was to test and develop plug-in technology. This cross-borderinitiative resulted in the foundation of a jointly owned company -V2 Plug-in-Hybrid Vehicle Partnership. The V60 Plug-in Hybrid, which will belaunched on the market in 2012, is the result of this close cooperation. (link).

13. The EASYBAT consortium (link) has been awarded a grant of 2.4 millions tobetter study battery swapping, See Technology review Recharging Wireless recharging Battery Swapping Panorama 1

14. Renault and Hertz partner for an Ev rental initiative. See : Managementissues Marketing strategies Rental Panorama
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Trend 19 :New opportunities for business :

1. Innovative and integrated charging stations2. "To close the loop" with battery recycling

3. Subscription of mobility services

4. Integrated EV solutions for the mobility plansof the travelers

5. Retroffiting of vehicles

6. More work for electricians



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New Opportunities for Business (1/6)

1. Innovative and integrated chargingstations

The ECOtalitys Blink smart charging station isan innovative charging station that will be able

to communicate with Ciscos Home EnergyController. Part of the growing Smart Gridphenomenon, the Cisco Home Energy Controller(HEC) allows consumers to monitor and controltheir home energy use. By integrating theBlink charging stations with Ciscos HEC, electric

car owners will be able to view and control theirelectric car charging from anywhere and ensurethat their vehicle is charged at times whenthere is low demand on the electricity grid,reducing cost and carbon emissions. (link)

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New Opportunities for Business (2/6)

2. "To close the loop" with battery recyclingTo "close the loop" with battery recycling is seen by a new businessopportunity, see for instance (link1) the partnership between Tesla andKinsbursky Brothers, Inc., an environmental management company thatspecializes in the management and recycling of waste materials specifically

noted for battery recycling, as well as the one with Umicore. For the Teslaannouncement, see (link2), but the appropriation of the rent of thisopportunity is a subject of debate. (link)

3. Subscription of mobility services

"Better Place opened today (March 3, 2011)together with its partnerRenault, Europes first Better Place center. Visitors will now be able toexperience sustainable mobility and will have the opportunity to place anorder for a Renault Fluence Z.E. with the Renault staff and sign up with theBetter Place team for a subscription of mobility services convenientlypackaged for consumers, fleet managers and the public sector. (link)
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