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Homoseksuwalidad

Homoseksuwalidad

Watawat na sagisag ng pamayanan (komunidad) ng homosek-suwal. Ang iba ibang kulay ng bahaghari (rainbow) aysumasagigsag sa pagkakaiba-iba o dibersidad sa homoseksuwal na komunidad.

Ang homoseksuwalidad [1] o homosekswalidad ay ro-mantikong atraksiyon, atraksiyong seksuwal o gawaing

seksuwal sa mgakasapi ng magkatulad nakasarian. Ito aybahagi ng katangian o katauhan ng isang tao. Bilang isangseksuwal na orientasyon, tumutukoy ang homoseksuwal-idad sa “permanenteng pagnanais na makaranas ng sek-suwal, magiliw, o romantikong atraksiyon” pangunahin onatatangi sa mga taong katulad na kasarian. “Tumutukoydin ito sa pagkakakilanlang pampersonal o panlipunanbatay sa mga nabanggit na atraksiyon, mga kilos na ip-inapakita nila, at sa pagsanib sa komunidad kung saansila kabahagi.”[2][3]

Isa ang homoseksuwalidad sa tatlong pangunahingkaurian ng oryentasyong seksuwal, kasama nang

biseksuwalidad at heteroseksuwalidad. Ayon sa mgasiyentipiko at sa pagkakaunawang medikal, ang oryen-tasyong seksuwal ay hindi pinipili, bagkus ay isang

komplikadong pagsasama ng mga dahilang biolohikal atpangkapaligiran.[2][4] Bagamat mayroon pa rin nanini-wala na ang mga gawaing homoseksuwal ay “hindinatural” o “dispunksiyunal”,[5][6] ipinapakita ng mgapagsasaliksik na ang homoseksuwalidad ay isang halim-bawa ng normal at natural na kaurian ng seksuwalidad ngtao at hindi ng isang epekto ng negatibong pag-iisip.[2][7]Ang panghuhusga at diskriminasyon laban sa mga taonghomoseksuwal at biseksuwal (homophobia) gayunmanay nagpapakita ng isang malaking epekto pang-silohikal,

at mas lalong nakasisira sa mga batang homoseksuwal atbiseksuwal.[7][8]

Pinakatalamak na salitang ginagamit sa mga taong ho-moseksuwal ang lesbyan o tomboy para sa mga babaeat bakla o beki para sa mga lalaki. Ang bilang ng taona nagsasabi na sila ay bakla o lesbyan at ang bilang ngtaong may karanasang seksuwal sa katulad na kasarian aymahirap sukatin para sa mga mananaliksik dahil sa iba'tibang mga kadahilanan, kabilang na ang maraming mgabakla ang hindi bukas sa paglaladlad dahil sa resulta nghomophobia at diskriminasyong heteroseksismo.[9] Angmga kilos homoseksuwal ay naidokumento at naitala rin

sa maraming espesye ng hayop.[10][11][12][13][14]

Maraming mga bakla at lesbiyana ang tapat sa mga ug-nayan ng magkatulad na kasarian, subalit kamakailanlamang nagkaroon ng mga uri ng senso at kaisipangpampolitika na magsasagawa upang ipakita ang kanilanghanay.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

1 Etimolohiya

Nagmula ang salitang homoseksuwal sa pinagsamangsalitang Griyego at Latino, na ang unang bahagi ayhango sa Griyegong salita na ὁμός homos, 'katulad'(hindi kaugnay ng homo sa Latino, na nangangahulu-gang 'tao', gaya ng sa Homo sapiens), kaya nangan-gahulugang mga kilos seksuwal at pag-ibig sa pagitanng dalawang kasapi ng magkatulad na kasarian, kasamana ang lesbyanismo.[25][26] Natagpuan ang pinakaunangalam na nailimbag na homoseksuwal sa isang polyetongAleman noong 1869 ng isang Austriyanong nobelista nasi Karl-Maria Kertbeny, at hindi alam kung sino angnaglimbag,[27] na naglalaman ng pagkukundena laban sabatas kontra sodomya ng Prusya.[27][28] Noong 1879, gi-namit ni Gustav Jäger ang katawagan ni Kertbeny sa

kanyang aklat na Discovery of the Soul (1880).[29] Noong1886, ginamit ni Richard von Krafft-Ebing ang katawa-gang homoseksuwal at heteroseksuwal sa kanyang aklat

1

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Freiherr_von_Krafft-Ebinghttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_J%C3%A4gerhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Prusyahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Maria_Kertbenyhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroseksismohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobiahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolohiyahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroseksuwalidadhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biseksuwalidadhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seksuwal_na_orientasyonhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasarianhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkakaiba-iba


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2 2 KASAYSAYAN

na Psychopathia Sexualis , na maaaring hiniram niya kayJäger. Naging tanyag ang aklat ni Kraff-Ebing sa mgakaraniwang tao at mga manggagamot (doktor ) at ang mgaterminong “heteroseksuwal” at “homoseksuwal” ay angpinakalaganap na ginagamit na termino para sa oryenta-syong seksuwal.[30][31]

1.1 Mga salitang ginagamit sa homosek-suwalidad

Sa mga bansang gumagamit ng Ingles, karaniwan atkatanggap-tanggap ang salitang “gay” upang tukuyin angisang homoseksuwal. Sa Pilipinas, “bakla"' ang karani-wang katumbas ng homoseksuwal, ngunit sumasakop dinangsalitang itosa ibang oryentasyon seksuwal na sa istrik-tong kahulugan ng salitang homoseksuwal (na eksklusi-bong atraksiyon sa katulad na kasarian) ay hindi kabilang

dito. Kabilang sa tinatawag na bakla ang mga biseksuwal(silahis), transeksuwal, mga kilos babae, at minsan ayang mga malamya kumilos. Tumutukoy sa taong maymagkatulad na atraksiyon sa parehong babae at lalaki angbiseksuwal. Samantala, transeksuwal ang tawag sa mgataong tinuturing ang kanilang sarili na kabaligtad ng kani-lang kasarian. Ang oryentasyong seksuwal ay nararam-damang atraksiyong sekswal samantalang ang pagkakak-ilanlang pangkasarian ay paghahayag ng nararamdamangkasarian na kinabibilangan. Bukod sa salitang bakla,ang mga binabae (babaeng kumilos) na kinabibilanganng mga transeksuwal at nagdadamit babae (crossdresser)ay tinatawag ding “binabae”, “bading”, “siyoke”, “sirena”,“beki” at iba pa. Ang mga bakla naman na kumiki-los lalake ay tinatawag na “paminta” mula sa pa-men opa-min na nangangahulugang “nagpapakalalake”. Angtomboy na iba ang kahulugan sa ibang bansa gaya ngEstados Unidos ay ginagamit sa Pilipinas para sa mgalesbiyana o mga babaeng may atraksiyon sa kapwa babaeat sa mga lalaking transkekswal (ipinanganak na babae).

2 Kasaysayan

Ang pagtingin ng lipunan tungo sa kaugnayan ng magkat-ulad na kasarian ayiba-iba ayon sa panahon at lugar, mulasa ang lahat ay inaasahang magkaroon ng kaugnayan sakatulad na kasarian, sa kaswal na pakikisama, sa pag-tanggap ng lipunan, hanggang sa pagtingin dito bilangisang maliit na kasalanan, at pagtuligsa sa pamamagi-tan ng pagsasagawa ng mga batas at mga mekanismongpanghusga, at paglalagay nito sa parusang kamatayan.

2.1 Aprika

Bagaman madalas na hindi pinapansin o sinusugpo ng

mga mangagalugad na mga Europeo at mga kolonyalista,ang mga pagpapahiwatig homoseksuwal sa mga katu-tubong Aprika ay buhay at mayroong iba't ibang uri. Inu-

lat ng mga Antropologong sina Stephen Murray and WillRoscoe ang mga babae saLesotho ay pumapasoksa tang-gap ng pamayanang “relasyong erotiko”, na tinatawag namotsoalle.[32] Naitala din ni E. E. Evans-Pritchard na angmga lalaking mandirigma na Azande sa hilagang Congoay palaging kumukuha ng mga batang lalaking mangin-gibig na may gulang na labindalawa at dalawampu. Angkaugaliang ito ay nawala noong unang bahagi ng ika-20dantaon pagkatapos mapasailalim ng mga Europeo angmga bansa sa Aprika.[33]

2.2 Amerika

Ang Dance to the BerdacheIsang seremonyal na pagsasayaw ng mga Sac at Fox upangipagdiwang ang mga taong may dalawang kaluluwa. GeorgeCatlin (1796–1872); Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC

Sa mga katutubong tao sa kontinente ng Amerika bagopa ang pagdating ng mga Europeo, ang isang uri ng sek-suwalidad ay nasa katauhan ng isang taong tinatawag naDalawang Kaluluwang Tao . Kadalasan ang mga taong itoay inaalam na sa pagkabata pa lamang, at binibigyan silang kanilang mga magulang na pumili na sundin ang daangkanilang tatahakin at, kung tanggapin ng bata ang pa-pel ng isang Dalawang Kaluluwang tao, siya ay papalak-ihin sa tamang pamamaraan, at tuturuan ng mga kau-galian ng napili niyang kasarian. Kadalasang mga pantas(shaman ) ang mga taong may dalawang kaluluwa at gi-

nagalang sapagkat sila ay nagtataglay ng higit na kapang-yarihan kaysa sa mga pangkaraniwang mga pantas. Angmga karaniwang kasapi ng pangkat nila na may katuladna kasarian ang kasama nila sa buhay seksuwal.

Karaniwan din ang mga homoseksuwal at transgenderna tao sa mga kabihasnan sa Amerikang Latino bagopa sila nasakop ng mga Kastila, gaya ng mga Aztec,Kabihasnang Maya, Quechuas, Moches, Zapotec, at angmga Tupinambá ng Brasil.[34][35]

Nagulantang ang mga mananakop na Kastila sa kani-lang natuklasang sodomya na harapang ginagawa ngmga katutubong mamamayan, at sinubukang puksain ang

mga berdache (ang tawag ng mga Kastila sa mga taongdalawang kaluluwa) sa pamamagitan ng pagmumulta, ek-sekyusyon sa harapng publiko, pagsunog at pagpapakagat

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabihasnang_Zapotechttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuashttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabihasnang_Mayahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanyahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikang_Latinohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sac_at_Foxhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratikong_Republika_ng_Konggohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azandehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchardhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesothohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Roscoehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Roscoehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_O._Murrayhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbiyanahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transeksuwalhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transeksuwalhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biseksuwalhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinashttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Ingleshttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(aklat)


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2.4 Gitnang Silangan 3

Isang babae na sumisilip sa nag-iibigang lalaki. Tsina,Dinastiyang Qing.

sa mga aso.[36]

2.3 Europa

Nagmula sa Sinaunang Gresya ang pinakaunang mgadokumentong kanluranin (sa mga uri ng panitikan,larawan, at bagay mitolohiya) na may kinalaman sa mgaugnayan ng magkatulad na kasarian sa Europa.

Patungkol sa homoseksuwalidad ng mga lalaki, ang mga

dokumentong ito ay naglalarawan ng isang daigdig kungsaan ang pakikipag-ugnayan sa isang babae at sa mga ka-bataan ay isang mahalagang pundasyon ng normal buhaypag-ibig ng isang lalaki. Ang ugnayan ng magkatulad nakasarian ay isang panlipunang institusyon na paiba-ibangnabago sa pag-inog ng panahon at mula sa isang lungsodpatungo sa ibang lungsod.

Kakaunti ang nalalaman sa homoseksuwalidad ng mgababae noong unang panahon. Si Sappho, ipinanganak sapulo ng Lesbos, ay isinama ng mga Griyego sa talaangkanonikal ng siyam na makatang liriko. Ang mga pang-uring hinango sa kanyang pangalan at pook ng kapan-

ganakan ay ginamit para sa homoseksuwalidad ng mgababae simula noong ika-19 dantaon.[37][38] Ang mga tulani Sappho ay tumutuon sa pagkahumaling at pag-ibigsa iba't ibang katauhan at sa parehong kasarian. Angnagsasaysay ng karamihan nang kanyang mga tula aynagsasabi ng pagkahibang at pag-ibig para sa iba't ibangbabae, subalit angmgapaglalarawan ng mgakilos sa pagi-tan ng mga babae ay kakaunti at nagdudulot ng maramingmga pagdedebate.[39][40]

2.3.1 Modernong Panahon

Ang Love Letters Between a Certain Late Nobleman and the Famous Mr. Wilson na nilathala noong 1723 saIngglatera ay itinuturing ng ilang makabagong dalub-

Si Sappho habang nagbabasa sa kanyang mga kasama c. 435BC.

hasa na isang nobela. Ang edisyon noog 1749 ng pop-ular na nobelang Fanny Hill ni John Cleland ay kina-palolooban ng mga eksenang homoseksuwal, subalit in-alis noong edisyon nito noong 1750. Pati rin noong1749, ang pinakalumang mahaba at seryosong pagtatang-gol sa homoseksuwalidad sa Ingles, angAncient and Mod-ern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplied , na isinulat niThomas Cannon, ay inilathala, subalit kaagad na pinigil.

Nakasipi dito ang, “Unnatural Desire is a Contradictionin Terms; downright Nonsense. Desire is an amatory Im-pulse of the inmost human Parts.”[41]

2.4 Gitnang Silangan

Sa sinaunang lipunang Asiria, ang homoseksuwalidad aypangkaraniwan; at hindi rin ipinagbabawal. Sa halip, angilang mga sinaunang mga tekstong Asiriano ay naglala-man ng mga dasal para sa banal na biyaya para sa mgaugnayang homoseksuwal.[42] Ang mga paring Asiriano

ay kadalasang nakabihis bilang isang homoseksuwal nalalaki.[43]

Sinasabing Israel ang pinakabukas na bansa sa GitnangSilangan at Asya para sa mgahomoseksuwal,[44] samanta-lang ang lungsod nitong Tel Aviv ay binansagang “kabis-erang pambakla ng Gitnang Silangan (“the gay capital of the Middle East” ),”[45] at sinasabing pinakabukas opinakamalayang lungsod para sa mga bakla sa buongdaigdig.[46] Ang taunang Pride Parade bilang pagsuportasa homoseksuwalidad ay ginaganap sa Tel Aviv.[47]

Nagtatalo-talo ang ilang dalubhasa na mayroong ilangmga halimbawa ng pag-ibig homoseksuwal sa mga sin-

aunang panitikan, gaya ng sa Epiko ni Gilgamesh ngMesopotamia pati na rin sa kuwentong Bibliya na Davidat Jonathan. Sa Epiko ng Gilgamesh, ang kaug-

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_at_Jonathanhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_at_Jonathanhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiko_ni_Gilgameshhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Pridehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Avivhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiriahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cannonhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastyhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clelandhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Hillhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyam_na_makatang_lirikohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesboshttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaunang_Gresyahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Qing


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nayan sa pagitan ng dalawang bida na si Gilgamesh atang karakter na si Enkidu ay kinakakitaan ng ilan ngkahomoseksuwalan.[48][49][50][51] Katulad din ng pag-ibigni David kay Jonathan na “mas higit pa sa pag-ibig ngisang babae.”[52]

Ilustrasyong Ottoman na nagpapakita ng batang lalaki na gi-nagamit sa maramihang pakikipagtalik (mula sa Sawaqub al-Manaquib)

Tanggap sa Persia ang homoseksuwalidad at mga pagpa-pahiwatig homoerotiko sa mga pampublikong lugar, mulasa mga monasteryo at seminaryo, tindahan ng alak, mgakampo ng kawal, pampublikong paliguan, at mga kapi-han. Sa unang bahagi ng PanahongSafavid (1501–1723),ang mga bahay prostitusyon panlalaki (amrad khane ) aykinikilalang legal at nagbabayad ng buwis.

Sa ngayon, ipinagsasawalang bahala, itinatanggi angpagkakaroon, o kaya ay pinaparusahan ng mga pama-halaan sa Gitnang Silangan ang mga homoseksuwal.Ilegal halos sa lahat ng mga bansang Muslim ang

homoseksuwalidad.[53] Sa talumpati ni PangulongMahmoud Ahmadinejad ng Iran sa Pamantasan ngColumbia noong 2007, ay nagsasabing walang homosek-

suwal sa Iran. Subalit, ang maaaring dahilan nito aytinatago ng mga homoseksuwal ang kanilang seksuwal-idad sa takot na sila ay parusahan ng pamahalaan atitakwil ng kanilang mga pamilya.[54]

2.5 Silangang Asya

Tukoy na ang pag-ibig sa katulad na kasariansaSilangangAsya simula pa noong pinakaunang naitalang kasaysayan.

Ang homoseksuwalidad sa Tsina ay naitala na simulapa noong tinatayang 600 BCE. Nababanggit ang ho-moseksuwalidad sa maraming tanyag na gawang pam-panitikang Tsino. Ang pagkakaroon ng damdamin atseksuwal na gawain sa katulad na kasarian na inila-

rawan sa klasikong nobelang Panaginip ng Pulang Ka- pulungan ay tinitignan ng mga kasalukuyang tagapag-matyag bilang katulad ng mga kuwentong pag-ibig sapagitan ng mga taong heteroseksuwal noong panahongiyon. Ang Konpusyanismo, na pangunahing naniniwalasa panlipunan at pampolitika na pilosopiya, ay maliit angpagtuon sa seksuwalidad, kahit na homoseksuwal o het-eroseksuwal ang isang indibidbwal. Ang panitikan noongDinastiyang Ming, gaya nang, Bian Er Chai ( / ),ay naglalarawan ng ugnayang homoseksuwal sa pagitanng dalawang lalaki na higit na masaya at higit na bagaykaysa sa ugnayang heteroseksuwal.[55] Ang mga kasu-

latan mula sa Dinastiyang Liu Song ni Wang Shunuay nag-aangkin na ang homoseksuwalidad ay karaniwangaya ng heteroseksuwalidadnoong huling bahagi ng ika-3dantaon.[56]

Ang pagtutol sa homoseksuwalidad sa Tsina ay nagsim-ulanoong kalagitnaanngDinastiyang Tang(618–907), nadulot nang pagtaas ng impluwensiya ng Kristiyanismo atIslam,[57] subalithindi naging ganap hanggang sa itaguyodng Dinastiyang Qing ang mga ugaling pang-kanluranin atpagbuo ng Republika ng Tsina.[58]

Ang Homoseksuwalidad sa Hapon, na kilala sa mgatawag na shudo o nanshoku ay naisulat na mula noong

isang libong taon na ang lumipas at mahalagang bahaging Budhistang pamumuhay at sa mga tradisyon ng mgasamurai. Ang kultura ng pag-iibigan sa magkatulad nakasarian ang nagbigay sa malakas na kaugalian sa mgapinta at mga panitikan na nagtatala at nagdiriwang sa mgaganitong uri ng kaugnayan.

Katulad sa Thailand, ang mga Kathoey, ay bahagi ng pa-mayanang Thai sa mga nagdaan na mga dantaon, at angmga Haring Thai ay mayroong mga lalaki at babaingmangingibig. Habang ang Kathoey ay karaniwang mgabinabae or nakabihis na pambabae, karaniwan silangtinuturing sa kulturang Thai bilang ikatlong kasarian.

Kadalasang tanggap sila ng lipunan, at walang mga batassa Thailand na nagbabawal laban sa mga homoseksuwalat sa mga gawaing homoseksuwal.

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatlong_kasarianhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturang_Thaihttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoeyhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuraihttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhismohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanshokuhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ng_Tsinahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Qinghttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Tanghttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Liu_Songhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konpusyanismohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaginip_ng_Pulang_Kapulunganhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaginip_ng_Pulang_Kapulunganhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksuwalidad_sa_Tsinahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silangang_Asyahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silangang_Asyahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasan_ng_Columbiahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasan_ng_Columbiahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejadhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavidhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkiduhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh


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3.2 Aktibismong Pampolitika 5

2.6 Timog Asya

Nabanggit samga batas ng Manu, ang pinagmulanng mgabatas Hindu, ang mga “ikatlong kasarian”, ay ang mgakasapi ng lipunan na maaaring magsagawa ng mga hindinakasanayang mga pagpapahayag ukol sa kasarian at sahomoseksuwalidad.[59]

2.7 Timog Pasipiko

Sa maraming lipunan ngMelanesia, lalo na saPapua NewGuinea, ang mga kaugnayan ng magkatulad na kasar-ian ay mahalagang bahagi ng kultura hanggan sa kalag-itnaan ng huling dantaon. Ang mga Etoro at Marind-anim bilang halimbawa, ay naniniwala na ang heterosek-suwalidad ay makasalanan at mas kinikilala ang ho-moseksuwalidad. Sa maraming tradisyunal na kulturang

Melanesyano, ang isang nagbibinatang bata ay ipaparessa isang higit nakakatandang binata na magiging gabayniya at makakatalik sa loob ng ilang taon upang ang nag-bibinatang bata ay maabot ang pagiging ganap na binata.Gayunman, maraming lipunan Melanesyano, ang nag-ibaang tinginsa ugnayangmagkatulad na kasariannang ipak-ilala sa kanila ang Kristiyanismo ng mga misyunerongEuropeo.[60]

3 Batas at Politika

3.1 Legalidad

Rings indicate local or case-by-case application.

----

• t • u• b

Karamihan sa mga bansa ay hindi ipinagbabawal angpakikipagtalik ng may pahintulot sa pagitan ng dalawangtao kung nasa wastong gulang na. Ang ibang mga huris-

diksiyon ay kinikilala pa ang karapatan, pangangalagaat mga pribilehiyo para sa mga pamilya na binubuo ngmagkarelasyong magkatulad na kasarian, kasama na ang

kasal ng magkatulad na kasarian. Ang ilang bansa na-man ay mahigpit na ipinagbabawal ito at tanging mga het-eroseksuwal na kaugnayan lamang ang kinikilala; at sailang hurisdiksiyon ang mga kilos at gawang homosek-suwal ay ilegal. Maaaring maharap ang mga nagkasalasa parusang kamatayan sa mga lugar gaya ng ilang lu-gar ng pundamentalistang Muslim tulad ng Iran at ilangbahagi ng Nigeria. Mayroon din, gayunman, kadalasangpagkakaibasa mgaopisyal na batas ng isang bansa at kungpaano ito ipinatutupad sa katotohanan.

Bagaman inalis na bilang isang pagkakasala ang mga ki-los homoseksuwal sa mundong kanluranin, gaya ng saPoland noong 1932, sa Dinamarka noong 1933, Swedennoong 1944, at sa Nagkakaisang Kaharian (Gran Bri-tanya ) noong 1967, noong lamang kalagitnaan ng dekada'70 natamasa ang limitadong karapatang sibil ng ko-munidad ng mga bakla sa ilang mga bansang maun-lad. Noong 2 Hulyo 2009, inalis bilang isang kri-men ang homoseksuwalidad sa Indiya ng isang Mataasna Hukuman.[61] Isang mahalagang pagbabago ang na-ganap noong 1973 nang alisin ng Kapisanan ng mgaSaykayatristang Amerikano (American Pyschiatric Asso-ciation) ang homoseksuwalidad sa Diagnostic and Statis-tical Manual of Mental Disorders , na dating nagsasabina ang homoseksuwalidad ay isang karamdaman sa pag-iisip. Noong 1977, naging kauna-unahang hurisdiksiy-ong lebel pang-estado sa buong mundo ang Quebec,sa pagbabawal ng diskriminasyon laban sa oryentasy-ong seksuwal. Noong dekada '80 at '90, nagpatupad ngmga batas ang mga bansang maunlad na nag-aalis bilang

isang krimen ang mga kilos homoseksuwal at ang pag-babawal sa diskriminasyon laban sa mga lesbyana, baklasa paghahanap-buhay, pabahay at mga pangunahing ser-bisyo. Sa kabilang banda, maraming bansa ngayon saGitnang Silangan at Aprika, gaya na rin ng ibang bansasa Asya, Karibe at Timog Pasipiko, ang patuloy pa rinsa pagbabawal ng homoseksuwalidad. Anim na bansaang nagpapatupad ng habang buhay na pagkakakulong;at sampu naman ang nagpaparusa ng kamatayan.[62]

3.1.1 Unyong Europeo

Sa Unyong Europeo, ang diskriminasyon ng kahit anonguri na nakabatay sa oryentasyong seksuwal o kasariangpagkakakilanlan ay ilegal sa ilalim ng Charter of Funda-mental Rights of the European Union.[63]

3.2 Aktibismong Pampolitika

Simula pa noong dekada 60, maraming kasapi ng LGBTsa kanluran, lalo na ang karamihan sa pangunahing pookna metropolitan, ay nakabuo ng tinatawag na gay cultureo kulturang gay.

Nang lumaganap ang AIDS noong unang bahagi ngdekada 80, maraming pangkat ng LGBT at ilang mga in-dibidwal ang nagpasimula ng mgakampanya upang ipala-

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDShttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_culturehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Unionhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Unionhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyong_Europeohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parusang_kamatayanhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansang_maunladhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskriminasyonhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disordershttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disordershttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiyahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansang_maunladhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansang_maunladhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapatang_sibilhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagkakaisang_Kaharianhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamarkahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundong_kanluraninhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:World_homosexuality_laws_map&action=edithttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usapang_padron:World_homosexuality_laws_maphttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padron:World_homosexuality_laws_maphttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiyanismohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marind-animhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marind-animhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etorohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesiahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusm%E1%B9%9Bti


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6 5 SEKSUWALIDAD AT PAGKAKAKILANLAN

Si Barbara Gittings habang nagpipiket sa Independence Hallnoong 4 Hulyo 1966. Larawan kuha ni Kay Lahusen.

ganap ang edukasyon, pagpigil, pagsasaliksik, at pagtu-long sa mga taong may AIDS, pati na rin ang paghingi ngtulong mula sa mga pamahalaan para sa mga programangito.

Ang mataas na bilang ng pagpanaw na dulot ng epide-myang AIDS ay nagpabagal sa pagsulong ng kilusan sakarapatan ng mga bakla noong umpisa, subalit lumaon aynaisulong din ng ilang kasapi ng payamayang LGBT sapamamagitan ng mga paglilingkod sa komunidad at mgakilospampolitika, at sa paghamon sa mga heteroseksuwalna tumulong sa pagtugon sa suliranin.

Hinahadlangan ng ilang mga indibidwal at mga sama-han ang kilusang LGBT. Naniniwala ang ilang mga pa-mayanang konserbatibo na ang lahat ng ugnayang sek-suwal maliban sa hindi katulad na kasarian ay nagpa-

pahina sa pamilyang tradisyunal[64]

at ang mga bata aydapat ginagabayan sa tahanan ng isang ama at isangina.[65][66]

4 Lipunan at karunungang pan-lipunan

4.1 Palagay ng mamamayan

Ang pagtanggap ng lipunan sa hindi heteroseksuwal na

kamalayan gaya ng homoseksuwalidad ay mababa sa mgabansa sa Asya at Aprika, at mataas sa mga bansa saEuropa, Australia, at sa mga Amerika. Tumataas ang

2007 Pew Global Research Poll: Dapat bang tanggapin nglipunan ang mga homoseksuwal? Ang bahagdan ng mgasumagot na “tanggap": 81% - 90% 71% - 80% 61%- 70% 51% - 60% 41% - 50% 31% - 40% 21%- 30% 11% - 20% 1% - 10% Walang data

pagtanggap sa homoseksuwalidad sa mga lipunan sa kan-luran simula pa noong ilang mga dekada.

4.2 Relihiyon

Bagaman ang ugnayan sa pagitan ng homoseksuwali-dad at relihiyon ay nag-iiba iba ayon sa panahon at lu-gar, sa loob at sa pagitan ng iba't ibang mga relihiyonat sekta, at sa pagkakaiba ng uri ng homoseksuwali-dad at biseksuwalidad, ang mga kasalukuyang namu-muno at mga kasulatan ng pinakamalalaking relihiyon sadaigdig ay pangkahalatang tinitignan ang homoseksuwal-idad na salungat sa kanila. Ito ay maaaring sumasak-law sa pagpigil sa mga kilos homoseksuwal, hanggang

sa pagbabawal ng mga seksuwal na gawain ng magkat-ulad na kasarian at ang tahasang pagtuligsa sa pagtang-gap ng lipunan sa homoseksuwalidad. Ang ilan ay nag-papalaganap ng pangaral na ang kamalayang homosek-suwal ay makasalanan,[67] ang iba naman ay nagpapa-hayag na ang mga gawaing homoseksuwal lamang angmakasalanan,[68] ang iba naman ay tanggap ang mgabakla at mga lesbiyan,[69] samantalang ang iba ay hini-hikayat pa ang homoseksuwalidad.[70] Inaangkin ng ibana ang homoseksuwalidad ay maaaring malabanan sa pa-mamagitan ng pananampalataya. Sa kabilang banda, mayiilan sa mga relihiyong ito ang na nakikita ang homosek-suwalidad bilang katanggap-tanggap, at ang mga liberalna denominasyon ay nagsasagawa ng kasal ng magkatuladng kasarian. Naniniwala ang ilan na ang pag-ibig at sek-suwalidad ng magkatulad na kasarian ay banal, at maaar-ing makakita ng mga mitong patungkol sa pag-iibigan ngmagkatulad na kasarian sa daigdig. Ganunpaman, kahitano ang kanilang paningin sa homoseksuwalidad, maramisa kanila ang sumasangguni sa mga banal na kasulatanat mga nakasanayang o tradisyon upang maging gabay saisyu.

5 Seksuwalidad at Pagkakakilan-lan

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbiyanhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sektahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relihiyonhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprikahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDShttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Lahusenhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Hallhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Gittings


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6.1 Homoseksuwalidad sa mga hayop 7

5.1 Iskalang Kinsey

Ang Iskalang Kinsey, na tinatawag ding IskalangPanukat Heteroseksuwal-Homoseksuwal (Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale),[71] ay nagsusubok na tukuyinang kasaysayang pang-seksuwal ng isang tao o anggawaing seksuwal niya sa isang tiyak na panahon. Gu-magamit ito ng iskala mula sa 0, na nangangahulugangekslusibong heteroseksuwal, hanggang 6, na nangangahu-lugang homoseksuwal. Kasama rin dito ang isa pang bai-tang, na nakatala bilang “X”, na ginagamit para matukoyang aseksuwalidad.[72][73]

5.2 Oryentasyon at kilos

Pangunahing lathalain: Oryentasyong seksuwal

Ayon sa Amerikanong Asosasyong Pangsikolohiya, tu-mutukoy din ang oryentasyong seksuwal sa pandama ng“pagkakalinlanlang personal at panlipunan" ng isang tao“batay sa mga pagkaakit na iyon, mga kaasalan ng pagpa-padama ng mga iyon, at kasapian sa isang pamayanan nanakikisalo sa mga ito.”[74][75]

5.3 Paglaladlad

Tumutukoy ang “paglaladlad” sa pagpapahayag ng isangindibidwal sa kanyang oryentasyong seksuwal o kasari-ang pagkakakilanlan, at may iba't ibang pagsasalarawanat karanasan bilang isang prosesong pangsikolohikal opinagdadaanan.[76] Kadalasan, inilalarawan ang paglal-adlad sa tatlong yugto. Ang yugto ay ang yugto ng“pag-alam sa sarili”, at ang pagdating ng pagtanto naang sarili ay bukas sa isang ugnayan ng magkatulad nakasarian. Karaniwan itong nilalarawan bilang paglalad-lad sa sarili. Ang ikalawang yugto ay ang pagpasya namagladlad sa iba, halimbawa, sa pamilya, mga kaibigan,o mga kasama sa hanap-buhay. Ang ikatlong yugto aykadalasang nailalarawan sa pamumuhay ng bukas bilangisang taong LGBT sa lipunan.[77]

Ayon kanila Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, Braun (2006),“ang pagkabuo ng pagkakakilanlan seksuwal ng mga les-biyan, bakla o biseksuwal ay magulo at kadalasang mahi-rap na proseso. Hindi gaya ng ibang kasapi ng ibangmaliliit na pangkat (hal. mga pangkat etniko at mgalahing minorya), karamihan sa mga indibidwal na LGBay hindi lumaki sa isang pamayanan na mayroon katu-lad na huwaran na maaaring matutunan nila ang kani-lang pagkakakilanlan na nagpapalakas at tumutulong saganoong pagkakakilanlan. Subalit, ang mga indibidwalna LGB ay kadalasang lumalaki sa mga pamayanang ig-norate o laban sa homoseksuwalidad.”[78]

6 Mga pananaw siyentipiko

6.1 Homoseksuwalidad sa mga hayop

Ang homosekwalidad ay makikita rin sa iba't ibang hayopgaya ng tupa, ibon, dolphin, bison, bonobo, daga, langawat iba pa.[9][79]

Sa isang pagsasaliksik ng mga siyentipiko noong Oktubre2003 sa pangunguna ni Charles E. Roselli et al. ng Ore-gon State University, ang homosekswalidad ng mga lalak-ing tupa ay nauugnay sa isang rehiyon sa utak ng mgatupang ito na tinatawag na “ovine Sexually DimorphicNucleus” (oSDN) kung saan ang sukat nito ay kalahatilamang sa sukat ng utak ng mga tupang lalaking het-erosekswal. Bukod dito, ang mga tupang homoseksuwalay may mas mataas na antas ng aromatase, isang enzymena responsable sa pagbabagongtestosterone(hormone ngmga lalake) sa estradiol (hormone ng mga babae). "[80]

Natagpuan ng mga siyentipiko noong Hulyo 2010, na ang

pagtanggal ng gene na “fucose mutarotase” na nakakaim-pluwensiya sa antas ng hormone na estrogen sa babaengdaga, ang mga babaeng ito ay nagkaroon ng atraksiyon sakapwa nila babae.[81][82]

Natagpuan din ng mga siyentipiko noong 2011 na angneurotransmitter na serotonin ay sangkot sa mekanismong atraksiyong sekswal sa mga daga.[83][84]

6.2 Homoseksuwalidad sa tao

dalawang hemispero ng utak ng tao

Ayon sa mga organisasyong siyentipiko gaya ng “Ameri-can Psychological Association”, [85][86][87] American Psy-

chiatric Association, American Psychological Associa-tion, American Counseling Association, the National As-sociation of Social Workers, American Academy of Pe-

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatricshttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Social_Workershttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Social_Workershttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Counseling_Associationhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Associationhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Associationhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Associationhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Associationhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utakhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotoninhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiolhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosteronehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatasehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkakakilanlang_panlipunanhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Associationhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryentasyong_seksuwalhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseksuwalidadhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroseksuwalidadhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskalang_Kinsey


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9

Ang pagsalakay ng mga pulis ng Bagong York sa Stonewall Innna isang gay bar noong 1969 ang pasimula ng pagprotesta nghomosekswal sa kanilang karapatang pantao. [104]

iinsulto at pagkutya, pagpapaalis sa mga establisyementodahil sa kanilang kasuotan o kilos gaya ng nangyari kayInday Garutay at BB Gandanghari sa Aruba bar,[105][106]mga karahasan at minsan ay pagpatay[107], bullying ngmga homosekswal na estudyante[108], at iba pa. Angmga epekto ng diskriminasyong ito sa isang homosek-swal ay kinabibilangan ng depresyon, paglayo sa mgatao (social withdrawal), hindi pagpasok sa eskwela,pagpapatiwakal[109] at iba pa.

Ang bansang may pantay na pagtrato sa mgamamamayan

nitong homoseksuwal ay kinabibilangan ng mga bansasa Europa (Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark at iba pa) atAmerika (kabilang na ang Canada, Estados Unidos, atArhentina). Ang mga bansang ito ay may batas na puma-payag sa mga homosekswal na magpakasal at mamuhayng malaya sa diskriminasyon. Ang ilan sa mga bansangito ay tumatanggap din sa mga “gay refugee” (tumakas nabakla) na lumikas sa kanilang mga bansa dahil sa pagu-usig sa kanilang homosekuwalidad.[110]

9 Homopobia

Ang homopobia ay tumutukoy sa mga negatibong sa-loobin sa homoseksuwalidad, mga indibidwal na ho-

moseksuwal o mga pinaniniwalaang homoseksuwal. Angmga saloobing ito ay kinabibilangan ng kawalang sim-patiya, pangungutya, prejudice, poot, paglayo at hindimakatwirang takot. Ang homopobia ay makikita sadiskriminasyon at karahasan batay sa nakikitang hindiheteroseksuwal na orientasyon. Ayon sa pinuno ng kara-patang sibil na si Coretta Scott King, ang "homopobiaay tulad ng rasismo at antisemitismo at iba pang mgaanyo ng bigotriya sa dahilang ito ay naghahangad naibaba ang isang malaking pangkat ng mga tao, itanggi ang kanilang humanidad, dignidad at pagiging tao". Ka-bilang sa pinagmumulan ng homopobia ang musika atmga music video[111][112][113] , mga simbahan/relihiyon(churches)[114][115][116] , mga pelikula o palabas na nag-papakita ng negatibong stereotype ng mga homosek-suwal, mga sikat na personalidad na naghahayag ng kani-lang homopobia at iba pa. Ang panloob na homopo-bia(internalized homophobia o egodystonic homophobia)

aynegatibong saloobin sa sarili dahil sa sariling homosek-suwalidad. Ang gayong sitwasyon ay maaaring magsanhing labis na pagsupil ng mga pagnanasang homoseksuwal.Ito ay kinabibilangan rin ng panlabas na pagpapakita ngpag-aasal na heteronormatibo (gaya ng pilit na pagpa-pakasal sa mga babae at pagkakaroon ng anak) para salumabas na normal o matatanggap ng iba. Sa ibang mgakaso, ang isang may kamalayang panloob na pakikibakaay nangyayari sa isang panahon na kalimitan ay nagtu-tunggali ng malalim na paniniwalaang relihiyoso o pan-lipunan laban sa malakas na seksuwal at emosyonal napagnanasa. Ang kaguluhang ito ay kalimitang nagsasanhing klinikal na depresyon at ang hindi karaniwang mataasna bilang ngpagpapatiwakal ng mga kabataang homosek-suwal ay itinuturong dahilan ng phenomenon na ito. Angpsychotherapy at pakikilahok sa isang nagpapatibay napangkat ay maaaring makatulong upang malutas ang pan-loob na alitang ito sa pagitan ng sariling relihiyoso at sek-suwal na identidad. Sa isang kontroladong pag-aaral ng64 na mga lalakeng heteroseksuwal (na ang kalahati aynagsaad na sila ay homopobiko na may sariling iniulatna orientasyon) sa University of Georgia, natagpuan naang mga lalake na homopobiko (gaya ng pagkakasukatng index of homophobia)[117] ay itinuturing na labis namas malamang na makaranas ng mas maraming tugon ng

ereksiyon kapag inilantad sa mga larawang homoerotikokesa sa mga hindi homopobikong lalake.[118]

10 Mga halimbawa ng kilalang ho-moseksuwal

• Alan Turing- Tinuturing na ama ng aghampangkompyuter

• Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir- Punong Ministro ngIceland

• Oscar Wilde - manunulat

• Magnus Hirschfeld - doktor

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeldhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wildehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3hanna_Sigur%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttirhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agham_pangkompyuterhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agham_pangkompyuterhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turinghttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoerotikohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereksiyonhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgiahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapyhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpapatiwakalhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinikal_na_depresyonhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_videohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigotriyahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismohttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_Kinghttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahasanhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskriminasyonhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudicehttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homopobiahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasal_(institusyon)https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhentinahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidoshttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europahttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpapatiwakalhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresyonhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullyinghttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB_Gandangharihttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inday_Garutayhttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Inn


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10 12 MGA SANGGUNIAN

• Chris Hughes - kapwa tagapagtatag ng Facebook

• Ellen Degeneres - aktress, TV host

• James Randi - manunulat at skeptiko

• Elton John - musikero

• Mark Feehily - miyembro ng Westlife

• Vice Ganda - komedyante

11 Tingnan din

• Heteroseksuwalidad

• Hiperseksuwalidad

• Homopobia

• Transeksuwalismo

12 Mga sanggunian

[1] Homosexuality, homoseksuwalidad, Gabby’s Dictionary,GabbyDictionary.com

[2] “Sexual Orientation, Homosexuality, and Bisexual-ity”, APAHelpCenter.org, http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx, hinango noong 2010-03-30

[3] “Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of theState of California, In re Marriage Cases JudicialCouncil Coordination Proceeding No. 4365(...) -APA California Amicus Brief — As Filed” (PDF).p. 30. http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/Amer_Psychological_Assn_Amicus_Curiae_Brief.pdf. Hi-nango noong 2010-12-21.

[4] Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Com-mittee on Adolescence (June 2004). “Sexual orienta-tion and adolescents”. Pediatrics 113 (6): 1827–32.doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. PMID 15173519. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long.

[5] Robinson, B. A. (2010). “Divergent beliefs about the na-ture of homosexuality”. Religious Tolerance.org. http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_fixe.htm. Hinangonoong 12 Setyembre 2011.

[6] Schlessinger, Laura (2010). “Dr. Laura Schlessinger andthomosexuality”. Religious Tolerance.org. http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_0078.htm. Hinango noong19 Setyembre 2012.

[7] ""Therapies” to change sexual orientation lack medi-cal justication and threaten health”. Pan AmericanHealth Organization. http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6803&Itemid=1926. Hinango noong 26 Mayo 2012. archived here .

[8]

[9] LeVay, Simon (1996). Queer Science: The Use and Abuseof Research into Homosexuality. Cambridge: The MITPress ISBN 0-262-12199-9

[10] Science Daily: Same-Sex Behavior Seen In Nearly AllAnimals

[11] 1,500 animal species practice homosexuality. The Medical News , 23 Oktubre 2006

[12] Sommer, Volker & Paul L. Vasey (2006), Homosex-ual Behaviour in Animals, An Evolutionary Perspective.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-86446-1

[13] (Bagemihl 1999)

[14]

[15] Censusstatistics show quarter of California same-sex cou-ples raising kids

[16] More Same-Sex Couples in Colorado, Census Shows[17] Region Saw Increase In Same-Sex Households

[18] Census 2010: One Quarter of Gay Couples Raising Chil-dren

[19] Minnesota Sees 50% Rise in Number of Gay Couples

[20] Census:Dutchess, Ulster Gay Households Increase

[21] Same Sex Couples’ Numbers Soar In N.Y, 2010 CensusFinds

[22] 87% Increase in Same-Sex Nevada Households Since2000

[23] 2010 Census indicates increase among same-sex home-owners in Oklahoma

[24] Spike In Number of City’s Same-Sex Couples

[25] Room, Adrian (1986). A Dictionary of True Etymologies .p. 84. ISBN 978-0710203403.

[26] Statt, David A. (2004). A Student’s Dictionary of Psychol-ogy. Psychology Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1841693422.

[27] “Karl-Maria Kertbeny: The Coinage and Dissemina-tion of the Term”, glbtq.com, http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/kertbeny_km.html, hinango noong 2012-06-12

[28] Feray Jean-Claude, Herzer Manfred (1990). “Homosex-ual Studies and Politics in the 19th Century: Karl MariaKertbeny”. Journal of Homosexuality 19 : 1.

[29] Homosexuality. The rst known appearance of homo-sexual in print is found in an 1869 German pamphlet bythe Austrian-born novelist Karl-Maria Kertbeny, published anonymously, arguing against a Prussiananti-sodomylaw.In 1879, Gustav Jager used Kertbeny’s terms in his book,Discovery of the Soul (1880).

[30] Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1840–1902). glbtq.com.

[31] “Psychopathia Sexualis”, Kino.com, http://www.kino.com/psychopathia/history.html, hinango noong 2007-09-07

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[32] Murray, Stephen (ed.); Roscoe, Will (ed.) (1998). BoyWives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homo-sexualities . New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-23829-0.

[33] Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (December, 1970). Sexual Inver-sion among the Azande. American Anthropologist, NewSeries, 72(6), 1428–1434.

[34] Pablo, Ben (2004), “Latin America: Colonial”, glbtq.com,http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/latin_america_colonial.html, hinango noong 2007-08-01

[35] Murray, Stephen (2004). "[[Mexico]]". In Claude J.Summers. glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bi-sexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Re-trieved 2007-08-01. Wikilink embedded in URL title(help)

[36] Mártir de Anglería, Pedro. (1530). Décadas del MundoNuevo. Quoted by Coello de la Rosa, Alexandre. “GoodIndians”, “Bad Indians”, “What Christians?": The DarkSide of the New World in Gonzalo Fernández de OviedoyValdés (1478–1557), Delaware Review of LatinAmericanStudies , Vol. 3, No. 2, 2002.

[37] Douglas Harper (2001). “Lesbian”. Online Etymol-ogy Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lesbian. Hinango noong 2009-02-07.

[38] Douglas Harper (2001). “Sapphic”. Online Etymol-ogy Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sapphic. Hinango noong 2009-02-07.

[39] Denys Page, Sappho and Alcaeus , Oxford UP, 1959, pp.142–146.

[40] (Campbell 1982, p. xi–xii)

[41] Gladfelder, Hal (Mayo 2006) In Search of Lost Texts: Thomas Cannon’s 'Ancient and Modern Pederasty Inves-tigated and Exemplied” , Institute of Historical Research

[42] Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian’s Guide to Homosex-ual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11

[43] The Nature Of Homosexuality, Erik Holland, page 334,2004

[44] “The ve most improved places for gay tolerance”.The Independent (London). 2008-09-17. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/taboo-tolerance/the-five-most-improved-places-for-gay-tolerance-932635.html. Hinango noong 2009-05-29. “Israel is the onlyMiddle-Eastern country to support gay rights legislation,and the country attracts gay people from Palestine andLebanon.”

[45] James Kirchick. “Was Arafat Gay?". Out .

[46] “The world’s most gay-friendly places”. Calgary Herald .29 Hunyo 2011.

[47] Grant, Anthony (2 Hulyo 2010). “Gay Tel Aviv”.http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/dispatch-gay-tel-aviv/.

[48] Dynes, Wayne (1992). “Introduction”. Homo-sexuality in the Ancient World . Garland Pub-lishing. pp. vii-xv. ISBN 978-0-8153-0546-0.http://books.google.com/books?id=JrpU6O3VnawC&lpg=PP1&dq=homosexuality%20in%20the%20ancient%20world&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.

[49] Held, George F. (183). Wayne R. Dynes & Stephen Don-aldson. ed. Parallels between The Gilgamesh Epic and Plato’s Symposium. pp. 199–207.

[50] Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn (1992). Wayne R. Dynes andStephen Donaldson. ed. A Note on an Overlooked Word-Play in the AkkadianGilgamesh. Garland Publishing, Inc..p. 264.

[51] Thorbjørnsrud, Berit (1992). What Can the GilgameshMyth Tell Us about Religion and the View of Humanityin Mesopotamia? . Garland Publishing, Inc.. p. 452.

[52] Ackerman, Susan (2005). When Heroes Love. ColumbiaUniversity Press. pp. xii. ISBN 0-231-13260-3.

[53] Steven Eke (28 Hulyo 2005). “Iran 'must stop youth ex-ecutions’". BBC News . http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4725959.stm.

[54] Fathi, Nazila (30 Setyembre 2007). “Despite Denials,Gays Insist They Exist, if Quietly, in Iran”. NewYork Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/world/middleeast/30gays.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin.Hinango noong 2007-10-01.

[55] Kang, Wenqing. Obsession: male same-sex relations inChina, 1900-1950 , Hong Kong University Press. Page 2

[56] Song Geng (2004). The fragile scholar: power and mas-culinity in Chinese culture. Hong Kong University Press.p. 144. ISBN 978-962-209-620-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=ei4PJ92qy6IC&pg=PA1443.

[57] Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. Univer-sity of California Press. p. 77-78.

[58] Kang, Wenqing. Obsession: male same-sex relations inChina, 1900-1950 , Hong Kong University Press. Page 3

[59] Penrose, Walter (2001). Hidden in History: FemaleHomoeroticism and Women of a “Third Nature” in theSouth Asian Past, Journal of the History of Sexuality 10.1(2001), p.4

[60] Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), Ritualized Homosexuality inMelanesia, University of California Press, pp. 128–136,ISBN 0-520-08096-3

[61] Mitta, Manoj; Singh, Smriti (2009-07-03),“India decriminalises gay sex”, The Times Of India , http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Delhi-High-Court-legalizes-homosexuality/articleshow/4726608.cms

[62] Ottosson, Daniel (November, 2006) (PDF),LGBT world legal wrap up survey, ILGA,http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/World_legal_wrap_up_survey_November2006.pdf, hinango noong2007-09-21

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[63] Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

[64] Salt Lake City, UT (2004-10-20). “First PresidencyMessage on Same-Gender Marriage”. Newsroom.lds.org.Sininop mula sa orihinal na pahina noong 2008-06-03.http://web.archive.org/web/20080603123925/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD.Hinango noong 2010-08-24.

[65] Brownback, Sam (9 Hulyo 2004). “Dening MarriageDown – We need to protect marriage.”. NationalReview. http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp.

[66] "The Family: A Proclamation to theWorld ". Lds.org. 1995-09-23. http://lds.org/ldsorg/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=e1fa5f74db46c010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD&locale=0&sourceId=1aba862384d20110VgnVCM100000176f620a____&hideNav=1&contentLocale=0. Hinango noong2010-08-24.

[67] “Charge #1 and specications preferred by the Presbyteryof Southern California against The Rev. C. Lee Irons”(PDF). Presbytery of SouthernCalifornia of the OrthodoxPresbyterian Church. http://www.upper-register.com/irons_trial/charges.pdf. Hinango noong 2008-06-27.“claiming that homosexuality is an unchosen “condition,”rather than a sin of the heart, [...] contradicts the teachingof Scripture that both the desire and the act are sin.”

[68] Sex and Society - Volume 3 - Page 824

[69] The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and SocialJustice - Page 543, MichaelD. Palmer, Stanley M. Burgess- 2012

[70] Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in Amer-ica, Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft - 2006

[71] “Kinsey’s Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale”.The Kinsey Institute. http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/research/ak-hhscale.html. Hinango noong 8 Setyembre2011.

[72] (Male volume, Table 141; Female volume, page 472)

[73] Mary ZeissStange, Carol K. Oyster, Jane E. Sloan (2011).Encyclopedia of Women in Today’s World . Sage Pubns.p. 2016. ISBN 1-4129-7685-5, 9781412976855. http://books.google.com/books?id=bOkPjFQoBj8C&pg=PA158&dq=Kinsey+and+asexuality+Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+Today%27s+World&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ae_sTuuxKYfg2QWJ4bGlDw&sqi=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=falsee. Hinangonoong 17 Disyembre 2011.

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[75] Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordi-nation Proceeding No. 4365, Application for leave to lebrief amici curiae in support of the parties challenging the

marriageexclusion, and brief amici curiae of the AmericanPsychological Association, California Psychological Asso-ciation, American Psychiatric Association, National Asso-ciation of Social Workers, and National Association of So-cial Workers, California Chapter in support of the par-ties challenging the marriage exclusion (California amicus

brief of APA, APA, & NASW).[76] “Coming Out: A Journey”. Utahpridecenter.org.

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[77] “The Coming Out Continuum”, Human Rights Cam- paign, sininop mula sa orihinal na pahina noong 2007-11-02, http://web.archive.org/web/20071102101657/http://dev.hrc.org/issues/3333.htm, hinango noong 2007-05-04

[78] Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E., Hunter, J., & Braun, L.(2006, February). Sexual identity development amonglesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and changeover time. Journal of Sex Research, 43(1), 46–58. Re-trieved 4 Abril 2009, from PsycINFO database.

[79] Animal Homosexuality: A Biosocial Perspective By AldoPoiani, A. F. Dixson, Aldo Poiani, A. F. Dixson, p. 179,2010, Cambridge University Press

[80] Roselli, Charles E.; Kay Larkin, John A. Resko, JohnN. Stellug and Fred Stormshak (2004,). “The Volumeof a Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus in the Ovine MedialPreoptic Area/Anterior Hypothalamus Varies with Sex-ual Partner Preference”. Endocrinology (Endocrinology,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, OregonHealth & Science University (C.E.R., K.L., J.A.R.),Portland, Oregon; Department of Animal Sciences, Ore-gon State University (F.S.), Corvallis, Oregon; and Agri-cultural Research Service, United States Sheep Exper-iment Station (J.N.S.), Dubois, Idaho.) 145 (2 478–483): 478–83. doi:10.1210/en.2003-1098. PMID14525915. http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/145/2/478. Hinango noong 2007-09-10.

[81] “Female mice 'can be turned lesbian by delet-ing gene'". Telegraph.co.uk. 2010-07-08. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/7877774/Female-mice-can-be-turned-lesbian-by-deleting-gene.html. Hinango noong 2010-11-17.

[82] “Full text | Male-like sexual behavior of female mouselacking fucose mutarotase”. BioMed Central. 2010-07-07. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/11/62. Hinango noong 2010-11-17.

[83] “Sexual preference chemical found in mice”. BBCNews. 2011-03-23. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-12825688. Hinango noong 2011-03-24.

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[85] “Just the Facts about Sexual Orientation& Youth”. Amer-ican Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/pi/

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lgbt/resources/just-the-facts.aspx. Hinango noong 2011-04-02.

[86] “Bachmann Silent on Allegations Her ClinicOffers Gay Conversion Therapy”. ABCNews. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/michele-bachmann-silent-allegations-clinic-offers-gay-conversion/story?id=14057215. Hinango noong 13 Hunyo 2011.

[87] American Medical Association policy regard-ing sexual orientation. American Medi-cal Association. 2007-07-11. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/glbt-advisory-committee/ama-policy-regarding-sexual-orientation.shtml. Hi-nango noong 2007-07-30.

[88] American Academy Of Paediatrics

[89] “Homosexuality and Adolesence” (PDF). Pediatrics, Of- cial Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics 92

(4): 631–634. 1993. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/92/4/631.pdf. Hinango noong 2007-08-28.

[90] “Physician Assistants vote on retail clinics, reparativetherapy”. SpiritIndia.com. http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-10085.html. Hinango noong2007-08-28.

[91] Letter from the Attorney General of the United States tothe Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, RE:DOMA, 23rd Pebrero 2011,"Second, while sexual orien-tation carries no visible badge, a growing scientic con-sensus accepts that sexual orientation is a characteristic

that is immutable”[92] What the Gay Brain Looks Like, Time Magazine, 17

Hunyo 2008

[93] Religious Tolerance: Bible and homosexuality

[94] The Bible and homosexuality

[95] Helminiak, Daniel A. (2000). What the Bible Really Says About Homosexuality: Millennium Edition. New Mexico:Alamo Square Press, pages 131-132.

[96] Helminiak, Daniel A. (2000). What the Bible Really Says About Homosexuality: Millennium Edition. New Mexico:

Alamo Square Press, chapter nine: Summary and conclu-sion, page 131

[97] http://www.wouldjesusdiscriminate.org/biblical_evidence/leviticus.html

[98] http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_bibi.htm

[99] Barbara Bradley Hagerty (9 Agosto 2011).“Evangelicals Question The Existence OfAdam And Eve”. All Things Considered .http://www.npr.org/2011/08/09/138957812/evangelicals-question-the-existence-of-adam-and-eve.

[100] Bible gets a reality check

[101] Did the Red Sea Part? No Evidence, Archaeologists Say

[102] http://www.religioustolerance.org/imm_bibl.htm

[103] Katekismo ng Romano Katoliko

[104] Carter, p. 143.

[105] http://www.pep.ph/news/21640/BB-Gandanghari-claims-her-rights-were-violated-when-she-was-denied-en

[106] http://www.pcij.org/blog/2006/08/04/senate-to-tackle-bill-penalizing-discrimination-vs-lesbians-gays-bisexuals-a

[107] http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-10-27-hatecrimes_N.htm

[108] http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/14/us-minnesota-gay-harassment-idUSTRE77D21C20110814

[109] Richard James (1 Oktubre 2010). “US gaycommunity reeling from 'epidemic' of suicidesamong teenagers”. London: Dailymail.co.uk.http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1316782/US-gay-community-reeling-epidemic-suicides-teenagers.html?ITO=1490. Hinango noong 2010-10-01.

[110] Minister backs refugee status for gay Iranians, TorontoStar, 28 Pebrero 2009

[111] Urban, Robert (1 Hunyo 2006). “Taking the Homo-phobia Out of Hip-Hop: A Progress Report”. AfterElton. http://www.afterelton.com/archive/elton/music/2006/6/hiphop.html.

[112] “Beyond Beats and Rhymes”. pbs.org. http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/hiphop/. Hinango noong 2011-10-16.

[113] “Issue Brief: Gender Violence and Homophobia”.

http://www.itvs.org/outreach/hiphop/resources/brief_gender.pdf.

[114] Banerjee, Neela (21 Enero 2006). “Black Churches’ At-titudes Toward Gay Parishioners Is Discussed at Confer-ence”. The New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/21/national/21church.html. Hinango noong 4Mayo 2010.

[115] Michel, Amanda (25 Enero 2008). ""Obama takeson the black community’s homophobia"". Huffing-ton Post . http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/01/25/obama-takes-on-the-black-_n_83234.html .

[116] “black gay christian church and homosexuality OPERA-TION: REBIRTH”. http://www.operationrebirth.com/.

[117] Index of Homophobia: W. W. Hudson and W. A. Rick-etts, 1980.

[118] Adams HE, Wright LW, Lohr BA (August 1996).“Is homophobia associated with homosexualarousal?". J Abnorm Psychol 105 (3): 440–5.doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440. PMID 8772014.http://content.apa.org/journals/abn/105/3/440. Summa-rized in an American Psychological Association pressrelease, Agosto 1996: "New Study Links Homophobiawith Homosexual Arousal".

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/631.pdfhttp://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/pediatrics;113/6/1827.pdfhttp://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/glbt-advisory-committee/ama-policy-regarding-sexual-orientation.shtmlhttp://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/glbt-advisory-committee/ama-policy-regarding-sexual-orientation.shtmlhttp://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/glbt-advisory-committee/ama-policy-regarding-sexual-orientation.shtmlhttp://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/glbt-advisory-committee/ama-policy-regarding-sexual-orientation.shtmlhttp://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/glbt-advisory-committee/ama-policy-regarding-sexual-orientation.shtmlhttp://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/member-groups-sections/glbt-advisory-committee/ama-policy-regarding-sexual-orientation.shtmlhttp://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/michele-bachmann-silent-allegations-clinic-offers-gay-conversion/story?id=14057215http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/michele-bachmann-silent-allegations-clinic-offers-gay-conversion/story?id=14057215http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/michele-bachmann-silent-allegations-clinic-offers-gay-conversion/story?id=14057215https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Newshttps://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Newshttp://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/michele-bachmann-silent-allegations-clinic-offers-gay-conversion/story?id=14057215http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/michele-bachmann-silent-allegations-clinic-offers-gay-conversion/story?id=14057215http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/just-the-facts.aspx


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14 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text• Homoseksuwalidad Sanggunian: https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoseksuwalidad?oldid=1499702 Mga taga-ambag: Bluemask, Jojit fb,

Maskbot, JAnDbot, Thijs!bot, WayKurat, Mananaliksik, TXiKiBoT, VolkovBot, SieBot, AnakngAraw, Lenticel, Alexbot, AiraBot, Melan-cholieBot, Luckas-bot, Xqbot, FoxBot, Rubinbot, ArthurBot, PiRSquared17, WikitanvirBot, Deu, MerlIwBot, Vagobot, Ewan.mcdo,Aghamsatagalog2011, Mmiilll32, Bading, Kl1252394, JYBot, Yopong34, RaymondSutanto, Legobot, Memosync, Gerjawood, Wieralee,Ronalp Delos Reyes, Jumark27at Anonymous: 16

13.2 Images• Talaksan:Barbara_Gittings_1965.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Barbara_Gittings_1965.jpg Li-

cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: New York Public Library Manuscripts and Archives Division Original artist: Kay Tobin Lahusen• Talaksan:Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_

the_berdache.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?• Talaksan:Cerebral_lobes.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Cerebral_lobes.png License: CC-BY-

SA-3.0 Contributors: derivative work of this - Gutenberg Encyclopedia Original artist: ?• Talaksan:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svgLi-

cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work based on: Folder.gif. Original artist: Original: John Cross

Vectorization: Shazz• Talaksan:Gay_Couple_Savv_and_Pueppi_02.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Gay_Couple_

Savv_and_Pueppi_02.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: www.flickr.com Original artist: Torsten Seiler from Cologne, Germany(Savv on ickr.com)

• Talaksan:Gay_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Gay_flag.svg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: SVG source (version of 17:56, 30 Sep 2011): Original artist: Guanaco and subsequent editors

• Talaksan:Lining_up_to_use_a_boy.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Lining_up_to_use_a_boy.jpgLicense: Public domain Contributors:

• Version at http://www.homoerotimuseum.net/asi/asi01/006.html Original artist: Unknown

• Talaksan:Male_and_female_sign.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Male_and_female_sign.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Sariling gawa Original artist: Fibonacci

• Talaksan:NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Sariling gawa Original artist: Μαρσύας

• Talaksan:Societal_attitudes_towards_homosexuality_2007.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Societal_attitudes_towards_homosexuality_2007.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Sariling gawa Original artist: Applysense

• Talaksan:Stonewall_Inn_1969.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Stonewall_Inn_1969.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Wikipedia:Contact us/Photo submission Original artist: Diana Davies, copyright owned by New York PublicLibrary

• Talaksan:Woman_spying_on_male_lovers.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Woman_spying_on_male_lovers.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Louis Crompton, Homosexuality & Civilisation, Cambridge/MA; London, 2003,p.232 Original artist: Unknown

• Talaksan:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/

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