Palestrina's Use of Triple Meter in Four-Voice Counterpoint

Louisiana State UniversityLSU Digital Commons

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School

1979

Palestrina's Use of Triple Meter in Four-VoiceCounterpoint.Rachel Ratliff RogersLouisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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Recommended CitationRogers, Rachel Ratliff, "Palestrina's Use of Triple Meter in Four-Voice Counterpoint." (1979). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses.3412.https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3412

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PALESTRINA'S USE OF TRIPLE METER

IN FOUR-VOICE COUNTERPOINT

A D i s s e r t a t i o n

S u b m i t t e d t o t h e G r a d u a t e F a c u l t y o f t h e L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y a n d

A g r i c u l t u r a l a n d M e c h a n i c a l C o l l e g e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e o f

D o c t o r o f P h i l o s o p h y

i n

T h e S c h o o l o f M u s ic

b yR a c h e l R a t l i f f R o g e r s

B . A . , L o u i s i a n a T e c h U n i v e r s i t y , 1970 M .M ., L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1973

A u g u s t 1979

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my gratitude to Brian A.

Murphy, C . L . U . , without whose computer and compu

ter program I might never have completed this diB

sertation.

ii

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................... i i

LIST OF MUSICAL S C O R E S ................................................. i v

LIST OP ANALYTICAL CHARTS . . . . . . . . . v i i

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... x

C h a p t e r1 . INTRODUCTION .....................................................1

2 . PRESENTATION AND EXPLANATIONOF A N A L Y S I S ............................................................................. 14

3 . METRIC PLACEMENT OF VARIOUS

CONSONANT AND DISSONANT

STRUCTURES AND EXPLANATION

OF D I S S O N A N C E S ................................................................129

4 . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...........................................172

BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................... 192

APPENDIX A ..................................................................................... 1 94

APPENDIX B ................................................................................. 2 38

V I T A ..................................................................................................... 2 82

l i l

LIST OF MUSICAL SCORES

1 . M i e s a i E c c e s a c e r d o s m ag n u sH o s a r m a i n e x c e l s i s I ..........................................................20

2 . M i s s a i 0 r e g e m c o e l iH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ............................................................... 2 4

3 . M i s s a i G a b r i e l a r c h a n g e l u sH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ............................................................ 2 8

4 . M o t e t i 0 q u a n t u s l u c t u s . . • * ......................................... 31

5 . M o t e t i G a u d e n t i n c o e l i s ............................................ • • • 3 3

6 . M i s s a i De b e a t a v i r g i n eH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ................................................................. J6

7* M i s s a i I n v i o l a t aG l o r i a 38

8 . M i s s a i S i n e n o m i n eC r e d o ..................................................................................................... 40

9 . M i s s a i Ad f u g a mH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ........................................... . . 4 n

1 0 . M i s s a i Spem i n a l i u mG l o r i a ........................................................... 46

11* C r e d o • 4 8

1 2 . M i s s a i P r i m i t o n i ( l o mi s o n g l o v i n e t t a )H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

1 3» M i s s a 1 P r i m a ( L a u d a S i o n )G l o r i a ................................................................................................ 5 4

1 4 . C r e d o ....................................................................................................... 5 615* H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s * • 59

I v

16* Missai Secunda (Primi toni)H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s . . . . . ................................. 62

17* M i s s a i T e r t i a ( J e s u n o s t r a R e d e m p t i o )C r e d o ..................................................................................................... 6 5

1 8 . H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i B . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

19* M i s s a i Q u a r t a ( L #homme a r m e )H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ................................................................6 9

2 0 . M o t e t 1 N um quid S i o n d i c e t .........................................................71

2 1 . Hymni I n n a t i v i t a t e e t c i r c u m c i e i o n e D o m in i . . 73

2 2 . Hymni I n f e s t o s a n c t o r u m i n n o c e n t i u m ............... 75

2 3 . Hymni I n f e s t o S a n c t a e M a r i a e M a g d a l e n a e . . . 77

2 4 . Hymni I n f e s t o u n i u s m a r t y r i s ........................ . . . . 8 0

25* M i s s a i A e t e m a C h r i s t i m u n e r aC r e d o ......................................................................................................82

2 6 . M i s s a i Jam C h r i s t u s a o t r a a s c e n d e r a tH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ................................................................84

2 7 - M a g n i f i c a t i T e r t i i t o n i ..............................................................86

2 8 . L i t a n i a e d e i p a r a e V i r g i n i s (Ave M a r i a )S e c u n d a p a r s ..................................................................................... 88

2 9 . L i t a n i a e L i b e r s e c u n d u s (Ave M a r i a )Q u i n t a p a r s ..................................................................................... 91

3 0 . M i s s a i D i e s s a n c t i f i c a t u sG l o r i a ................................................................................................ 94

31* C r e d o .................................................. .....................................................9 6

32 . M i s s a 1 Fm endem usC r e d o ..................................................................................................... 9 8

3 3- M i s s a i I n m a j o r i b u s d u p l i c i b u sC r e d o ..................................... 100

3 4 . H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ........................................................102

v

35* M i s s a i I n r a i n o r i b u s d u p l i c i t o u sS a n c t u s ..............................................................................................105

3 6 . H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s .............................................................. 108

37* M i s s a t Ave r e g i n a coeloruraH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ..................................... • . . • . 1 1 1

3 8 . M isB a i I n i l l o t e m p o r eC r e d o ................................................ . 1 1 4

39* S a n c t u s ................................................................................................1174 0 . H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ........................... . 1 2 0

4 1 . M i s s a i D e s c e n d i t a n g e l u s D o m in iH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ........................................................... 122

4 2 . M o t e t 1 T o l l i t e ju g u m ...................................................... 125

v i

LIST OF ANALYTICAL CHARTS

1- M i s s a i E c c e s a c e r d o s m a g n u sH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s I ...........................................................18

2 . M i s s a i 0 r e g e m c o e l iH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ..................................................................22

3 . M i s s a i G a b r i e l a r c h a n g e l u sH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ................................................... . . 2 6

9 . M o t e t i 0 q u a n t u s l u c t u s . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5 . M o t e t i G a u d e n t i n c o e l l s 32

6 . M i s s a i De b e a t a v l r g i n eH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ..................................................................39

7 . M i s s a i I n v i o l a t aG l o r i a ................................................................................................ 37

8 . M i s s a i S i n e n o m in eC r e d o ...........................................................................39

9 . M i s s a i Ad fu g a mH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ..................................................................91

1 0 . M i s s a i Spem i n a l i u mG l o r i a ................................................................................................9 5

1 1 . C r e d o .......................................................................................................97

1 2 . M i s s a i P r i m i t o n i ( l o mi s o n g i o v i n e t t a )H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9

1 3 . M i s s a i P r i m a ( L a u d a S i o n )G l o r i a ................................................................................................53

1 9 . C r e d o .......................................................................................................5515- H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s .......................................................57

v i i

1 6 . M i s s a i S e c u n d a ( P r i m i t o n i )Hosanna in excelsis ...................... 60

1 7 . M i s s a i T e r t i a ( J e s u noBtra Redemptio)Cre d o.............. 64

1 8 . H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s .................................................................6 6

1 9 . M i s s a i Q u a r t a (L 'h o m m e a r m e )H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ................................................................. 6 8

2 0 . M o t e t 1 Num quid S i o n d i c e t .......................................................... 70

2 1 . Hymni I n n a t i v i t a t e e t c i r c u m c i s i o n e D o m i n i . . 72

2 2 . Hymni I n f e s t o s a n c t o r u m i n n o c e n t i u m . . . . . 74

2 3 . Hymni I n f e s t o S a n c t a e M a r l a e M a g d a l e n a e . . . . 76

2 4 . Hymni I n f e s t o u n i u s r a a r t y r i s . . . . . . . . . 7 8

2 5 . M i s s a i A e t e m a C h r i s t o m u n e r aC r e d o ......................................................................................................81

2 6 . M i s s a i Jam C h r i s t u s a s t r a a s c e n d e r a tH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ................................................................. 83

2 7 . M a g n i f i c a t * T e r t i i t o n i .................................................................85

2 8 . L i t a n i a e d e i p a r a e V i r g i n i s (Ave M a r i a )S e c u n d a p a r s ...................................................................................... 87

2 9 . L i t a n i a e L i b e r s e c u n d u s ( Ave M a r i a )Quinta p a r s ................................... 89

3 0 . M i s s a i D i e s s a n c t i f i c a t u sG l o r i a ................................................................................................ 93

31* C r e d o ........................................................................................................9 5

3 2 . M i s s a i E m endem usC r e d o . . . 97

3 3 . M i s s a i I n m a j o r i b u s d u p l i c i b u s

C r e d o ............................. 993 4 . H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ........................................................ . 1 0 1

v i i i

3 5 . M i s s a i I n m i n o r i b u s d u p l i c i b u sS a n c t u s ................................................................. 1 03

3 6 . H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s . . • • • • • • • • . 1 0 7

3 7 . M i s s a i Ave r s g i n a c o e l o r u mH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ................................................ . 1 1 0

3 8. Missai In illo temporeC r e d o ............................................................................................113

3 9 . S a n c t u s .................................................................................. . 1 1 5l+O. H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s . ...............................................1 19

1+1 . M i s s a t D e s c e n d i t a n g e l u s D o m in iH o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s ...................................................... 121

4 2 . M o t e t 1 T o l l i t e jug u m ...............................................12 3

ix

ABSTRACT

S i x t e e n t h - C e n t u r y c o u n t e r p o i n t a n d P a l e s t r i n a ' s

s t y l e h a v e b e e n t h e s u b j e c t s o f much s c h o l a r l y r e s e a r c h ,

b u t t h e s u b j e c t o f t r i p l e m e t e r i n P a l e s t r i n a ' s m u s i c

h a s b e e n f o r t h e m o s t p a r t e i t h e r i g n o r e d o r c o n s i d e r e d

a r a r i t y n o t m e r i t i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n . I t i s h a r d l y

r a r e * A l t h o u g h i t i s o b v i o u s t h a t P a l e s t r i n a e m p l o y e d

d u p l e m e t e r much m o re f r e q u e n t l y t h a n t r i p l e m e t e r ,

t h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t e x a m p l e s o f P a l e s t r i n a ' s c o n s i s

t e n t u s e o f t r i p l e m e t e r . N e a r l y h a l f o f h i s f o u r -

v o i c e M a s s e s h a v e a t r i p l e m e t e r " H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s . "

T he p r e s e n t s t u d y i n c l u d e s a n a n a l y s i s o f a l l

o f P a l e s t r i n a ' s f o u r - v o i c e s a c r e d c o m p o s i t i o n s i n

t r i p l e m e t e r , a d e s c r i p t i o n o f P a l e s t r i n a ' s t e c h n i q u e

w i t h r e g a r d t o d i s s o n a n c e t r e a t m e n t , a n d a c o m p i l a t i o n

o f " r u l e s " f o r c o m p o s i t i o n i n t r i p l e m e t e r i n t h e s t y l e

x

o f P a l e s t r i n a b a s e d on a n a l y s i s o f h i s m u s i c .

F o r t y - t w o t r i p l e m e t e r p i e c e s o r s e c t i o n s o f

p i e c e s i n f o u r v o i c e s a r e t h e s u b j e c t s o f a n a l y s i s .

M o d e m t r a n s c r i p t i o n s a r e u s e d . Of t h e f o r t y - t w o

e x a m p l e s , f o r t y - o n e a r e i n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r a n d

o n l y o n e i s i n s l o w t r i p l e t i m e . T he n e a r l y o n e

t h o u s a n d m e a s u r e s o f m u s i c i n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r

c o m p r i s e a r a t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t s a m p l e f r o m w h i c h t o

d r a w c o n c l u s i o n s . T h e f i f t y - t w o m e a s u r e s o f m u s i c

i n s l o w t r i p l e t i m e do n o t p e r m i t c o n c l u s i v e g e n e r —

a l i z a t i o n s , b u t c a n e s t a b l i s h some s i g n i f i c a n t t r e n d s ,

f o r e x a m p l e , t h e r e i s m o r e d i s s o n a n c e p e r m e a s u r e o f

s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r m u s i c t h a n o f f a s t . T h e r e i s , i n

f a c t , m o r e d i s s o n a n c e o n b e a t o n e o f t h e s i n g l e p i e c e

i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r t h a n i n a l l t h e f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r

p i e c e s c o m b i n e d .

x i

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

S i x t e e n t h - C e n t u r y c o u n t e r p o i n t a n d P a l e s t r i n a ' s

s t y l e h a v e b e e n t h e s u b j e c t s o f much s c h o l a r l y r e s e a r c h )

t h e r e f o r e , t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s a r e a o f s t u d y c a n

h a r d l y b e q u e s t i o n e d . I n t h e f o r e g o i n g e n d e a v o r s ,

h o w e v e r , t h e s t u d y o f t r i p l e m e t e r h a s b e e n s o r e l y

n e g l e c t e d . T he s u b j e c t o f t r i p l e m e t e r h a s g e n e r a l l y

b e e n t r e a t e d s p a r i n g l y , i f a t a l l , a s t h o u g h i t w e r e

a s u b j e c t o f l i t t l e o r n o s i g n i f i c a n c e , o r w o r s e y e t ,

i t i s b r i e f l y m e n t i o n e d a s a r a r e p h e n o m e n o n w i t h

w h i c h t h e s t u d e n t n e e d n o t b e o v e r l y c o n c e r n e d .

The e a r l y c o u n t e r p o i n t t e x t b o o k , G r a d u s fid

P a m a s s u m b y J o i i a n n J o s e p h F u x , n e a t l y o r g a n i z e d

c o u n t e r p o i n t i n t o t h e v a r i o u s s p e c i e s , p r a c t i c a l l y

1

2

i g n o r i n g t r i p l e m e t e r * a s d i d t h e m any t e x t s b a s e d on

t h i s t r e a t i s e . I n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e r e s e a r c h f o r t h e

p r e s e n t s t u d y , s o m any o f t h e s e b o o k s w o r e e n c o u n t e r e d

t h a t l i s t i n g th em a l l h e r e i s n o t f e a s a b l e .

G l a d s t o n e ' s t r e a t i s e * i n c l u d e s a c h a p t e r e n t i t l e d

" S t r i c t C o u n t e r p o i n t i n T r i p l e M e t e r " i n w h i c h r a t h e r

s t r i n g e n t r u l e s f o r s p e c i e s c o u n t e r p o i n t I n t r i p l e

m e t e r a r e g i v e n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y h i s r u l e s b e a r l i t t l e

r e l a t i o n s h i p t o P a l e s t r i n a ' s p r a c t i c e , a s w i l l b e d e

m o n s t r a t e d i n t h e b o d y o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n .

2K i t s o n i n c l u d e d i n The A r t o f C o u n t e r p o i n t a

c h a p t e r e n t i t l e d " C o u n t e r p o i n t i n T r i p l e T im e " i n w h i c h

h e e n u m e r a t e d a r b i t r a r y r u l e s f o r t r i p l e m e t e r s p e c i e s

c o u n t e r p o i n t w h i c h b o a r a g r e a t r e s e m b l a n c e t o t h o s e

o f G l a d s t o n e .

* F r a n c i s E d w ard G l a d s t o n e , £ T r e a t i s e o n S t r i c t C o u n t e r p o i n t (L ondon* N o v e l l o , p r e f . 1 9 0 5 )

2C h a r l e s H e r b e r t K i t s o n , The A r t o f Cou n t e r p o i n t

( O x f o r d * The C l a r e n d o n P r e s s , 1 9 0 7 )

3

I n P a l e s t r i n a ^ S t y l e Boyd i n c l u d e d "A N o t e on

T r i p l e M e t e r ” I n w h i c h h e s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e a s o n t r i

p l e m e t e r i s g e n e r a l l y i g n o r e d i n c o u n t e r p o i n t t e x t

b o o k s i s " b e c a u s e o f i t s c o m p a r a t i v e r a r i t y a n d i t e

a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h s i m p l e , n o n - i m i t a t i v e t e x t u r e s . "

He t h e n e x p l a i n e d t h a t a l l r u l e s f o r d u p l e m e t e r a p

p l y i n t r i p l e m e t e r i f o n e " d o u b l e s t h e n o t e v a l u e s . "

He a l s o g a v e a n e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e f r e q u e n c y o f

s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t tw o o f t h o t r i p l e m e a s u r e .

I n Xbfi. D l x e d A3BELE.9ftQ?2 S i x t e e n t h C e n t u r y

if.C o u n t e r p o i n t . S o d e r l u n d d i s c u s s e d t h e c h a n g e i n

t e m p o f r o m d u p l e m e t e r t o s l o w o r f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r .

He s t a t e d t h a t j / l i s f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r a n d 3 / 2 i sI

s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r , b u t he w as q u i c k t o p o i n t o u t

^ M a lco lm B o y d , P a l e s t r i n a * a S t y l e i A P r a c t i c a l I n t r o d u c t i o n (L o n d o n * O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 7 3 ) ,p . +0 .

uG u s t a v e F r e d r i c S o d e r l u n d , D i r e c t A p p r o a c h t o

S i x t e e n t h C en t u r y C o u n t e r p o i n t (New York* A p p l e t o n - C e n t u r y - C r o f t s , 19*9)

k

t h a t t h e r e w a s a g r e a t d e a l o f i n c o n s i s t e n c y i n t h e

u s e o f t i m e s i g n a t u r e s a n d t h a t t h e t e m p o w as a d

j u s t e d t o t h e s m a l l n o t e v a l u e s i n a p i e c e o f m u s i c .

Ho d i s c u s s e d " b r i e f l y t h e t r e a t m e n t o f s u s p e n s i o n s

i n t r i p l e m e t e r a n d t h e u s e o f h a l f a n d q u a r t e r n o t e

p a s s i n g t o n e s a n d a u x i l i a r y t o n e s i n 3 / 1 a n d 3 / 2

t i m e .

I n T h£ g t y l g qX £ & l £ S X r i n a D i s s o n a n c e 5

J e p p e s e n s a i d t h a t t h e r u l e s f o r d u p l e m e t e r a p p l y

t o t r i p l e m e t e r , e x c e p t t h a t i n 3 / 1 t i m e t h e w h o l e

n o t e r a t h e r t h a n t h e h a l f n o t e i s t h e u n i t , so t h a t

t h e h a l f n o t e e q u a l s a q u a r t e r n o t e a n d a q u a r t e r

n o t e f u n c t i o n s a s a n e i g h t h n o t e i n n o r m a l t i m e . T he

s u s p e n s i o n o f t e n o c c u r s o n t h e s e c o n d a n d s o m e t i m e s

t h e t h i r d r h y t h m i c u n i t o f t h e m e a s u r e . O f t e n a t t h e

<Knud J e p p e s e n , The S t y l e o f P a l e s t r i n a a n d t h e

D i s s o n a n c e . I n t r o d . b y E d w ard J . D e n t , T r a n s , b y M a r g a r e t W, H a m e r i k . (L ondon* H um p h rey M i l f o r d , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 19 2 7 )

5

e n d o f a p i e c e t h e r e 1 b a c h a n g e o f m e t e r — fro m

tw o m e a s u r e s o f 3 / 1 t o t h r e e m e a s u r e s o f 2 / l - - i n

o t h e r w o r d s a h e m i o l a .

L a t e r i n C .P M n teE P g l l r t• Z M Polyphonic Ygg&l

S t y l e o f t h e S i x t e e n t h C e n t u r y *6 J e p p e s e n s a i d l i t t l e

m o re t h a n t h a t t h e r u l e s f o r b i n a r y m e t e r s a p p l y a l s o

t o t e r n a r y m e t e r s , b u t f u r t h e r q u a l i f i e d h i s s t a t e

m e n t s a y i n g t h a t i n s e c o n d s p e c i e s c o u n t e r p o i n t i n

t r i p l e m e t e r t h e h a l f n o t e m u s t b e c o n s o n a n t , a n d

t h a t c h a n g e s f r o m s m a l l e r m e t e r s t o l a r g e r o n e s a r e

n o t u n u s u a l i n t e r n a r y r h y t h m .

What s e e m s t o b e t h e m o s t t h o r o u g h t r e a t m e n t

o f t r i p l e m e t e r i s t o b e f o u n d i n A nd rew s* AH I n t r o -

d a g H o t l e c fc U q u s cX f a l s a l E A a a *7 « e f i r s t

6 I d e m , £QUfi t a r s a l Hit I I M P o l y p h o n i c Y o c a l S t y l e o f t h e S i x t e e n t h C e n t u r y . T r a n e . , w i t h i n t r o d . b y G l e n H ay d o n (New York* P r e n t T c e - H a l 1 , I n c . , 193 9 )

7H. K. A n d r e w s , A a I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h f t T e c h n i q u e

fiX P a l e s t r i n a (L o n d o n * N o v e l l o a n d Company L t d . , 1 9 5 8 )

6

g a v e a t h o r o u g h d i s c u s s i o n o f p r o p o r t i o n a l t i m e s i g

n a t u r e s a n d t h e i r t h e o r e t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , t h e n

d rew t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t a l l h a v e t h e same p r a c t i c a l

s i g n i f i c a n c e w i t h r e g a r d t o t e m p o . He d i s c u s s e d i n

d i v i d u a l l y t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f n o n h a r m o n i c t o n e s

a s t h e y a p p e a r i n t r i p l e m e t e r , a l w a y s t o t h e p u r

p o s e o f p r o v i n g h i s p o i n t r e g a r d i n g t e m p o . H i s d i s

c u s s i o n s a r e l e n g t h y a n d g i v e t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h o

r o u g h n e s s , b u t t h e y c o n t a i n v e r y l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n .

H i s e x a m p l e s o f t e n seem t o b e c a r e f u l l y s e a r c h e d

o u t t o p r o v e a p o i n t r a t h e r t h a n b e i n g t r u l y r e p r e

s e n t a t i v e o f P a l e s t r i n a * s s t y l o .

T he f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s w i l l i n c l u d e a n a n a l

y s i s o f a l l o f P a l e s t r i n a ' s f o u r - v o i c e s a c r e d com

p o s i t i o n s i n t r i p l e m e t e r a n d a c o m p i l a t i o n o f " r u l e s "

f o r c o m p o s i t i o n i n t r i p l e m o t o r i n t h e s t y l e o f

P a l e s t r i n a b a s e d on a n a l y s i s o f n i s m u o i c . A l s o

i n c l u d e d w i l l b e a c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e s u l t i n g

7

" r u l e s " w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l r u l e B o f c o u n t e r p o i n t i n

g i x t e e n t h - c e n t u r y s t y l e f o r b o t h d u p l e a n d t r i p l e

m e t e r a s f o u n d i n s e l e c t e d m a j o r t e x t b o o k s o n t h e

s u b j e c t . T h e a n a l y s i s s h o u l d r e v e a l r e c u r r i n g p a t

t e r n s I n b o t h h o r i z o n t a l ( m e l o d i c ) a n d v e r t i c a l

( h a r m o n i c ) s t r u c t u r e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r e g a r d t o

d i s s o n a n c e t r e a t m e n t a n d h a n n o n i c e n v i r o n m e n t . The

a n a l y s i s w i l l i n d i c a t e t h e r h y t h m i c p l a c e m e n t o f

v a r i o u s t y p e s o f d i s s o n a n c e .

S i n c e t h e s u b j e c t o f t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f P a l e s

t r i n a ' s m u s i c c o u l d f i l l n u m e r o u s v o l u m e s , i t w i l l

b e c o n s i d e r e d b e y o n d t h e s c o p e o f t h i s d o c u m e n t , a n d

m o d e r n t r a n s c r i p t i o n s a r e u s e d f o r a n a l y s i s . T he

QF r a t e l l i S c a l e r a e d i t i o n i s u s e d e x c e p t w h e r e i n

t e r n a l e v i d e n c e s u g g e s t s t h a t a n e r r o r may b e p r e -

^ G i o v a n n i P i e r l u i g i d a P a l e B t r i n a , O p e r a C o m p l e t e . P e r cut*u e s t u d i o d i R a f f a e l o C a s i m i r i ,32 v o l e . (Roma 1 F r a t e l l i S c a l e r a , 1 9 3 9 — )

s e n t . I n s u c h c a s e s t h e o l d e r B r e i t k o p f & H a r t e l

Qe d i t i o n i s c o n s u l t e d , a n d t h e m o re l o g i c a l v e r

s i o n i s u s e d . T he a n a l y s i s w i l l c o n s i s t o f a n u

m e r i c a l c o m p u t a t i o n o f i n t e r v a l s a b o v e t h e l o w e s t

n o t e , s o m e w h a t i n t h e m a n n e r o f f i g u r e d b a s s b u t

m o re c o m p l e t e . The a n a l y s i s i s a r r a n g e d m e t r i c a l l y

s o t h a t t h e s y m b o l f o r e a c h s o u n d i s v e r t i c a l l y

a l i g n e d w i t h a l l o t h e r s i n t h e sam e m e t r i c a l p o s i

t i o n , f a c i l i t a t i n g c o m p a r i s o n . F i g u r e s a r e a r r a n g e d

i n o r d e r o f v o i c e p a r t - - b a s s f i r s t , t h e n t e n o r , a l

t o , a n d s o p r a n o . A l l v o i c e s a r e sh o w n w h e n e v e r t h e r e

i s a c t i v i t y ( e i t h e r m o v in g o r n o n - m o v i n g ) i n a n y v o i c e

E a c h s y m b o l s h o u l d b e u n d e r s t o o d t o a p p l y u n t i l i t i e

r e p l a c e d by o t h e r n o t e s o r r e s t s . S i m p l e i n t e r v a l s

a r c i n d i c a t e d b y s i m p l e f i g u r e s . Compound i n t e r v a l s

a r e i n d i c a t e d b y u n d e r l i n e d f i g u r e s . When v o i c e s a r e

Q" I d . , Werkc. Erate kritisch durchgesehene

Gesamtuusgabe Partitur, 33 vols. (Leipzig* Breitkopf A H a r t e l , 1862-1907)

9

c r o s s e d t h e f i g u r e s w i l l h a v e a l i n e o v e r t h e m . A l l

h a r m o n i c i n t e r v a l s o t h e r t h a n t h e u n i s o n , t h i r d ,

f i f t h o r s i x t h , a n d o c t a v e , o r c o m p o u n d s t h e r e o f

a r c d i s s o n a n t a n d w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d m e l o d i c a l l y i f* % * 4

p o s s i b l e , o r o f f e r e d a s i n e x p l i c a b l e i f n o t . The

c h o r d

w o u l d b e r e p r e s e n t e d t h u s * : c. a n d t h e c r o s s e d

v o i c e s i n t h e c h o r d

w o u l d b e uhown a s f o l l o w s * ij 5 9 5 1 1 i Where d i s s o n

a n c e i s p r e s e n t a s i n t h e c h o r d

10

the entire configuration is enclosed in a rectangle

and the dissonance is labeled as follows i f~44*5^ TsT 1

The rectangular enclosure will be extended to repre

sent the duration of the dissonance as follows*

i'^5 8 jsT ’ " ‘ ! J Thu3 if a quarter note repre

sents a unit of measure and each column of figures

represents one half of that unit, the following anal-r T " t T ' T T - T“ * | f t - - ■ I * " ! ' V f ' f * ^

ysisi [, 1 :; ; . I would represent these

notes *

The following excerpt*

r r f r y

w o u l d h e a n a l y z e d a s f o l l o w s *

I n t h e f i r s t m e a s u r e o f t h e a b o v e e x a m p l e t h e

a l t o ( j i ) i s a t e n t h a b o v e d ( f 1 ) . The u p p e r two v o i c o s

( F > a r e c r o s c e d . On t h e t h i r d r h y t h m i c u n i t o f She

n o a s u r t ,;:he t e n o r r e s t t . ( - ) . On t h e s e c o n d u n i t o f

12

m e a s u r e f i r e t h e s u s p e n s i o n d i s s o n a n c e l a s t s t h o e n

t i r e u n i t . The s u s p e n s i o n d i s s o n a n c e o n t h e t h i r d

u n i t o f t h e s e v e n t h m e a s u r e l a s t s o n l y h a l f o f t h e

u n i t b e c a u s e o f t h e p o r t a m e n t o w h i c h a n t i c i p a t e s l t B

r e s o l u t i o n . T h e r e i s a p a s s i n g d i s s o n a n c e o n t h e

s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e f i r s t u n i t o f m e a s u r e e i g h t . T he

g # i n t h e s o p r a n o o n b e a t t h r e e o f m e a s u r e e i g h t i s

r e p r e s e n t e d b y T h e s m a l l o r c a p i t a l l e t t e r n o t e

name r e p r e s e n t s t h e o c t a v e l o c a t i o n o f t h e b a s s ( o r

l o w e s t n o t e ) .

An a t t e m p t w i l l b e m ade t o e s t a b l i s h i n e a c h

c a s e w h e t h e r t h e p i e c e i s i n f a s t o r s l o w t r i p l e

m e t e r . H e m i o l a w i l l b e l a b e l e d . C u r i o s i t i e s o f

fo r m ( s e c t i o n s o f a p i e c e t h a t a r e r e p e a t e d e i t h e r

e x a c t l y o r w i t h s l i g h t c h a n g e s ) w i l l b e p o i n t e d o u t .

I t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e r e w i l l n a t u r a l l y

b e many s i m i l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n t r i p l e a n d d u p l e m e t e r

i n P a l e s t r i n a ' s s t y l e , a s t h e r e w i l l b e b e t w e e n t h e

a c c e p t e d " r u l e s " o f t r i p l e m e t e r c o u n t e r p o i n t a n d

P a l e s t r i n a ' s a c t u a l p r a c t i c e , b u t t h e r e w i l l a l s o

b e s i g n i f i c a n t — a n d p e r h a p s s u r p r i s i n g — s t y l i s t i c

d i f f e r e n c e s .

CHATTER 2

PRESENTATION AND EXPLANATION OF ANALYSIS

I n c l u d e d i n t h i a c h a p t e r a r e f o r t y - o n e p i e c e s

o f m u s i c i n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r a n d o n e i n a l o w t r i p l e

m e t e r . E a c h i s a c c o m p a n i e d b y a n a n a l y t i c a l c h a r t ,

t h e s t r u c t u r e o f w h i c h i s e x p l a i n e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g

c h a p t e r . A p p e n d i x A c o n s l o t o o f a p i e c e - b y - p i e c e

t a b u l a t i o n o f a l l t h e c o m b i n a t i o n u o f i n t e r v a l s , a n d

A p p e n d i x B c o n t a i n s a p i e c e - b y - p i e c e t a b u l a t i o n o f

n o n - h a r m o n i c t o n e s i n t h e s e p i e c e s , a r r a n g e d b y m e t

r i c p o s i t i o n . T h e s e c h a r t s c a n h e l p i n l o c a t i n g

s p e c i f i c i t e m s i n t h e m u s i c a n d c h a r t s f o u n d i n t h i s

c h a p t e r . I n s t r u c t i o n s f o r t h e i r u s e a r e f o u n d i n

t h e A p p e n d i c e s . F o l l o w i n g i s a k e y t o t h e s y m b o l s

u s e d i n t h o s e c h a r t s ,

th

15

KEY

The e x a c t o c t a v e l o c a t i o n o f t h e l o w e s t p i t c h i s

i n d i c a t e d b y s t a n d a r d o c t a v o s y m b o l s . ( c * = m i d d l e C)

N um bers r e p r e s e n t i n t e r v a l s b e t w e e n t h e u p p e r v o i c e s

a n d t h e l o w e s t p i t c h .

A l i n e u n d e r a n u m b e r i n d i c a t e s a com pound i n t e r v a l *

e a c h l i n e a d d s o n e o c t a v e t o t h e g i v e n i n t e r v a l .

A l i n e o v e r n u m b e r s o r l e t t e r s i n d i c a t e s c r o s s e d v o i c e s .

= m s s o n a n c e . The l e n g t h o f t h e r e c t a n g l e r e

p r e s e n t s t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e d i s s o n a n c e .

: ; The n o t e s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e f i g u r e s i n t h i s

b o x a p p e a r d i f f e r e n t l y i n v a r i o u s s o u r c e s .

T he rnos t lo;- i o a l v e r s i o n a p p e a r s h e r o .

S , A , T , B * T he l o c a t i o n o f n o n - h a r m o n i c t o n e s i n t h e

S o p r a n o , A l t o , T e n o r , o r B a s e , o r c o m b i n a t i o n s

o f t h e a b o v e .

= A r e s t .

p t *= P a s s i n g t o n e .

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U ‘ r t 0 tUSH m** - urn l e

CHAPTER 3

METRIC PLACEMENT OP VARIOUS CONSONANT AND

DISSONANT STRUCTURES AND EXPLANATION OF DISSONANCES

P a l e s t r i n a w r o t e o n l y o n e f o u r - v o i c e c o m p o s i

t i o n i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r , t h e m o t e t T o l l i t e lugum

a e u m . I t m u s t h e c o n s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e l y f r o m t h e p i e c e s

o r s e c t i o n s o f p i e c e s i n f a s t t r i p l e t i m e b e c a u s e t h e r o

a r e m o re n o t e s p e r m e a s u r e , m o r e d i s s o n a n c e s p e r m e a s u r e ,

a id m ore m e t r i c p o s i t i o n s t * c o n s i d e r . I n f a s t t r i p l e

m e t e r t h e m e t r i c u n i t i s f r e q u e n t l y d i v i d e d i n t o tw o

p a r t s , a n d o c c a s i o n a l l y t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e u n i t i s

d i v i d e d i n t o tw o p a r t s . I n t h e s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r f o u n d

i n T o l l i t e luAum maum t h e u n i t i s u s u a l l y d i v i d e d i n t o

f o u r p a r t s , t h e a s c e n d a n d f o u r t h o f w h i c h a r e s o m e

t i m e s s u b d i v i d e d i n t o tw o p a r t e .

129

1 3 0

£& fi l T r i p l e M g l i i r

The m e t r i c a r r a n g e m e n t o f c o n s o n a n c e a n d d i s

s o n a n c e i n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r e s t a b l i s h e s v e r y c l e a r

a n d d e f i n i t e p a t t e r n s . The f i r s t b e a t o f t h e m e a s u r e

i s c o n s o n a n t m o re t h a n 99% o f t h e t i m e , a n d t h i r t y -

f o u r o f t h e f o r t y - o n e p i e c e s , t h a t i s , o f t h e

p i e c e s ( p e r c e n t a g e s h a v e b e e n r o u n d e d o f f t o t h e

n e a r e s t w h o l e n u m b e r ) , h a v e n o d i s n o n u n c o on b e a t

o n e . On b e a t tw o 2 9 % o f t h e m e a s u r e s h a v e no a c t i

v i t y a t a l l . o f t h e m e a s u r e s i n w h i c h t h e r e i s

m e l o d i c m o t i o n on t h e s e c o n d b e a t h a v e a d i s s o n a n c e

i n t h a t p o s i t i o n . 9 0 % o f t h e f a s t t r i p l e m e a s u r e s

move on b e a t t h r e e , a n d o n l y 6% o f t h o s e t h i r d b e a t s

i n v o l v e d i s s o n a n c e . T h e r e 1b n o t a s much m e l o d i c

m o t i o n on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f e a c h b e a t a s t h e r e i s

on t h e f i r s t h a l f . 137*#3^ # a n d 2 1 ^ o f t h e m e a s u r e s

h a v e some a c t i v i t y on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t s o n e ,

131

t w o , a n d t h r e e , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T he m a j o r i t y o f m e l o d i c

m o t i o n on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a n y "beat i n v o l v e s d i s

s o n a n c e .

On t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e 7 9 ^ o f t h e me

l o d i c m o t i o n i n v o l v e s d i s s o n a n c e . D i s s o n a n c e i n t h i s

m e t r i c p o s i t i o n i s 10% o f t h e t o t a l . On t h e s e c o n d

p a r t o f b e a t tw o 6*)% o f t h e a c t i v i t y c o n t a i n s d i s s o n a n c e .

T h i s i s 22% o f t h e t o t a l , a n d i s t h e g r e a t e s t c o n c e n

t r a t i o n o f d i s s o n a n c e i n a n y m e t r i c p o s i t i o n . 57% o f

t h e m e l o d i c m o t i o n o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t h r e e

{12% o f t h e t o t a l ) i n v o l v e s d i s s o n a n c e .

The p a t t e r n o f c o n s o n a n c e a n d d i s s o n a n c e b e

com es v e r y c l e a r . T h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f m e l o d i c mo

t i o n o c c u r s on b e a t s o n e a n d t h r e e , a n d m o s t o f t h e

d i s s o n a n c e o c c u r s e l s e w h e r e . O n l y 2% o f a l l d i s s o

n a n t I n t e r v a l c o m b i n a t i o n s o c c u r on b e a t o n e , a n d

7% on b e a t t h r e e . T h e m a j o r i t y o f d i s s o n a n c e s o c -

c u r w i t h i n b e a t t w o , e i t h e r o n o r o f f t h e b e a t , 2 5 #

on t h e b e a t , 3 2 # on t h e s e c o n d h a l f , a n d 1# o n t h e

l a s t q u a r t e r o f t h e b e a t . K o r a c l e a r e r p i c t u r e o f

t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f d i s s o n a n c e s e e t h e c h a r t b e l o w .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f D i s s o n a n c e

1 & 2 * 3 A

2# 15# 2.5# 32# 1# 7 # 17# . 3#

N o n - h a r m o n i c T o n e s

Sv<Bren3 i o n Di ssoivmc. . I n t h e 9 0 2 ^ / 3 m e a s u r e s a n a

l y z e d f o r t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e s t u d y , 2 3 0 s u s p e n s i o n s

o c c u r . Of t h e s e , t w e l v e ( 5 # ) a r e on b e a t o n e , o n e

h u n d r e d s i x t y - s i x ( 7 3 # ) on b e a t t w o , a n d f i f t y - t w o

( 2 3 # ) on b e a t t h r e e . The s u s p e n s i o n i s t h e o n l y d i s

s o n a n c e f o u n d on b e a t o n e . I t o c c u p i e s o v e r 9 9 # o f

b e a t tw o d i s s o n a n c e s a n d 9 3 # o f t h i r d b e a t d i s s o n a n c e s

o f t h e 2 30 s u s p e n s i o n s 313 ( J+9# ) a r e i n t h e s o p r a n o , ?

( 32 # ) i n t h e a l t o , 36 ( 16# ) i n t h e t e n o r , a n d o n l y R

( 3 # ) i n t h e b a s s . Two d o u b l e s u s p e n s i o n s a r e f o u n d i n

t h e a l t o a n d t e n o r on h e a t o n e , a n d tw o a r e f o u n d o n

b o a t t w o . S i x d o u b l e s u s p e n s i o n s i n t h e s o p r a n o a n d

a l t o a r e f o u n d on b e a t t h r e e . 77% o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n s

a r e r e s o l v e d s i m p l y . T he r e m a i n i n g 2J% h a v e e i t h e r

a p o r t a m e n t o o r a n o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n , Of t h e

t w e l v e s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t o n e , o n l y o n e h a s a p o r

t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n . Of t h e 1 6 3 s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t

t w o , tw o h a v e a p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n a n d f o u r t e e n

h a v e o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n s . T h i r t y - f i v e (70%) o f

t h e t h i r d b e a t s u s p e n s i o n s h a v e p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u

t i o n s . The i n t e r v a l c o m b i n a t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n s u s

p e n s i o n s i n f a s t t r i p l e t i m e a r e l i s t e d b e l o w .

1 3 4

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B e a t 3

0 I n t e r v a l e *

7 37 15*4 <*68 9 *

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C o n s o n a n t Fo u r t h . A l t h o u g h t h e c o n s o n a n t f o u r t h i s n o t

a d i s s o n a n c e , i t w i l l b e m e n t i o n e d b r i e f l y h e r e b e c a u s e

t h e i n t e r v a l c o m b i n a t i o n I s i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e f r o m t h a t

o f a d i s s o n a n c e . The c o n s o n a n t f o u r t h a p p e a r s t w i c e

I n t h e f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r p i e c e s a n a l y z e d f o r t h i s s t u d y ,

b o t h t i m e s o n b e a t o n e , a n d b o t h p r e c e d e d b y t h e

P a s s i n g I o n a . T h e r e a r e 4 4 0 p a s s i n g t o n e s i n t h e 982 V 3

m e a s u r e s a n a l y z e d f o r t h i s s t u d y . Of t h e s e 100 ( 2 3 * )

o c c u r o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e , 2 1 3 ( 4 8 * ) on t h e

s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t w o , a n d 118 (2 7 #) on t h e s e c o n d

h a l f o f b e a t t h r e e . A l t o g e t h e r ^ 3 1 ( 9 8 # ) o f t h e

p a s s i n g t o n e s o c c u r on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a b e a t .

F o u r p a s s i n g t o n e s ( . 9 # ) o c c u r on t h e l a s t q u a r t e r

o f a b e a t , t h r e e ( . 7# ) on t h e l a s t q u a r t e r o f b e a t

tw o a n d o n e ( . 2# ) i n a s i m i l a r r h y t h m i c p o s i t i o n

a f t e r b e a t t h r e e . F i v e ( 1 # ) p a s s i n g t o n e s o c c u r on

a b e a t , o n e ( . 2# ) on b e a t t w o , a n d f o u r ( . 0# ) on

b e a t t h r e e . Of t h e s e , tw o a r e a c c e n t e d p a s s i n g t o n e s ,

o c c u p y i n g t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e b e a t ( b o t h d e s c e n d ) ,

o n e o n e a c h o f t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d b e a t s , a n d two

a r e " h a l f n o t e " p a s s i n g t o n e s ( q u a r t e r n o t e s i n t h i s

t r a n s c r i p t i o n ) , o c c u p y i n g a f u l l b e a t . Of t h e 100

p a s s i n g t o n e s on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e , 7 3 o c

c u r a l o n e a s t h e o n l y d i s s o n a n c e ! 18 a r e i n t h e s o p r a n o ,

16 i n t h e a l t o , 2 3 i n t h e t e n o r , a n d 16 i n t h e b a s s .

T h e r e a r e 13 d o u b l e p a s s i n g t o n e s d i s t r i b u t e d f a i r l y

1 3 6

e v e n l y among a l l p o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s o f v o i c e s .

One p a r s i n g t o n e o c c u r s i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h a l o w e r

n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e . Of t h e 2 1 3 p a s s i n g t o n e s o n t h e

s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t w o , 1 30 a r e s i n g l e p a s s i n g t o n e s i

24 i n t h e s o p r a n o , 35 i n t h e a l t o , 31 i n t h e t e n o r ,

a n d 4 0 i n t h e b a s s . T h e r e a r e 33 d o u b l e p a s s i n g t o n e s ,

i n a l l p o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s o f v o i c e p a r t B . T h e r e

a r e tw o t r i p l e p a s s i n g t o n e s i s o p r a n o , a l t o t e n o r ,

a n d a l t o , t e n o r , b a s s . F i f t e e n p a s s i n g t o n e a o c c u r

i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r t y p e s o f n o n - h a r m o n i c t o n e s .

Of t h e 118 p a s s i n g t o n e s on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t

t h r e e , 81 a r e s i n g l e p a s s i n g t o n e s i 2 8 i n t h e s o p r a n o ,

21 i n t h e a l t o , 16 i n t h e t e n o r , a n d 16 i n t h e b a s e .

T h e r e a r e 13 d o u b l e p a s s i n g t o n e s i n a l l p o s s i b l e

c o m b i n a t i o n s o f v o i c e s . T h e r e a r e tw o t r i p l e p a s s i n g

t o n e s , i n s o p r a n o , a l t o , and b a s s . F i v e p a s s i n g t o n e s

o c c u r w i t h o t h e r kindB o f n o n - h a r m o n i c t o n e s . Of t h e

137

s i x t e e n t h - n o t e p a s s i n g t o n e s a f t e r t h e s e c o n d b e a t ,

tw o a r e i n t h e s o p r a n o a n d o n e i s i n t h e b a s s . The

a c c e n t e d p a s s i n g t o n e on b e a t tw o i s i n t h e a l t o ,

a n d t h e o n e on b e a t t h r e e i s i n t h e t e n o r . B o th

d e s c e n d a s m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d . O f t h e t h r e e ’’h a l f

n o t e " p a s s i n g t o n e s , o n e i s i n t h e t e n o r a n d tw o

a r e i n t h e b a s s . On t h e w h o l e , p a s s i n g t o n e s a r e

f a i r l y e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d among t h e v o i c e s i 108

( 2 4 # ) i n t h e s o p r a n o , 110 ( 2 5 # ) i n t h e a l t o , 100

( 2 3 # ) i n t h e t e n o r , a n d 122 ( 2 8 # ) i n t h e bas.- j .

N e i g h b o r i n g T g n O S ■ T h e r e a r e 48 l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g

t o n e B . U p p e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e s a r e n o t n p a r t o f

t h e s t y l e . A l l l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e s o c c u r e i t h e r

on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a b e a t o r on t h e l a s t q u a r t e r

o f t h e s e c o n d b e a t . Of t h e 4 8 l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g

t o n e s , t h i r t e e n ( 2? # ) o c c u r on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f

b e a t o n e , t w e n t y ( ^ 2 £ ) on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t

t w o , a n d e i g h t ( 1? # ) on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t

t h r e e * S e v e n ( 1 5 ^ ) o c c u r o n t h e l a s t q u a r t e r o f

b e a t two* O f t h e t h i r t e e n l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e s

on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e , s i x a r e i n t h e

s o p r a n o , s i x i n t h e a l t o , a n d o n e i n t h e t e n o r ,

w h i c h o c c u r s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h a p a s s i n g t o n e *

Of t h e t w e n t y l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e s on t h e s e c o n d

h a l f o f b e a t t w o , tw o a r e i n t h e s o p r a n o , 3 i x i n

t h e a l t o , a n d t h r e e i n t h e t e n o r . T h e r e a r e f o u r

d o u b l e n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e s , tw o i n t h e s o p r a n o a n d

a l t o , o n e i n t h e s o p r a n o a n d t e n o r , a n d o n e i n t h e

t e n o r a n d b a a s . One l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e o c c u r s

i n t h e t e n o r w i t h a s i m u l t a n e o u s p a s s i n g t o n e i n

t h e b a s s . Of t h e e i g h t l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e s

on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t h r e e , t h e s o p r a n o a n d

a l t o h a v e o n e e a c h , a n d t h e t e n o r a n d b a s s h a v e two

139

e a c h # Two p a s s i n g t o n e s i n t h e s o p r a n o a r e f o u n d

w i t h l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e s , o n e i n t h e a l t o a n d

o n e i n t h e b a n s . T h e r e a r e , i n a l l , f o u r t e e n l o w e r

n e i g h b o r i n g t o n a B i n t h e s o p r a n o , s i x t e e n i n t h e

a l t o , e l e v e n i n t h e t e n o r , a n d s e v e n i n t h e b a s s .

N o t a C a m b i s t s . T he c a m b i a t a d i s s o n a n c e o c c u r s f i f

t y t i m e s , o n l y on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a b e a t . F o u r

(8 # ) o c c u r on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e , a n d s e v e n (I**#)

on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t h r e e i t h e r e m a i n i n g 39

( 7 8 # ) a r e on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t w o . Of t h e

f i f t y e a n b i a t a d i s s o n a n c e s f o u r t e e n ( 32# ) a r e i n

t h e s o p r a n o , t w e l v e (2 5# ) i n t h e a l t o , n i n e ( 2 0 # )

i n t h e t e n o r , a n d f i f t e e n ( 3^ # ) i n t h e b a s s .

Portamento. The d i s s o n a n t p o r t a m e n t o i s f o u n d o n l y

f o u r t i m e s i n t h e e x a m p l e s a n a l y z e d . I t i s a l w a y s

on t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f b e a t t h r e e , a l w a y s i n t h e s o -

140

p r a n o , a n d a l w a y s d e s c e n d i n g . One o c c u r s w i t h a

p a s s i n g t o n e I n t h e a l t o .

C o n s e c u t i v e d i s s o n a n c e s . C o n s e c u t i v e d i s s o n a n c e s

i n t h e same v o i c e I n v o l v e s i x t e e n t h n o t e s . T h e r e

i s o n e p a i r o f s i x t e e n t h n o t e s i n a n o r n a m e n t a l

r e s o l u t i o n o f a ^ s u s p e n s i o n ( s e e e x a m p l e 4 1 , mea

s u r e 3 7 ) , i n w h i c h t h e f i r s t o f t h e tw o s i x t e e n t h

n o t e s i s d i s s o n a n t .

V e r t i c a l S t r u c t u r e s

The s i n g l e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y f o u n d v e r t i

c a l s t r u c t u r e i n P a l e s t r i n a ' s f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r

8m u s i c i s S ^ - t h e r o o t p o s i t i o n t r i a d w i t h t h e r o o t

3

d o u b l e d . I t i s f o u n d 82? t i m e s , 362 o n b e a t o n e ,

171 on b e a t t w o , 39 on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t

t w o , 2 5 3 on b e a t t h r e e , a n d tw o o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f

o f b e a t t h r e e . O t h e r r o o t p o s i t i o n c o m b i n a t i o n s .

m

< 5 5 0s u c h a s -i, 5 . 3 * 'it 3 » e t c . , o c c u r f r e q u e n t l y a s3 3 3 3

w e l l i ^60 o n b e a t o n e , t h i r t e e n a f t e r b e a t o n e ,

3 0 ? o n b e a t t w o , 36 a f t e r b e a t t w o , 371 o n b e a t

t h r e e , a n d 66 a f t e r b e a t t h r e e . F i r s t i n v e r s i o n

c o m b i n a t i o n s a l s o o c c u r m o re f r e q u e n t l y on b e a t s

o n e a n d t h r e e t h a n e l s e w h e r e - - 1^2 on b e a t o n e , 2 1 3

on b e a t t h r e e , a n d o n l y 7 3 on b e a t t w o . The f i r s t

i n v e r s i o n t r i a d ( e i t h e r c o m p l e t e o r i n c o m p l e t e )

o c c u r s on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a b e a t o n l y R6 t i m e s .

The most f req ia i t ly found dissonant vertical co m b i -

7n a t i o n on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a b e a t i s 5— t e n a f t e r

3

e a c h o f t h e f i r s t two b e a t s a n d t h i r t e e n a f t e r t h e

t h i r d b e a t # O t h e r f r e q u e n t l y f o u n d d i s s o n a n t c o m -

7 8 6 7 1*b i n a t i o n s a r e 5» 'it a n d The r a n g e o f t h e2 ^ 3

l e s s f r e q u e n t l y u s e d c o m b i n a t i o n s i s s o b r o a d a s t o

make i t d i f f i c u l t t o f i n d a n y s i g n i f i c a n t p a t t e r n

1*42

o f i n t e r v a l c o m b i n a t i o n s — p a r t i c u l a r l y d i s s o n a n t

c o m b i n a t i o n s — on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a b e a t .

The m o o t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d d i s s o n a n t s t r u c -

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t u r e i s 5 , w h i c h o c c u r s s i x t y t i m e s on b e a t t w o f

a n d l e s s f r e q u e n t l y e l s e w h e r e . F o l l o w i n g i s a c h a r t

s h o w i n g t h e f r e q u e n c y o f a l l c o m b i n a t i o n s o f i n t e r

v a l s , b o t h c o n s o n a n t a n d d i s s o n a n t , a r r a n g e d by

m e t r i c p o s i t i o n . I n t e r v a l c o m b i n a t i o n s f o u n d i n

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o f P i e c e s i n F a s t T r i p l e M e t e r

T he i t e m s i n t h i s s u r v e y a r e n u m b e r e d t o

f a c i l i t a t e r e f e r e n c e t o a n a l y t i c a l c h a r t s a n d

□ c o r e s i n C h a p t e r 2 ,

1. nias&i £&££ saggrlQg magmaH o s a n n a I n e x c e l s l s I . T h i s i m i t a t i v e H o s a n n a h a s no

d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t s o n e a n d t h r e e , a n d a l l m e l o d i c

m o t i o n on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f h e a t s tw o a n d t h r o e i s

d i s s o n a n t . A l l s u s p e n s i o n s o c c u r on b e a t t w o , a n d

a l l h a v e n o r m a l , u n a d o r n e d r e s o l u t i o n s .

2. Miasa> £ reborn £0£li

R o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i s . T h i s H o s a n n a i s a l s o i m i t a t i v e .

A l l s u s p e n s i o n s o c c u r r i n g on b e a t o n e h a v e e i t h e r a

p o r t a m e n t o o r o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n . A l l s u s p e n s i o n s

on b e a t two a r e r o s o l v e d n o r m a l l y . On b e a t t h r e e come

s u s p e n s i o n s a r e r e s o l v e d n o r m a l l y a n d some h a v e p o r

t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n s . M e a s u r e s 64 t h r o u g h 6 8 a r e r e

p e a t e d e x a c t l y i n m e a s u r e s ?0 t h r o u g h ? 4 .

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H o s a n n a I n e x c e l s i a I I . I n t h i s i m i t a t i v e H o s a n n a

t h e r e i s n o d i s s o n a n c e on h e a t o n e . A l l m o t i o n on

t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e i s d i s s o n a n t . A l l s u s

p e n s i o n s on b e a t tw o a r e r e s o l v e d n o r m a l l y , w h i l e

t h o s e o n b o a t t h r e e h a v e p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n s .

C a m b i a t a f i g u r e s , w i t h t h e s e c o n d n o t e e i t h e r c o n

s o n a n t o r d i s s o n a n t , o c c u r f r e q u e n t l y i n t h i s p i e c e .

^ M o t e t i 2. o u a n t u a l u c t u s . I n t h e b r i e f s e c t i o n o f

t h i s h o m o p h o n ie m o t e t t h a t i n i n t r i p l e m e t e r t h e r e

I s o n l y o n e n o n - h a r m o n i c t o n e , a p a n n i n g t o n e on t h e

s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e .

5 . M o t e t i G a u d e n t i n c o e l l a . I n t h i s i m i t a t i v e m o t e t

a l l t h e s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t s o n e a n d two a r e r e s o l v e d

n o r m a l l y , a n d a l l s u s p e n s i o n s o n b e a t t h r e e h a v e p o r

t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n s . M e a s u r e s 85 t h r o u g h 89 a r e r e

p e a t e d e x a c t l y I n m e a s u r e s 91 t h r o u g h 95* T h e r e a r e

tw o h e m i o l a s .

6. Mlasfl* £& bfi&£& vii-glne

H o s a n n a i n o x c e l s l s . I n t h i s i m i t a t i v e H o s a n n a t h e r e

i s n o d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t o n e . T h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e

1*4-9

m o t i o n on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e , b u t w h a t t h u r e

I s , h i d i ^ j o n a n t . A l l s u s p e n s i o n s o n b e a t tw o a r e

r e s o l v e d n o r m a l l y . A l l s u s p e n s i o n s o n b e a t t h r e e

h a v e p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n s . One a c c e n t e d p a s s i n g

t o n e a n d o n e " h a l f n o t e " p a s s i n g t o n e a r e f o u n d i n

t h i s p i e c e . E a c h o c c u r s o n t h e t h i r d b e a t o f a m e a s u r e .

7. in yjp la ta

G l o r i a (Tn g l o r i a D e i P a t r i s Amen). I n t h i 3 s e c t i o n

o f t h e G l o r i a t h e r e i s no d i « 3 o n a r c e on b e a t o n e .

On b e a t t w o , h a l f o r ( he : U3p e n s i o r . B a r e r e s o l v e d

n o r m a l l y a n d h a l f h a v e o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n s . A l l

m o t i o n o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t tw o i s d i s s o n a n t .

The s u s p e n s i o n on b e a t t h r e e h a 3 a p o r t a m e n t o r e s o

l u t i o n . On t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t h r e e , a l l mo

t i o n i s d i s s o n a n t e x c e p t f o r t h e a n t i c i p a t e d r e s o

l u t i o n o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n on b e a t t h r e e .

£* M i s s a i § i n £ . n o m in e

C r e d o ( E t r e n u r r e x i t t e r t i a d i e

s e c u n d u m s c r l p t u / r a s X T h i s b r i e f s e c t i o n o f t h e

C r e d o i s i m i t a t i v e . T h e r e i s n o d i s s o n a n c e o n b e a t

o n e . The o n l y m o t i o n o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t

150

o n e if? a s i n g l e p a s s i n g t o n e . The s u s p e n s i o n s o n h e a t

two a r e r e s o l v e d n o r m a l l y , w h i l e t h e s u s p e n s i o n o n b e a t

t h r e e h a s a p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n ,

9. M l s s a i M fugam

H o s a n n a I n e x c e l s l s . T h i s i m i t a t i v e p i e c e h a s a p a s s a g e

n e a r t h e b e g i n n i n g t h a t i s r e p e a t e d a t t h e e n d , a n d t h e

l a s t tw o m e a s u r e s o f t h e r e p e a t e d p o r t i o n a p p e a r a t a

d i f f e r e n t p i t c h l e v e l ( a f o u r t h h i g h e r ) J u s t b e f o r e t h e

r e p e a t e d s e c t i o n r e a p p e a r s . T h e r e a r e t h r e e h e m i o l a s ,

o n e a t t h e e n d o f e a c h o f t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d s e c t i o n s .

T h r o u g h o u t t h e p i e c e t h e r e i s l i t t l e m o t i o n o n t h e s e

c o n d h a l f o f a n y b e a t , a n d w h a t t h e r e i s i s d i s s o n a n t .

T h e r e a r e t h r e e s u s p e n s i o n s on e a c h b e a t , a l w a y s o c c u r

r i n g i n t h e same o r d e r — b e a t o n e , b e a t t h r e e , b e a t tw o

o f t h e f o l l o w i n g m e a s u r e — c r e a t i n g t h e h e m i o l a e f f e c t .

T he s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t s o n e a n d t h r e e h a v e p o r t a m e n t o

r e s o l u t i o n s , a n d t h o s e on b e a t two a r e r e s o l v e d n o r m a l l y .

T h e s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t t h r e e a r e d o u b l e s u s p e n s i o n s

( s o p r a n o a n d a l t o ) a n d o n l y t h e a l t o i s i n v o l v e d i n t h e

p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n , t h u s a v o i d i n g t h e p a r a l l e l f i f t h s

t h a t w o u l d b e c r e a t e d b y a s i m u l t a n e o u s r e s o l u t i o n .

151

1 0 . M i n s a i Spem I n a l l u m

G l o r i a ( - t u i n g l o r i a D e i P a t r i s . Amon. ) . T h e s e c t i o n

o f t h i s G l o r i a t h a t i s i n t r i p l e m e t e r i s i m i t a t i v e .

T h e r e i s no d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t o n e . On t h e s e c o n d

h a l f o f b e a t o n e t h e r e i s l i t t l e m o t i o n , a l l o f i t

d i s s o n a n t . T h e r e i s o n l y o n e s u s p e n s i o n t i t f a l l s

on b e a t tw c arid h a 3 an o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n w h i c h

1 b t h e o n l y m o t i o n on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t tw o t h a t

I s n o t d i s s o n a n t . T h e o n l y d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t t h r e e

i s a " h a l f n o t e " p a s s i n r t o n e . A l l m o t i o n on t h e

s e c o n d h a L f o f b e a t t h r e e i s d i s s o n a n t .

11* Spsff in al l urn

C r e d o ( r e s u r r o c t i o n e m m o r t u o r u m ) . A t f i r s t g l a n c e

t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e C r e d o a p p e a r s t o b e h o m o p h o n i c ,

b u t i t i s i m i t a t i v e . T h e r e i s m o t i o n on e v e r y b e a t .

The o n l y m o t i o n on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a b e a t i o t h e

p a s s i n g t o n e a f t e r b e n t t w o . I t i s t h e o n l y d i s s o n a n c e

i n t h e p i e c e .

12. Erlmi iani

H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s i n . I n t h i n i m i t a t i v e H o s a n n a t h e r e

i s n o d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t o n e , a n d no m o t i o n o n t h e

s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e . A l l o f t h e f r e q u e n t s u s

p e n s i o n s on b o a t tw o a r e r e s o l v e d n o r m a l l y . M os t

o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n s o n b e a t t h r e e n a v e p o r t a m e n t o

r e s o l u t i o n s . ( I n m e a s u r e 8 ;) a n e r r o r a p p e u r s i n t h e

S c a l e r a e d i t i o n . The s o p r a n o n o t e s B, A, G s h o u l d

r e a d B f G. A a s t h e y a p p e a r i n t h e B r e l t k o p f e d i t i o n . )

In measure 84. parallel fifths occur between t;he alto

and soprano between the first arid s e c o n d halves of

the thir d beat. There i s a consonant fourth on beat

one, preceded by a

10* M issai P rim (Lauda Sism)

G l o r i a ( q u o n i a m t u 3 o l u c s a n c t u u .

Tu s o l u s D o m in u s . Tu s o l u s A l t i c s i m u s ,

J e s u C h r i s t e . Cum S a n c t o S p i r i t u i n

g l o r i a D e i P a t r i n , A m e n , ) . I n t h i s h o m o p h o n ic s e c t i o n

o f t h e G l o r i a t h e r e i s no d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t o n e , a

few s u s p e n s i o n s a n d l i t t l e o t h e r a c t i v i t y o n b e a t t w o ,

a n d o n e s u s p e n s i o n on b e a t t h r e e ( p o r t a m e n t o r e o o l u t i o n )

T h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e n o t i o n on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a n y

153

b e a t , a n d w h a t t h e r e i s i s p r i m a r i l y c o n s o n a n t *

One o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t tw o h a s a n o r n a m e n t a l

r e s o l u t i o n i n w h i c h tw o d e s c e n d i n g s i x t e e n t h n o t e s

a r e f o l l o w e d b y u p w a r d m o t i o n i n w h i c h t h e n o t e f o l

l o w i n g t h e s i x t e e n t h n o t e s ( s a m e a s t h e f i r s t s i x

t e e n t h n o t e ) i s r a i s e d v h o n i t w as n o t r a i s e d i n

t h e o r n a m e n t ( s e e m e a s u r e 6 ? ) .

1^. Mis o n Ir.lmfl (Isudfi &i££i)

C r e d o ( e t e x p o c t o r e s u r r e c t i o n e m

m o r t u o / r u n ) . I n t h i s h o m o p h o n lc s e c t i o n o f t h e C r e d o

t h e r e i s n o d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t s o n e a n d t h r e e , a n d

no a c t i v i t y a t a l l o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e s e b e a t s .

T h e r e i s o n e s u s p e n s i o n on b e a t two w h i c h h a s a n

o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n o f t h e same t y p e a s t h a t i n

t h e G l o r i a a b o v e .

15* Mlaf lf t i F r i m a ( I a u d a s lo r^ )

H o s a n n a i n • x c e l a l s . The f i r s t p h r a s e o f t h i s p i e c e

i s h o m o r h o n i c a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r i s i m i t a t i v e . T h e r e

i s no d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t o n e a n d o n l y o n e s u s p e n s i o n

( n o r m a l l y r e s o l v e d ) on b e a t t h r e e . D i s s o n a n c e i s

15^

c o n c e n t r a t e d o n t h e tw o h a l v e s o f b e a t t w o . One o f

t h e s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t tw o h a s a n o r n a m e n t a l r e s o

l u t i o n l i k e t h e tw o a b o v e .

1 6 . Migg&i Sffq u n d a ( E r l a l t s a i )

H o s a n n a i j i e x c e l s i s . I n t h i s i m i t a t i v e H o e a n n a t h e r e

i s n o d i s s o n a n o e on b e a t o n e , a n d o n l y o n e s u s p e n s i o n

o n b e a t t h r e e ( p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n ) , Two o f t h e

s u s p e n s i o n s o n b e a t t w o h a v e o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n s

l i k e t h o s e m e n t i o n e d a b o v e . M e a s u r e s 5 ^ t h r o u g h 5 9

a r e r e p e a t e d i n m e a s u r e s 6 0 t h r o u g h 6 5 w i t h s l i g h t

v a r i a n t s i n t h e s o p r a n o a n d a l t o . M o s t m o t i o n on

t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a n y b e a t i s d i s s o n a n t .

1 7 * M i 9 6 & » T e r t l a ( £ £ s u N o s t r a R e d e m p t i o )

C r e d o ( e t u nam , s a n c t a r a , c a t h o l i c a m

e t a p o s t o l i c a m B c c l e s i a r a . C o n f i t e o r

unam b a p t i s m a i n r e m i s s i o n e m p e c c a t o / r u m ) . T h e f i r s t

p h r a s e o f t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e C r e d o i s a n t i p h o n a l

( tw o v o i c e s a n s w e r e d b y tw o v o i c e s ) a n d t h e r e m a i n

d e r i s h o m o p h o n i c . T h e r o i s a c t i v i t y o n a l m o s t e v e r y

b s a t , a n d a l l o f i t i s c o n s o n a n t e x c e p t f o r o n e s u e -

155

p e n s i o n on b o a t tw o i n t h e l a s t m e a s u r e * T h e r e 1 b

v e r y l i t t l e o f f - b e a t m o t i o n , a n d n o o f f - b e a t d i s s o n a n c e .

18. Mlasai Tertla U & 3 U 1?)

H o s a n n a I n e x c e l s l s . I n t h i s i m i t a t i v e H o s a n n a b e a t s

o n e a n d t h r e e a r e a l l c o n s o n a n t e x c e p t o n e s u s p e n s i o n

on e a c h ( b e a t t h r e e h a s a p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n ) . A l l

a c t i v i t y on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e i n v o l v e s d i s

s o n a n c e . M o s t o f t h e m o t i o n o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f

b e a t s tw o a n d t h r e e i n v o l v e s d i o o o n n n c e .

19. avtfurta ( V M m s . flxmi)H o s a n n a I n e x c e l s l s . T h i s H o s a n n a b e g i n s h o m o p h o n i c a l l y

a n d t h e n p r o c e e d s i n i m i t a t i o n . On b e a t s o n e a n d t h r e e

t h e r e I s no d i s s o n a n c e . On t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e

t h e r e i s L i t t l e m o t i o n , a n d a l l o f i t i n v o l v e s d i s s o n

a n c e . T h e r e I s v e r y l i t t l e a c t i v i t y o n t h e e e c o n d

h a l f o f t h e t h i r d b e a t . One o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n s o n

t h e s e c o n d b e a t i s r e s o l v e d l i h e t h o o n e d e s c r i b e d

I n Number 1.3#

2 0 . M o t e t « Num ould i l i o n d l c e t . I n t h i s h o m o p h o n ic m o t e t

t h e r e I s no d i s s o n a n c e a t a l l . The l a s t f i v e m e a s u r e s

156

o f e a c h s e c t i o n a r e I d e n t i c a l * On b e a t o n e a n d on

t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t tw o a r e f o u n d t h e o n l y r o o t

p o u i t i c n t r i a d s i n t h e e n t i r e p i e c e . On t h o s a c o n d

h a l f o f b e a t 3 o n e a n d t h r e e t h e r e l a n o a c t i v i t y .

2 1 . Hymn* I n n f l U y l t f l . t a

c l r c u m c l a l o n e D o m in i . T h i s hymn b e g i n s h o m o p h o n l c a l l y

a n d c o n t i n u e s i n i m i t a t i o n * T h e r e i s no d i s s o n a n c e

on b e a t o n e . A l l a c t i v i t y on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t s

o n e a n d tw o i s d i s s o n a n t e x c e p t f o r o n e o f t h e two

s i x t e e n t h n o t e s t h a t o c c u r i n e a c h o f t h e a b o v e m e t r i c

p o s i t i o n s . T he s u s p e n s i o n o n b e a t t h r e e h a s a p o r

t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n .

2 2 . Hymni I n f e a t g s a n c t o r u m i n n o c e n t t o . I n t h i s i m i

t a t i v e hymn t h e r e i s no d i s s o n a n c e o n b e a t o n e . Two

p a s s i n g t o n e s ( i n d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s ) a r e t h e o n l y a c

t i v i t y on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e . A l l s u s p e n

s i o n s a r e r e s o l v e d n o r m a l l y . T h e r e a r e tw o i n t e r e s

t i n g r e p e t i t i o n s o f d i s s o n a n c e p a t t e r n s i n t h i B hym n,

o n e i n w h i c h t h e r e i s n o s i m i l a r i t y o f n o t e s a n d me

l o d i c p a t t e r n s ( m e a s u r e s 4 t h r o u g h 7 a n d 9 t h r o u g h 1 2 )

157

a n d o n e i n w h i c h n o t e a a r e s i m i l a r b u t v o i c e d i s t r i

b u t i o n a n d m e l o d i c p a t t e r n s a r e d i f f e r e n t ( m e a s u r e s

18 t h r o u g h 21 a n d 22 t h r o u g h 2 5 ) .

23» hamn* l a £iaJ& g.anp.tap M zlas Eafidalsaaft* Parts

o f t h i s hymn a r e h o m o p h o n ic a n d p a r t s a r e I m i t a t i v e .

B e a t o n e h a s n o d i s s o n a n c e . T h e r e i s l i t t l e m o t i o n

on t h e B e co n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e , a l l p a s s i n g t o n e s .

On t h e s e c o n d b e a t t h e r e a r e s u s p e n s i o n s o c c u r r i n g

a t f a i r l y r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s ( e v e r y f o u r o r f i v e m e a

s u r e s ) . I n t h e m e a s u r e s i m m e d i a t e l y p r e c e d i n g t h e

s u s p e n s i o n s t h e r e i s a c t i v i t y o n b o t h h a l v e s o f b e a t

t w o , a n d t h a t on t h e s e c o n d h a l f i s a l m o s t a l w a y s

d i s s o n a n t . T h e r e i s l i t t l e a c t i v i t y o n t h e s e c o n d

h a l f o f b e a t tw o i n o t h e r m e a s u r e s .

z k iiynm' la J&aJ& a n ia a . wax^ycla ( I gjm gro P a s c h a i i ).

I n t h i s h o m o p h o n ic hymn t h e r e i s n o d i s s o n a n c e on

b e a t s o n e a n d t h r e e . A l l a c t i v i t y o n t h e s e c o n d

h a l f o f b e a t o n e i s d i s s o n a n t , a s i s m o s t o f t h e

a c t i v i t y on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t s tw o a n d t h r e e .

A l l o f t h e c o n s o n a n t a c t i v i t y o n b e a t s tw o a n d

158

t h r e e I s f i r s t i n v e r s i o n . D i s c o n a n c u i n t h i s hymn

i s c l u s t e r e d i n tw o s p o t s , m e a s u r e s 8 t h r o u g h 10 a n d

25 t h r o u g h 3 1 .

2 5 . Missal A<rt9raa fiftrleU BnagraC r e d o ( e t i n S p i r i t u m S a n c t u m , Dominum,

e t v i v i f i c a n t u m i q u i e x P a t r e F i l i o q u e p r o c e / d a t ) . I n

t h i s h o m o p h o n ic s e c t i o n o f t h e C r e d o t h e r e i s o n l y o n e

d i s s o n a n c e , a p a s s i n g t o n e o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f h e a t t w o .

26. Mlaaa» dm CtiElfltMB ftS.tTfl ascenderat

H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s l s . I n t h i s i m i t a t i v e H o s a n n a t h e r e

i s n o d i s s o n a n c e o n h e a t o n e , a n d o n l y d i s s o n a n t

a c t i v i t y on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f h e a t o n e . T h e s u s p e n

s i o n s o n h e a t tw o r e s o l v e n o r m a l l y , w h i l e t h o s e on

b e a t t h r e e h a v e p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n s . D i s s o n a n c e s

f o r m v e r y c l e a r p a t t e r n s ( n i n e m e a s u r e s a p a r t ) e v e n

t h o u g h t h e r e i s no m e l o d i c r e p e t i t i o n .

2 7 . M a g n i f i c a t 1 T e r t l i t o n i . I n t h i s h o m o p h o n ic p i e c e

t h e r e i s n o d i s s o n a n c e o n h e a t s o n e a n d t h r e e * On t h e

s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e s e b e a t s t h e o n l y a c t i v i t y i s a s i n

g l e d i s s o n a n c e . T h e r e a r e tw o s u s p e n s i o n s o n b e a t Kwo,

b o t h w i t h o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n s o f t h e t y p e d e s

c r i b e d i n Number 13* T he p i e c e i s d i v i d e d i n t o

1 1 2f o u r - m e a s u r e p h r a s e s , i n t h e f o r m A,A , B, B #B ,

t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e o r i g i n a l a n d r e p e a t e d

p h r a s e s b e i n g t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f v o i c e s .

2 8 . L l t a n i a o d e i o a r a e VJjTKilllB

( Ave M a r i a ) S e c u n d a p a r a . I n t h i s h o m o p h o n ic l i t a n y

t h e r e i s no d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t s o n e , t w o , a n d t h r e e .

As m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d i n a l i t a n y , t h e fo rm i s A, A1 ,

2 9 . L i t a n l a e L i b e r a e c u n d u a

( Ave M a r i a ) Q x i in ta p a r r ; . T he o n l y d i s s o n a n c e s i n

t h i s h o m o p h o n ic l i t a n y a r e t h e s u s p e n s i o n s o n b e a t

t w o , o n e a t t h e e n d o f e a c h r e p e a t e d s e c t i o n . The

f o r m i a A ,A 1 , A2 , A " \ A**.

3 0. Kl&aai uXsu

G l o r i a ( i n g l o r i a D e i P a t r i B . Amen). I n t h i s homo

p h o n i c s e c t i o n o f t h e G l o r i a t h e fo r m I p A ,A 1 . T h e r e

i o n o d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t o n e . A s i n g l e p a s s i n g t o n e

i n t h e o n l y a c t i v i t y o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e .

The s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t two a r e r e s o l v e d n o r m a l l y ,

w h i l e t h o s e on b o a t t h r e e h a v e p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n s

160

T h e r e i s no d i s s o n a n c e on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e

t h i r d b e a t , ( i n m e a s u r e 107 t h o r e i s a n e r r o r i n t h e

S c a l e r a e d i t i o n . The t o n u r r-e s h o u l d h a v e a h a l f

note f o l l o w e d b y a q u a r t e r r e s t , a s i t a p p e a r s i n t h e

B r e i t k o p f e d i t i o n . )

31. Hitt Diog 8anctifi.ca.t-U8

C r e d o ( e t v i t a m v e n t u r i s a e c u l i . Amen). I n t h i s homo

p h o n i c s e c t i o n o f t h e C r e d o t h e r e i s a n A ,A 1 f o r m .

The f i n a l c a d e n c e i s a p p r o a c h e d b y a c h a i n o f s u s

p e n s i o n s , i n t h e s o p r a n o , b a s s , a n d s o p r a n o .

32. £mendeûg

C r e d o ( e t r e s u r r e x i t t e r t i a d i e

s e c u n d u m S c r i p t u r a o . E t a o c e n d i t

i n c o e lu i r . , s e d e t a d d o x t e r a m P a t r i s .

E t i t e r u m v e n t u r u s e a t cum g l o r i a

j u d i c a r e v i v o s e t m o r t u o s i c u j u o

r e g n i n o n e r t t f i n i s J , I n t h i s h o m o p h o n ic s e c t i o n o f

t h e C r e d c t h e r e i s n o d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t s o n e a n d

t h r e e , a n d o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t h r e e . The

p a s s i n g t o n e s on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e a r e t h e

l 6 l

h e a v i e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f d i s s o n a n c e . T he s u s p e n s i o n s

on h e a t two a r e r e s o l v e d n o r m a l l y .

3 3 . M l s a a i I n m a . i o r i b u s d u p l i c i h u p

C r e d o (Qulcum P a t r e e t F i l i o

s i m u l a d o r a t u r e t c o n ^ l o r i f i c a t u r i

q u i l o c u t u s e a t p e r P r o p h t y t a s ) . I n t h i s h o m o p h o n ic

s e c t i o n o f t h e C r e d o t h e r e l a n o d i a o o n a n c e on h e a t

o n e . One p a s s i n g t o n e c o m p r i s e s a l l o f t h e a c t i v i t y

on the? s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e . A l l s u s p e n s i o n s a r e

r e s o l v e d n o r m a l l y .

3^. K l a a a t In ma.iorlhus d u p l i c l b u g

H o s a n n a 1n e x c e l n i s . I n t h i s i m i t a t i v e H o s a n n a t h e

d i s s o n a n c e s fo r m a p a t t e m - - t h e r e i s a s u s p e n s i o n

on t h e s e c o n d h e a t o f t h e p e n u l t i m a t e m e a s u r e o f e a c h

p h r a s e . On h e a t s o n e a n d t h r e e t h e r e i s n o d i s s o n a n c e .

T h e r e i s l i t t l e m o t i o n on t h e u o e o n d h a l f o f a n y b e a t ,

a n d m o s t o f i t i s d i s s o n a n t ( a l l p a s s i n g t o n e s ) ,

3 5 . I n n i n o r l b u s d u p l l c i b u s

S a n c t u s ( P l e n i 3 u n t c o e l i e t t e r r a

g l o r i a t u a , H o s a n n a i n e x c e l n i s ) . I n t h i s i m i t a t i v e

162

s e c t i o n o f t h e S a n c t u s t h e r e I s no d i s s o n a n c e on

b e a t s o n e a n d t h r e e . T h e r e a r e f r e q u e n t p a i r s o f

s i x t e e n t h n o t e s on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t s two a n d

t h r e e .

f ' - i s c a * I n m l n o r i b u s d u p l l c l b n s

H o s a n n a i n c x c e l s i s . I n t h i s i m i t a t i v e H o s a n n a t h e r e

i s n o d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t o n e . M os t o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n s

h a v e n o r m a l r e s o l u t i o n s 1 o n e h a s a p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n .

Mont o f t h e a c t i v i t y on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a n y b e a t

c o n s i s t s o f p a s s i n g t o n e s , a n d m o s t o f t h e s e a r e on

t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t w o . T h e r e i s a " h a l f n o t e "

p a s s i n g t o n o on b o a t t h r e e . I n t h e p e n u l t i m a t e m e a s u r e

t h e r e i s a c o n s o n a n t f o u r t h p r e c e d e d b y a

37. Missat Ave Regina coelorum

Hosanna in excelsl3. In this imitative Hosanna there

is no dissonance on heat one. The suspensions on bout

two have normal resolutions, while the one on beat

three '-as a portamento resolution. Measures 51 through

56 are repeated exactly in measures 56 through 61,

163

3$. Mlanfti In i l i a XWU'QVQ

C r e d o ( E t r o s u r r e x i t t e r t l a d i / e ) . I n t h i s h o m o p h o n ic

s e c t i o n o f t h e C r e d o , a s u s p e n s i o n i n t h e f i n a l m e a s u r e

i s t h e o n l y d i s s o n a n c e . I t h a s a p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n .

M e a s u r e s 1 1 0 t h r o u g h 113 c o r r e s p o n d t o 2 0 1 t h r o u g h 2 0 h

a l t h o u g h t h e l i k e n e s s i s n o t e x a c t .

3 9 . M l s s a * I n I . U q l f i . n i B p r . f i

S a n c t u s ( P l e n i s u n t c o e l i o t t e r r a

g l o r i a t u a . H o s a n n a i n e x c e l o i s ) . I n t h i s h o m o p h o n ic

s e c t i o n o f t h e S a n c t u s t h e r e i s no d 1o s o n a n c e on t h e

f i r s t b e a t . T h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e n o t i o n on t h e s e c o n d

h a l f o f t h e f i r s t b e a t , a n d a l l o f i t i s d i s s o n a n t

( p a s s i n g t o n e s ) . A l l o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n s a r e r e s o l v e d

n o r m a l l y . T he o n l y d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t t h r e e i s a

" h a l f n o t e " p a s s i n g t o n e .

*«>. Mi6sai In ,UIg tempore

H o s a n n a I n e x c o l s l s . I n t h i s , t h e o n l y c o m p l e t e l y

h o m o p h o n ic H o s a n n a , t h e r e i s n o d i s s o n a n c e o n h e a t

o n e . The o n l y a c t i v i t y on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f h e a t s

o n e a n d tw o i s d a i o n a n t ( a l l p a s s i n g t o n e s ) . T he b u s

p e n s i o n s on b e a t tw o r e s o l v e n o r m a l l y , w h i l e t h e o n e

on b e a t t h r e e h a s a p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n .

4i. Miflgai D.egg,ftn<U.t an&9lvifl Pepjlni,

H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s l s . I n t h i s i m i t a t i v e H o s a n n a t h e r e

i s n o d i s s o n a n c e on b e a t o n e . M ost o f t h e a c t i v i t y

o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t o n e i s d i s s o n a n t , m o s t l y

d o u b l e p a s s i n g t o n e s . One o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t

two h a s a n o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n , c o n s i s t i n g o f tw o

s i x t e e n t h n o t e s o f w h i c h t h e f i r s t i s d i s s o n a n t .

S u s p e n s i o n s o n b e a t t h r e e h a v e p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n s

2 1 SO L X f i j g l f t M s I a n

T he m e t r i c a r r a n g e m e n t o f c o n s o n a n c e a n d d i s

s o n a n c e f o r m s v e r y c l e a r p a t t e r n s i n s l o w t r i p l e

t i m e a s i t d o e s i n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r . M o t i o n i s

165

m ore e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r t h a n i n

f a s t . On e a c h b e a t { f i r s t b e a t o f s u b m e a s u r e o ) a t

l e a s t f i f t y o f t h e f i f t y - t w o m e a s u r e s h a v e some a c

t i v i t y . On t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f e a c h b e a t ( s e c o n d

b e a t o f s u b m e a s u r e s ) a s few a s f o r t y - f i v e a n d a s many

a a f o r t y - n i n e m e a s u r e s c o n t a i n m o t i o n . On t h e s e c o n d

a n d f o u r t h q u a r t e r s o f e a c h b e a t t h e r e i s m e l o d i c mo

t i o n i n e i g h t t o t h i r t e e n o f t h e f i f t y - t w o m e a s u r e s .

P a i r s o f s i x t e e n t h n o t e s o c c u r on t h e s e c o n d a n d

f o u r t h q u a r t e r s o f b e a t o n e , t h e f o u r t h q u a r t e r o f

b e a t t w o , a n d t h e s e c o n d q u a r t e r o f b e a t t h r e e .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f d i s s o n a n c e i s d i f f e r e n t i n

s l o w a n d f a s t t r i p l e t i m e . F o u r t e e n o f t h e f i f t y -

two m e a s u r e s h a v e a d i s s o n a n t f i r s t b e a t . T h i s i a m o re

( n o t j u s t a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e ) t h a n i n 982 m e a s u r e s

o f f a a t t r i p l e m e t e r . I n s l o w t r i p l e t i m e , d i s s o n a n c e

o c c u r s o n b e a t o n e 2 7 # o f t h e t i m e i 36% o f m o v i n g s e

c o n d b e a t s a n d 18# o f m o v in g t h i r d b e a t s a r e d i s s o n a n t .

166

On t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f h e a t s o n e a n d tw o t h e r e i o no

d i s s o n a n c e , a n d on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t h r e e 8*

o f t h e m e a s u r e s w h i c h c o n t a i n m o t i o n a r e d i s s o n a n t

a t t h i s p o i n t . On t h e s e c o n d a n d f o u r t h q u a r t e r s

o f e a c h b e a t l e s s t h a n 2 5 * o f t h e m e a s u r e s c o n t a i n

m o v e m e n t , a n d t h e p e r c e n t o f d i s s o n a n c e i n m o v in g

p a r t s i s h i g h * 6 l * ( 83** &7*» 92*1 3 8 * , 8 5 * . The

l o w e s t p e r c e n t a g e o c c u r s on t h e s e c o n d q u a r t e r o f

h e a t t h r o e , p e r h a p s i n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e d i s s o n a n t

s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t h r e e . T h e r e i s o n l y o n e s i x

t e e n t h n o t e d i s s o n a n c e , o n t h e f o u r t h 1 / 8 o f h e a t o n e .

The d i s s o n a n c e s i n s l o w t r i p l e t i m e a r e a r r a n g e d a s

f o l l o w s I

1 2 31 ft 2 ft 1 & 2 St 1 ft 2 ft15% 9% 1% 0 % 11* 19* 6 * o * 12* 10* 3* it* 10*

N o n - h a r m o n i c T o n e s

S u s p e n s i o n D i s s o n a n c e . The s u s p e n s i o n d i s s o n a n c e o c

c u r s o n l y on t h e b e a t ( f i r s t h e a t o f 3 u b m e a s u r e s ) .

16?

I n 52 m e a s u r e s t h e r e e r e Ul s u s p e n s i o n s . Of t h e s e

f o u r t e e n (3^%) a r e on b e a t o n e , e i g h t e e n ( 4 4 ^ ) on

b e a t t w o , a n d n i n e ( 2 2 ^ ) on b e a t t h r e e . The s u s

p e n s i o n i a t h e o n l y d i s s o n a n c e f o u n d on t h e b e a t i n

a l o w t r i p l e m e t e r . Of t h e h i s u t ' p e n n i o n s e i g h t e e n

(U4«S)are i n t h e s o p r a n o , t w e l v e [29%) i n t h e n l t o ,

n i n e (22?£) i n t h e t e n o r , a n d two (5%) i n t h e b a s s .

(No m or e t h a n 7% d i f f e r e n c e f r o m v o i c e d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f f a s t t r i p l e ) T h e r e a r e no d o u b l e s u s p e n s i o n s i n

a l o w t r i p l e m e t e r . BO^ o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n s a r e r e s o l v e d

n o r m a l l y ( c o m p a r e d t o 77% i n f a s t t r i p l e ) . The r e

m a i n i n g 20% h a v e e i t h e r a p o r t a m e n t o o r o r n a m e n t a l

r e s o l u t i o n . Of t h e f o u r t e e n s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t o n e ,

f o u r {29%) h a v e o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n s * Of t h e

e i g h t e e n s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t t w o , o n e (6^5) h a s an

o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n , a n d o n e h a s a p o r t a m e n t o

r e s o l u t i o n . Of t h e n i n e s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t t h r e e ,

o n e ( 1 1 ^ ) h a s a n o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n a n d one h a a a

p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n . The i n t e r v a l c o m b i n a t i o n s i n

v o l v e d i n s u s p e n s i o n s i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r a r e l i s t e d

b e l o w .

168

B e a t 1 B e a t 2 B e a t 3

# I n t e r v a l s % # I n t e r v a l s * #

5 37 36* 6 4 5 8 33* 42 45 14* 4 4 5 2 2 * 22 4 5 8 14* 2 46 11* 11 4 8 7 * 2 4 6 8 11* 11 57 7* 1 37 6* 11 455 7* 1 48 6*1 4 6 8 7* 1 337 6*1 5 6 8 7% 1 4 6 6 6*

4 5 8 4 4 *37 22 *48 l i f t

357 11*4 6 8 11?1

P a s s i n g T o n e , T h e r e a r e 4 8 p a s s i n g t o n e s I n t h e 52

m e a s u r e s o f s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r . 4 4 p a s s i n g t o n e s

o c c u r on t h e s e c o n d a n d f o u r t h q u a r t e r s o f a b e a t *

a we ak m e t r i c p o s i t i o n . On t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t

t h r e e t h e r e a r e f o u r p a s s i n g t o n e s , two o f w h i c h a r e

a c c e n t e d p a s s i n g t o n e s a n d two o f w h i c h a r e " h a l f n o t e "

p a s s i n g t o n e s . T h e s e a r e t h e o n l y p a s s i n g t o n e s t o

o c c u r J n a s t r o n g m e t r i c p o s i t i o n . F o l l o w i n g i s a

c h a r t o f d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p a s u i n g t o n e s .

1 2 31 Sc 2 & 1 & * 1 & 2 &

7 7 5 12 4 4 915* 15* 10* 2 5* 8* 8'/« 19*

Of t h e *i8 pass In" t o n e s , t w e l v e o c c u r a s d o u b l e p a u s i n g

t o n e s , f ov . r s e t s b e t w e e n t h e s o p r a n o a n d a l t o , o n e p a i r

i n t h e a l t o a n d t e n o r , a n d o n e p u l r i n t n e t e n o r a n d b a s s ,

169

One p a s s i n g t o n e c o i n c i d e s w i t h a l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g

t o n e ( s o p r a n o , a l t o ) , a n d 35 a r e s i n g l e p a s s i n g t o n e s .

Of t h e s e e i g h t ( 2 3 # ) a r e i n t h e s o p r a n o , f i f t e e n ( 4 3 # )

a r e i n t h e a l t o , s i x ( 1 7 # ) i n t h o t e n o r , a n d s i x ( 1 7 # )

i n t h e b a s s . Of a l l p a s s i n g t o n e u , t h i r t e e n ( 2 7 # ) a r e

i n t h e s o p r a n o , t w e n t y ( 4 2 # ) i n t h e a l t o , o i g h t ( 1 7 # )

i n t h e t e n o r , a n d s e v e n ( 1 5 # ) i n t h e b a s s , a c o n t r a s t

t o f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r i n w h i c h v o i c e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

p a s s i n g t o n e s r a n g e s o n l y f r o m 2 3 # t o 2 8 # , The two

a c c e n t e d p a s s i n g t o n e s a r e i n t h o s o p r a n o , o n e

" h a l f no t e* ' p a s s i n g t o n e i s i n t h e a l t o , a n d on e i s

i n t h e b a s s .

N e i g h b o r i n g T o n e . T h e r e a r e e l e v e n l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g

t o n e s a n d no u p p e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e s . T h e y a r e d i s

t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s *

1 2 3

1 A 2 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 2 &

S i x l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e s a r e i n the soprano, three

i n t h e a l t o , n o n e i n t h e t e n o r , a n d t w o i n the b a s s *

1 1 4

9 # 9 # 36 #3

2 7 #

218#

N o t a C a m b l a t a . T h e r e n r « o n l y two c a m b l a t a d l e a o n a n c e s

i n t h i s m o t e t , o n e on t h e s e c o n d q u a r t e r o f b e a t o n e ,

an d o n e on t h e s e c o n d q u a r t e r o f b e a t t w o . B o t h a r e

I n t h e t e n o r .

V e r t i c a l S t r u c t u r e s

The v e r t i c a l s t r u c t u r e f o u n d m o s t f r e q u e n t l y

i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r i s 3:>B, a s i n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r .

U n l i k e f a s t t r i p l e t i m e , h o w e v e r , t h e 336 c o m b i n a t i o n

i s f o l l o w e d c l o s e l y by o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n s . R o o t p o s i

t i o n o r i m p l i e d r o o t p o s i t i o n t r i a d s o c c u r 202 t i m e s

( 5 5 ^ ) * F i r s t i n v e r s i o n c o n s o n a n t s t r u c t u r e s o c c u r 6 5

t i m e s ( 1 8 # ) , a n d d i s s o n a n t s t r u c t u r e s o c c u r yy t i m e s

(27?S)* As i n f a s t t r i p l e t i m e , i s t h e m o s t f r e

q u e n t l y u s e d d i s s o n a n t s t r u c t u r e , b u t i t i s f o l l o w e d

c l o s e l y b y 3 7 , a n d no c l e a r p a t t e r n s a r e e s t a b l i s h e d .

Be low i s a c ^ a r t s h o w i n g t h o f r e q u e n c y o f i n t e r v a l s

i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r .

171

S / o * ’ h u p l c / h ’t. i c r

J^L^tr'i f>u iioi t'f I n ( t i y a L C c n t& in a tiW * t!/f Jj*cct p f f u t u ^ ( r r h r n t ( y* i ' l ' r s </’ >x

*> 0

its jfct«,i 1 ■ It 1 l ■ *3 i 1 j f t I

i , . f i t

;! * : ^ 1 1 3f t 1 3‘V^ t

: i ! i i f t * *

CHAPTER k

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

T r i p l e m eter in P a l e s t r i n a ' s music has lo n g

been ig n o re d by most s c h o l a r s a s a r a r i t y , m e r i t i n g

l i t t l e or no a t t e n t i o n . A lthough P a l e s t r i n a used

duple m eter much more f r e q u e n t l y than t r i p l e m eter ,

th e use o f th e l a t t e r i s n o t i n s i g n i f i c a n t . Boyd

was c o r r e c t in h i s s ta te m e n t t h a t t r i p l e m eter was

" u s u a l ly r e s e r v e d f o r th e e x p r e s s i o n o f e x u l t a n t ,

Joyous s e n t im e n t s ) " however, he i n c o r r e c t l y s u g g e s t s

t h a t i t i s more l i k e l y t o be homophonic than I m ita

t i v e . * ^ P a l e s t r i n a sometimes used a homophonic

t r i p l e m eter i n t e r l u d e in t h e c o u r s e o f a m otet or

Mass movement, and t h e s e s e c t i o n s a r e not p a r t i c u l a r

l y im portant a s s t u d i e s o f c o u n t e r p o i n t . However,

10B o y d , c l t .

172

173

s e v e n t e e n o f P a l e s t r i n a ' s t h i r t y - n i n e f o u r -

v o i c e M a s s e s h a v e a " H o s a n n a i n e x c e l s l s " i n t r i

p l e m e t e r . O n l y o n e o f t h e s e I s e n t i r e l y homopho

n i c i one i s p a r t i a l l y h o m o p h o n i c a n d m o s t l y i m i t a

t i v e I a l l i h e £ « a i a r e e n t i r e l y I m i t a t i v e . A few

o f t h e p i e c e s h a v e r e p e a t e d s e c t i o n s , m a k i n g t h e

s t u d y o f f o r m a n i n t e r e s t i n g a r e a f o r f u r t h e r r e

s e a r c h .

T h e r e a r e i n P a l e s t r i n a ' s Op e r a C o m p l e t e

f o r t y - t w o f o u r - v o i c e p i e c e s o r s e c t i o n s o f p i e c e s

i n f o u r v o i c e s w r i t t e n i n t r i p l e m e t e r . Of t h e s e ,

f o r t y - o n e a r e i n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r a n d o n e i s i n s l o w

t r i p l e m e t e r . T h o s e i n f a s t t r i p l e t i m e o c c u p y 9 f i 2 * / 3

m e a s u r e s , a r a t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t s a m p l e f r o m w h i c h t o

d r a w c o n c l u s i o n e . The on e p i e c e i n s l o w t r i p l e t i m e

o c c u p i e s o n l y 52 m e a s u r e s , a n d t h e r e f o r e g e n e r a l i z a

t i o n s r e g a r d i n g s l o w t r i p l e t i m e c a n n o t b e n e a r l y a s

l ? k

c o n c l u s i v e i t s t h o s e r e g a r d i n g f a « t t r i p l e r o t t e r .

A c c o m p a n y i n g many o f t h e r u l e s b e l o w i t a f i g u r t

i n d i c a t i n g t h e f r t q u t n c y w i t h w h i c h t h e d e v i c e i t

u s e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f m e a s u r e s

s e p a r a t i n g i t . H o p e f u l l y t h i s w i l l a i d t h e s t u d e n t

i n l e a r n i n g P a l e s t r i n a ' s u s e o f p a r t i c u l a r d e v i c e s

i n a c o n t e x t o f t r i p l e m e t e r .

Bm1«b & £ XrlttlyM f.t&r fifliapQalUgn

An Palestrina1 a Style

R u l e e f o r m e l o d i c c o m p o s i t i o n ( m o d e s , r a n g e s ,

i n t e r v a l s , e t c . ) c o r r e s p o n d t o t h o s e f o r d u p l e m e t e r

a s g i v e n i n s t a n d a r d t e x t b o o k s , a n d w i l l n o t be d i s

c u s s e d h e r e .

C o u n t e r p o i n t i n a F o u r - V o i c e T e x t u r e

H o m o p h o n i c . A l l v o i c e s e n t e r s i m u l t a n e o u s l y on a r o o t

p o s i t i o n t r i a d , u s u a l l y on b e a t o n e , i n f r e q u e n t l y on

o t h e r b e a t s . Homoph on ic t e x t u r e o c c u r s o n l y i n f a s t

t r i p l e m o t e r ,

I m l t a t i v e . One v o i c e ( o c c a s i o n a l l y tw o ) e n t e r s on

b e a t o n e . The o t h e r v o i c e s e n t e r on a c o n s o n a n t n o t e ,

u s u a l l y p e r f e c t , b u t n o t a l w a y s . I n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r

t h e r e m a i n i n g v o i c e s u s u a l l y e n t e r on b e a t o n e o f

f o l l o w i n g m e a s u r e s ( 6 5 # ) , b u t may e n t e r on b e a t two

( 1 ? # ) o r t h r e e ( 1 0 # ) , T h e s e f i n d i n g s a r e i n d i s a g r e e

m e n t w i t h t h e v e r y p o s i t i v e r u l e s g i v e n by G l a d s t o n e

a n d K i t s o n .

"The c o u n t e r p o i n t w i l l b e g i n w i t h a p e r f e c t c o n c o r d u p o n t h e s e c o n d b e a t o f t h e f i r s t b a r . "

" D i e c o u n t e r p o i n t b e g i n s on t h e s e c o n d [ b e a t ] o f t h e b a r , a n d m u s t f o r m w i t h t h e C . F . ' a p e r f e c t c o n c o r d . 1*

In n l o w t r i p l e m e t e r t h o r e m a i n i n g v o i c e s

e n t e r on t h e o e o o n d h a l f o f a n y b e a t ( 8 6 # ) , m o s t

f r e q u e n t l y t h e s e c o n d ( 3 3 # ) . T h ey may a l s o e n t e r

^ G l a d s t o n e , c i t ■ , p . 6 6 ,

1 ? L t o o n , UJ£* a l t . . P* 89 .

176

on b e a t o n e ( 1 2 £ ) o r r a r e l y on b e a t t h r e e (2%), T h e s e

f i n d i n g s a r e i n p a r t i a l a g r e e m e n t w i t h G l a d s t o n e ' s

r u l e f o r c o u n t e r p o i n t w i t h s i x n o t e s t o o n e .

" T h e c o u n t e r p o i n t w i l l b e g i n a f t e r a c r o t c h e t r e s t . " *

I f o n e c o n s i d e r s t h e r u l e t o a p p l y t o t h e b e g i n n i n g

o f a n y s u b m e a s u r e , t h e r u l e i s l a r g e l y c o r r e c t . When

noteB are sounded simultaneously they aro generally

c o n s o n a n t . O c c a s i o n a l l y on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a b e a t ,

u s u a l l y t h e s e c o n d , s i m u l t a n e o u s d i s s o n a n c e s o c c u r ,

a n d i n f r e q u e n t l y a d i m i n i s h e d t r i a d i n r o o t p o s i t i o n

o r f i r s t i n v e r s i o n o c c u r s e i t h e r on o r o f f t h e b e a t .

T h e s e s i m u l t a n e o u s d i s s o n a n c e s v i o l a t e B a s s e t t ' s r u l e t

"Whenever two notes sound simultaneously, they must be consonant, regardless of their duration."

11 G l a d s t o n e , &£• sJLi-

14 L e s l i e B a s s e t t , M a n u e l S l x t e e n t h - C e n t u r v C o u n t e r p o i n t ( E n g l e w o o d C l i f f s , New J e r s e y i P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1 9 6 ? ) p . 15*

177

Jeppesen's rule Is more accurate*

"If in three or more parts otationary tones occur in one or more voices while at the same time two or more voices progress in quarters

;ths|# these more lively voices may form dissonances with each other freely, provided the relation of each voice is correct with respect to the stationary voices."

Uni sons. I,. fast ti/inie time unisons between tho

lowest voice and one or more upper voices occur in

frequently on the beat, rarely on the second hail of

the heat, and never on the last quarter of a beat.

Unisons occur in conjunction with other intervals

once every sight measures. Tho unison alone occurs

only once in l6>t measures.

in slow triple time unisons occur once every

four measures in conjunction with other intervals,

and alone only orice in 52 measures. (The metrical

arrangement of unisons forms no clear pattern.)

Parallel Perfect Intervals. Parallel perfect fifths,

15Jeppesen, Counterpoint. p. 290.

u n i s o n s , a n d o c t a v e s a r e a v o i d e d . I n 1 0 ^ / 3 m e a s u r e s

o f t r i p l e m e t e r m u s i c o n e s e t o f p a r a l l e l f i f t h s

was f o u n d (Bee Ex . 1 2 ) , o b v i o u s l y a n a c c i d e n t . O t h e r

p a r a l l e l s a r e n o t f o u n d . P a r a l l e l f i f t h s may be h i d

d e n o r d i s g u i s e d b y o r n a m e n t a l n o t e s .

C r o s s e d V o i c e B . C r o s s e d v o i c e s o c c u r f a i r l y f r e q u e n t l y ,

a n a v e r a g e o f o n c e e v e r y t h r e e m e a s u r e s i n f a s t t r i p l e

a n d n e a r l y o n c e p e r m e a s u r e i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r . Of

c o u r s e , I n s t a n c e s o f c r o s s e d v o i c e s u s u a l l y o c c u r i n

c l o s e p r o x i m i t y r a t h e r t h a n b e i n g e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d

t h r o u g h o u t a c o m p o s i t i o n , a l t h o u g n i s o l a t e d i n c i d e n t s

do o c c u r .

P a s s i n g T o n e s . The " h a l f n o t e " p a s s i n g t o n e , t h a t i s ,

t h e p a s s i n g t o n e e q u a l i n d u r a t i o n t o o n e b e a t i s

r a r e i n t r i p l e m e t e r ( a q u a r t e r n o t e i n t h e S c a l e r a

t r a n s c r i p t i o n ) . I t may o c c u r on t h e t h i r d b e a t i n

f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r a n d on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e t h i r d

179

b e a t i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r . I t o c c u r s a n a v e r a g e o f

o n c e p e r 327 m e a s u r e s i n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r a n d o n c e

i n 26 m e a s u r e s i n s l o w t r i p l e m o t o r . Tho " h a l f n o t e "

p a s s i n g t o n e may e i t h e r a s c e n d o r d e s c e n d . J e p p o a e n

a l l o w s t h e " h a l f n o t e * p a s s i n g t o n e o n l y i n s l o w t r i

p l e m e t e r , s t a t i n g t h a t " o n l y t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f e a c h

u n i t o f m e a s u r e may be d i s s o n a n t . "

The u n a c c e n t e d p a s s i n g t o n e i n f a s t t r i p l e

t i m e may o c c u r on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a n y b e a t * how

e v e r , i t o c c u r s a f t e r t h e s e c o n d b e a t a s o f t e n a s a f

t e r t h e o t h e r tw-j b e a t s c o m b i n e d . The u n a c c e n t e d

p a s s i n g t o n e o c c u r s i n f a s t t r i p l e t i m e a b o u t o n c e

e v e r y two m e a s u r e s . I n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r t h e u n a c

c e n t e d p a s s i n g t o n e o c c u r s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y on t h e

l a s t q u a r t e r o f t h e s e c o n d b e a t . I t o c c u r s a l m o s t

o n c e p e r m e a s u r e .

D o u b l e u n a c c e n t e d p a s s i n g t o n e s may o c c u r on

1 fitI b i d . , p . 1 1 9 .

t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a n y b e a t , i n a n y v o i c e s . I n f a c t

t r i p l e m e t e r t h e u n a c c e n t e d p a s s i n g t o n e may o c c u r

i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h t h e c a m b i a t a d i s s o n a n c e a n d , l e s s

f r e q u e n t l y , w i t h t h e l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e . Su c h

c o m b i n a t i o n s s h o u l d b e u s e d m o s t f r e q u e n t l y on t h e

s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e s e c o n d b e a t , l e s s f r e q u e n t l y a f

t e r t h e t h i r d b e a t , a n d r a r o l y a f t e r b e a t o n e . I n

s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r d o u b l e p a u s i n g t o n e s o c c u r on t h e

s e c o n d q u a r t e r o f b e a t o n u , t h e l a s t q u a r t e r o f b e a t

t w o , a n d t h e s e c o n d a n d l a s t q u a r t e r n o f b e a t t h r e e .

The u n a c c e n t e d p a s s i n g t o n e i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h a n o t h e r

n o n - h a r m o n i c t o n e i s q u i t e r a r e ( o n c e i n 52 m e a s u r e s ) .

T he a c c e n t e d p a s s i n g t o n e may o c c u r on a weak

b e a t a n d a l w a y s d e s c e n d s . I n 982 m e a s u r e s o f f a s t

t r i p l e m e t e r i t o c c u r s o n c e on b e a t tw o a n d o n c e on

b e a t t h r e e . I n s l o w t r i p l o m e t e r t h e a c c e n t e d p a s

s i n g t o n e o c c u r s on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t t h r e e ( t h e

s e c o n d b e a t o f t h e t h i r d s u b n j e a a u r e ) • I t o c c u r s

o n c e i n 26 m e a s u r e s . I n b o t h s l o w a n d f a s t t r i p l e

m e t e r t h e a c c e n t e d p a s s i n g t o n e i s v e r y r a r e .

Nei g h b o r i n g T o n e . The u p p e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e d o e s n o t

o c c u r i n t r i p l e m e t e r . The l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e

i s a l w a y s u n a c c e n t e d . I n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r t h e l o w e r

n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e o c c u r s a b o u t o n c e e v e r y t w e n t y mea

s u r e s , on t h o s e c o n d h a l f o f a b e a t , m o s t f r e q u e n t l y

t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d , a n d o c c a s i o n a l l y on t h o s e c o n d

o f a p a i r o f s i x t e e n t h n o t e s on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t

t w o . I n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r t h e l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e

o c c u r s a b o u t o n c e e v e r y f i v e m e a s u r e s , u s u a l l y on t h e

l a s t q u a r t e r o f t h e b e a t # I t o c c u r s r a r e l y on t h e

s e c o n d q u a r t e r o f b e a t on e a n d e q u a l l y r a r e l y on t h e

s e c o n d o f a p a i r o f s i x t e e n t h n o t e s i n t h e s ame m e t r i

c a l p o s i t i o n . I n b o t h a l o w a n d f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r t h e

l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e o c c u r s i n f r e q u e n t l y a s d o e s

182

t h e n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h a p a s s i n g

t o n e . O t h e r n o n - h a r m o n i c t o n o 3 do n o t o c c u r s i m u l

t a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e . I n s l o w

t r i p l e t i m e t h e d o u b l e l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e o c c u r s

o n c e e v e r y 2 6 m e a s u r e s , a f t e r b e a t s o n e a n d t h r e e .

None o f t h o a b o v o c o n t r a d i c t s w h a t f ew r u l e s a r e

g i v e n b y A n d r e w s ^ a n d G l a d s t o n e . ^

S u s p e n s I o n . The s u s p e n s i o n i s t h e o n l y d i s s o n a n c e

t h a t o c c u r s on a s t r o n g b e a t . I t r e q u i r e s a p r e p a r a

t i o n on a weak b e a t , d i s s o n a n c e on t h e f o l l o w i n g

s t r o n g b e a t , a n d n t e p w i . i e downward r e s o l u t i o n o f t h e

d i s s o n a n c e on t h e f o l l o w i n g weak b e a t , The p r e p a r a

t i o n a n d r e s o l u t i o n l a s t a t x e a a t o n e b e a t . The d i s

s o n a n c e l a s t s a f u l l b e a t u n l e s s t h e r e s o l u t i o n i s

a n t i c i p a t e d by on e o f t h e o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n s d i s

c u s s e d b e l o w . I n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r s u s p e n s i o n s o c c u r

17A n d r e w s , c j . t . . p . 8 2 .

18G l a d s t o n e . &£> s i t * . P* 69.

103

a b o u t e v e r y f o u r m e a s u r e s * on b e a t o n e e v e r y 196

m e a s u r e d , on two e v e r y s i x m e a s u r e s , a n d on t h r e e

e v e r y t w e n t y m e a s u r e s . D o u b l e s u s p e n s i o n s o c c u r o n c e

e v e r y 123 m e a s u r e s . I n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r s u s p e n s i o n s

o c c u r e v e n more f r e q u e n t l y , a b o u t o n c e p e r m e a s u r e i

on b e a t on e e v e r y f o u r m e a s u r e s , on b e a t two e v e r y

t h r e e m e a s u r e s , a n d on b e a t t h r o e o v a r y s i x m e a s u r e s .

No d o u b l e s u s p e n s i o n s o c c u r i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r .

I n b o t h s l o w a n d f a 3 t t r i p l e m e t e r m o s t s u s p e n s i o n s

o c c u r i n t h e u p p e r v o i c e G — t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s e i n

t h e s o p r a n o , many i n t h e a l t o , l o w e r i n t h e t e n o r ,

a n d v e r y f ew i n t h e b a s s .

The m o s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d s u s p e n s i o n i s t h e

3 ( o n c e e v e r y n i n o m e a s u r e s i n f a s t t r i p l e a n d o n c e

e v e r y two m e a s u r e s i n s l o w ) . Moot o f t h e t i m o t h e

r /v e r t i c a l s t r u c t u r e i o a n d I n f r e q u e n t l y Mos t

k-J s u s p e n s i o n s o c c u r on b e a t t w o . The s e c o n d m o s t

common s u s p e n s i o n i s t h e 7 - 6 ( o n c e e v e r y s e v e n t e e n

184

m e a s u r e s i n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r a n d o n c e e v e r y two

m e a s u r e s i n s l o w ) . The 7 - 6 s u s p e n s i o n f r e q u e n t l y

i n v o l v e s a c h a n g e 01 o a s s a t t h e p o i n t o f r e s o l u t i o n ,

m a k i n g t h e d e s c r i p t i o n 7 - 5 o r 7 - 3 m ore a p p r o p r i a t e .

N e x t i n o r d e r o f f r e q u e n c y i s t h e ^ w i t h t h e f i f t h

p r e p a r e d . At t h e p o i n t o f r e s o l u t i o n t h e b a s s a s c e n d s

s t e p w i s e m a k i n g ' t h e c h o r d o f r e s o l u t i o n . R a r e l y t h o

c h o r d o f r e s o l u t i o n o f t h e ^ i n a r o o t p o s i t i o n d l m i B h o d

t r i a d . The ^ a p p e a r s o n c e e v e r y 55 m e a s u r e s i n f a s t

t r i p l e m e t e r a n d o n c e i n 52 m e a s u r e s o f s l o w t r i p l e

m e t e r . The ^ on b e a t t h r e e may r e s o l v e t o a c o n s o n a n t

f o u r t h on b e a t on e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g m e a s u r o ( o n c e i n

491 m e a s u r e s ) . No o t h e r s u s p e n s i o n s o c c u r i n s l o w

t r i p l e m e t e r . N e x t I n o r d e r o f f r e q u e n c y i n f a s t

t r i p l e m e t e r a r e t h e 9 - 8 s u s p e n s i o n ( o n c e i n 7 0 m e a

s u r e s ) , f r e q u e n t l y w i t h a c h a n g e o f b a s s a t t h e p o i n t

o f r e s o l u t i o n ! t h e 2 - 3 i n w h i c h t h e s u s p e n s i o n o c c u r s

185

i n t h e l o w e s t v o i c e ( o n c e i n 1 0 9 m e a s u r e s ) i t h e

d o u b l e s u s p e n s i o n w i t h 7 - 6 a n d 4 - 3 ( o n c e i n 196

m e a s u r e s ) i t h e 2 - 1 s u s p e n s i o n , u s u a l l y w i t h a c h a n g e

o f b a s s a t t h e r e s o l u t i o n ( o n c e i n 2 46 m e a g u r e s ) i

7 5t h e d o u b l e J. r e s o l v i n g w i t h a c h a n g e o f b a s s t o ^

( o n c e i n 491 m e a s u r e s ) ) t h e ^ w i t h t h e s i x t h p r e p a r e d

a n d r e s o l v e d i a n d t h e d o u b l e s u s p e n s i o n w i t h 9 - 8 a n d

4 - 3 ( o n c e e a c h I n 982 m e a s u r e s ) .

The s u s p e n s i o n i a o c c a s i o n a l l y r e s o l v e d o r n a

m e n t a l l y i n o n e o f t h r e e w a y s i

1 . The p o r t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n i n w h i c h t h e

n o t e o f r e s o l u t i o n i a a n t i c i p a t e d one h a l f b e a t e a r l y

( o n c e e v e r y 2 5 m e a s u r e s i n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r a n d o n c e

e v e r y 26 m e a s u r e s i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r ) .

2 . The a n t i c i p a t i o n I s r e p l a c e d b y a p a i r o f

s i x t e e n t h n o t e s o f w h i c h t h e f i r s t i s t h e same a s t h e

n o t e o f r e s o l u t i o n a n d t h e s e c o n d i s t r e a t e d a n a

186

l o w e r n e i g h b o r i n g t o n e . ( I n a s u s p e n s i o n w i t h a

c h a n g e o f b a s s t h e f i r s t r a t h e r t h a n t h e s e c o n d

s i x t e e n t h n o t e may b e d i s s o n a n t . ) The s i x t e e n t h

n o t e r e s o l u t i o n o c c u r s o n c e I n 82 m e a s u r e s i n f a s t

t r i p l e m e t e r a n d o n c e I n n i n e m e a s u r e s i n s l o w t r i p l e

n e t e r ,

3 . On t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e b e a t t h e s u s p e n

ded n o t e d e s c e n d s a t h i r d a n d t h e n moves up a s t e p

a t t h e p o i n t o f r e B o l u t i o n ( o n c e i n 327 m e a s u r e s i n

f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r a n d n o n e i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r ) .

I n f a s t t r i p l e t i m e t h e f i r s t t y p e , t h e p o r t a

m e n t o , may o c c u r on s u s p e n s i o n s on a n y b e a t i h o w e v e r ,

m o s t o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t t h r o e h a v e t h e p o r

t a m e n t o r e s o l u t i o n . T h e s e c o n d t y p e o c c u r s o n l y on

b e a t two s u s p e n s i o n s . The t h i r d t y p e o c c u r s i n f r e q u e n t

l y a n d o n l y on s u s p e n s i o n s on b e a t s o n e a n d t w o . I n

s l o w t r i p l e t i m e o n l y t h e f i r s t two t y p e s o c c u r ( t y p o

18?

on e i n s u s p e n s i o n s on b e n t two a n d t h r e e , a n d t y p e two

i n s u s p e n s i o n s on a n y b e a t ) .

At t h e p o i n t o f r e s o l u t i o n t h e b a n s n o t e may c h a n g e ,

u s u a l l y a s c e n d i n g s t e p w i s e . I n f a s t t r i p l e t i m e a s u s p e n

s i o n i n v o l v i n g a c n a n g e o f b a s s o c c u r s o n c e i n t w e n t y mea

s u r e s , a n d i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r o n c e i n 26 m e a s u r e s .

19A c c o r d i n g t o G l a d s t o n e ' s r u l e s t h e s u s p e n s i o n

20d i s s o n a n c e c a n o c c u r o n l y on b e a t o n e . M o r r i s a l l o w s

i t o n l y on b e a t t w o . G l a d s t o n e i n e n t i r e l y i n a c c u r a t e ,

21a nd Mor r i s i s l a r g e l y s o . J e p p e s e n p r o p e r l y a l l o w s t h e

s u s p e n s i o n on a n y b e a t , a n d e x p l a i n s t h a t t h e f r e q u e n c y

o f t h e s e c o n d b e a t s u s p e n s i o n i s a r e s u l t o f i t s b e i n g

u s e d so much i n f o r m i n g c o n e l u s i o n s . H o w e v e r , i t o c c u r s

22q u i t e f r e q u e n t l y a p a r t f r o m a n y c o n c l u s i o n . A n d r e w s ' c o r

r e c t l y a l l o w s t h e s u s p e n s i o n on a n y b e a t . b o t h J e p p e s e n

a n d An dr ew s a l l o w t h e o r n a m e n t a l r e s o l u t i o n s m e n t i o n e d

a b o v e a n d c h a n g e o f i n t e r v a l s t r u c t u r e a t t h e p o i n t o f

19G l a d s t o n e , i lk- £ i i - . p . 7 1 .

20 R. 0 . M o r r i s , C o n t r a p u n t a l t e c h n i q u e I n t h e S i x t e e n t h C e n t u r y ( O x f o r d ( C l a r e n d o n P r e s s , 1 92 2 ) p . 39 .

21 J e p p e s e n , Xhe S t y ^ o o f P a l e s t r i n a , p p . 2 ? 3 f f .

wtAnd!-ows , ilj). c l t . . p . 1 3 6 .

108

r e s o l u t i o n ,

C a m b i a t a . D i s s o n a n c e a s a p a r t o f t h e n o t a c a m b l a t a

may o c c u r on t h e Buco nd h a l f o f a n y b e a t , b u t m o s t

f r e q u e n t l y a f t e r t h e s e c o n d b e a t . The c a m b l a t a o c c u r s

a b o u t e v e r y 22 m e a s u r e s i n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r . On

t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b e a t s o n e a n d t ^ r e e i t o c c u r s e v

e r y 2 46 m e a s u r e s . On t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f b o a t two i t

o c c u r s a b o u t e v e r y 27 m e a s u r e s . I n s l o w t r i p l e me

t e r t h e c a m b l a t a o c c u r s o n c e e v e r y 2 6 m e a s u r e s , on

t h e s e c o n d q u a r t e r o f b e a t s o n e a n d t w o . O c c a s i o n a l l y

t h e d o u b l e c a m b i a t a may o c c u r on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f

b e a t s o n e a n d two I n f a s t t r i p l e m e t e r . F r e q u e n t l y

a f t e r b e a t two a n d r a r e l y a f t e r b e a t t h r e e t h e c a m b i a t a

o c c u r s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h p a s s i n g t o n e s . I n s l o w

t r i p l e m e t e r t h e d o u b l e c a m b i a t a a n d t h e c a m b i a t a

w i t h a n o t h e r n o n - h a r m o n i c t o n e do n o t a p p e a r .

I n f a o t t r i p l e m e t e r t h e f o u r - n o t e c a m b i a t a

f i g u r e i s u s u a l l y f o l l o w e d by s t e p w i s e m o t i o n u p w a r d r

h o w e v e r , i t may f r e q u e n t l y p r o c e e d downward by s t e p

o r b y downward l e a p o f a t h i r d , f o u r t h , o r f i f t h ,

a n d , r a r e l y , u p w a r d by l e a p o f a t h i r d . V e r y i n f r e

189

q u e n t l y t h e f o u r t h n o t e o f t h e c a m b i s t s f i g u r e a s

c e n d s a t h i r d r a t h e r t t i a n a s e c o n d a n d t h e n d e s c e n d s

s t e p w i s e . The t h r e e - n o t o c a m b i a t a i s n o t f o u n d . I n

s l o w t r i p l e m e t o r t h e f o u r t h n o t e o f t h e c a m b i a t a

f i g u r e i s e i t h e r r e p e a t e d o r s u s t a i n e d f o r a f u l l

b e a t w h i c h i s f o l l o w e d b y downward s t e p w i s e m o t i o n .

I n t r i p l e m e t e r t h e c a m b i a t a h a s o n l y two

r h y t h m i c f o r m a . The f i r s t t w o n o t e s o f t h e f i g u r e

a r e a l w a y s a d o t t e d q u a r t e r a n d a n e i g h t h n o t e . The

l a s t two n o t e s o f t h e f i g u r e ar*e e i t h e r b o t h q u a r t e r

n o t e s o r b o t h e i g h t h n o t e 3 . O t h e r r h y t h m i c f o r m s

a r e n o t f o u n d .

2 3A n d r e w s ^ l i s t 3 f i v e t y p e s o f c a m b i a t a f i g u r e s

i n t r i p l e m e t e r a s f o l l o w s i (And re ws* e x a m p l e s a r e

r e p r e s e n t e d i n n o t e v a l u e s w h i c h a r e a l l d o u b l e d w i t h

r e s p e c t t o t h e m u s i c a l e x a m p l e s i n c l u d e d i n C h a p t e r 2)

^ A n d r e w s , c l t . . p . 9 0 .

190

i f ■' f J ^

z. r f jJ ~

3. f f j

4 f f d J -

3. f f J f J

Andrews said correctly that the first two forms are

found fairly ofteni that the third form la extremely

rare (none is found)i that the fourth type is even

more exceptional (also none found)* that the fifth

form is found from time to timo( which is true* and

that the three-note cambiata figure is found on rare

occasions (not found

Gladstone2-* lists the figure J f as a

cambiata. It is not found in Palestrina's music.

2hA n d r e w s , c l t . . p p . 9 7 f f .

2 *>Gladstone, clt.

191

P o r t a m e n t o . The d i s s o n a n t p o r t a m e n t o i s r a r e l y f o u n d

i n t r i p l e m e t e r . One e x a m p l e i s f o u n d i n f a s t t r i p l e

m e t e r a n d o n e i n s l o w t r i p l e m e t e r .

S i x t e e n t h N o t e s . S i x t e e n t h n o t e s o c c u r o n l y i n p a i r s

i n t r i p l e m e t e r , o n l y on t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a b e a t i n

f a s t t r i p l e t i m e a n d o n t h e s e c o n d a n d f o u r t h q u a r t e r s

o f t h e b o a t i n s l o w t r i p l e t i m e . S i x t e e n t h n o t e s a l

w a y s move c o n j u n c t l y f a n d e i t h e r may b e d i s s o n a n t .

The p r e s e n t s t u d y h a s u n c o v e r e d s e v e r a l a r e a s

w h i c h a r e b e y o n d t h e s c o p e o f t h i s w or k b u t w h i c h s eem

t o i n v i t e f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h . Among t h e s e a r e o f c o u r s e

t h e a n a l y s i s o f o t h e r b o d i e s o f P a l e s t r i n a ' s m u s i c In

t r i p l e m e t e r - - m u s i c f o r m or e t h a n f o u r v o i c e s a n d

a n t i p h o n a l m u s i c - - a s w e l l a s m u s i c i n m i x e d m e t e r s .

A l s o w o r t h w h i l e m i g h t b e s i m i l a r s t u d i e s o f m u s i c by

o t h e r s i x t e e n t h - c e n t u r y c o m p o s e r s , a s w e l l a s c o m p a r

i s o n s o f s t y l e s o f t h e s e c o m p o s e r s .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mus ic

P a l e s t r i n a , G i o v a n n i P i e r l u i g i d a . 2*e O p e r a C o m p l e t e .P e r c u r a e s t u d i o d i R a f f a e l o C a s i r a i r i . 32 v o l s . Romai F r a t e l l i S c a l e r a , 1 93 9 — •

» W e r k e . E r a t e k r i t i s c h d u r c h g e s e h e n e G e s a m t - a u s g a b e P a r t i t u r . 33 v o l s . L e i p z i g * B r e l t k o p f

H a r t e l , 1862 - 1 9 0 ? .

Books

A n d r e w s , H. K. Aa I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e T e c h n i q u e o fP a l e s t r i n a . London* N o v e l l o a n d Company L t d . ,

1 9 5 8 .

B a s s e t t , L e s l i e . MftnMOl S i x t e e n t h - C e n t u r y C o u n t e r p o i n t . E n g l e w o o d C l i f f s , New J e r s e y * P r e n t l c e - H a l l I n c . , 1 9 6 7 .

Boyd , M a l c o l m . Ea.lgBtrln3*fif S t y lo A P ractica l I n t r o d u c t i o n . London* O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1973 -

G l a d s t o n e , F r a n c i s E d w a r d . A T r e a t i s e on S t r i c t C o u n t e r p o i n t . London* N o v e l l o , p r e f . 1905*

192

193

J e p p e s e n , Knud . C o u n t e r p o i n t i £ j ie E o l y p h o n i c V o c a l S t y l o o f t& £ S i x t e e n t h C e n t u r y * T r a n e . , w i t h i n t r o d . , b y G l e n Ha ydo n . New Y o r k i P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1 9 3 9 .

________ • X h s . S t y l e P a l e s t r i n a a M t h £ D i s s o n a n c e .I n t r o d . by E d wa rd J . D e n t . T r a n s , by M a r g a r e t W. H a m e r i k . London* Humphrey M i l f o r d , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 2 7 .

K i t s o n , C h a r l e s H e r b e r t . The A r t o f C o u n t e r p o i n t . O x f o r d * The C l a r e n d o n P r e s s , 1 9 0 ? .

M o r r i s , R e g i n a l d Owen. Contrapuntal T e c h n i q u e i nt h e S i x t e e n t h C e n t u r y . O x f o r d * The C l a r e n d o n F r e e s , 1 9 2 2 .

S o d e r l u n d , G u s t a v e p r e d r i c . D i r e c t A p p r o a c h t o Co u n t e r p o i n t , i n S i x t e e n t h C e n t u r y S t .Ylg ♦ New York* A p p l e t o n - C e n t u r y - C r o f t s , 1 9 ^ 7 .

APPENDIX A

TABULATION OP ALL COMBINATIONS OF INTERVALS IN

EACH PIECE ARRANGED BY METRIC TOSITION

The t a b u l a t i o n s B e lo w c a n be h e l p f u l i n l o c a t i n g

a p a r t i c u l a r c o m b i n a t i o n o f i n t e r v a l s . A f t e r c o n s u l

t i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e chart of J i n t r l b u t I o n o f I n t e r

v a l C o m b i n a t i o n s b y F r e q u e n c y on p a g e 1^3 t o d e t e r

m i n e w h e t h e r t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o c c u r s i n a g i v e n r h y t h

m ic p o s i t i o n , c o n s u l t t h e t a b u l a t i o n s b e l o w t o f i n d

t h e p i e c e o r p i e c e s i n w h i c h t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o c c u r s .

Th en t u r n t o t h e c h a r t i n C h a p t e r 2 t h a t h a s t h e same

n u m b e r a s t h e c h a r t i n t h e A p p e n d i x . F i n d t h e i t e m

a n d i t s m e a s u r e n u m b e r on t h e c h a r t , t h e n t u r n t o t h e

m u s i c f o l l o w i n g t h e c h a r t , l o c a t e t h e m e a s u r e n u m b e r ,

a n d e a s i l y l o c a t e t h e i n t e r v a l c o m b i n a t i o n .

W

195

KEY

Hoo t p o s i t i o n t r i a d ( o r i m p l i e d r o o t p o s i t i o n t r i a d )

F i r s t i n v e r s i o n t r i a d ( o r i m p l i e d f i r s t i n v e r s i o n t r i a d )

D i s s o n a n c e

F i r s t o f a p a i r o f s i x t e e n t h n o t e s

S e c o n d o f a p a i r o f s i x t e e n t h n o t e s

ai Ca^w,ri/4

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APPENDIX B

TABULATION OP ALL NON-HARMONIC TONES IN

EACH PIECE ARRANGED BY METRIC POSITION

The tabulations below can be helpful In locating

a particular non-harwonlc tone, a combination of non

harmonic tones, or a non-harmonic tone In a particu

lar voice. First find the item In the charts below,

then turn to the chart in Chapter 2 with the same

number. Find the item (in ;;he name metric position)

and its measure number, then turn to the music following

the chart and locate the measure, the rhythmic position,

and the voice in which the non-harmonic tone occurs,

and easily find the non-harmonic tone.

2 3 8

2 3 9

Lower case letters

Upper case letters

I

KEY

abbreviations for nonharmonic tones

abbreviations for voices in which non-harmonic tones occur

sixteenth notes -- location of abbreviated material In first or second part of rectangle indicates whether first or second sixteenth note is dissonant

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VITA

Rachel R a t l i f f Rogers i s a n a t i v e o f C l a r k s d a l e ,

M i s s i s s i p p i , where sh e was b o m on J u l y 1 8 , 1 9 ^9*

P r i o r t o c o m p le t in g h er h ig h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n sh e

e n t e r e d Bob J o n e s U n i v e r s i t y in G r e e n v i l l e , South

C a r o l i n a , where she remained one s e m e s te r b e f o r e

t r a n s f e r r i n g t o L o u i s i a n a Tech U n i v e r s i t y i n R u s to n ,

L o u i s i a n a . In March o f 1970 she r e c e i v e d h er B a c h e lo r

o f A rts d eg re e i n m u s i c , w i th h o n o r s , and was named

Honor Woman G raduate . At a g e tw e n ty she m arr ied James

Thomas R o g e r s , J r . o f Dubach, L o u i s i a n a . The same

y ea r t h e Rogers moved t o Baton Rouge where i n 19 71

Mrs. Rogers e n t e r e d t h e L o u is ia n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y

Graduate S ch o o l i n m u s ic . At L. S . U. she was a g ra d

u a te t e a c h i n g a s s i s t a n t , an Alumni A d v iso r f o r Sigma

^82

3 B 3

A l p h a I o t a m u s i c f r a t e r n i t y , a n d a m em ber o f P i

K ap p a L am bda m u s i c h o n o r s o c i e t y . I n May, 1973*

s h e r e c e i v e d f r o m L . S . U. a M a s t e r o f M u s ic d e g r e e

i n t h e o r y . She i s p r e s e n t l y r e s i d i n g i n L a f a y e t t e ,

L o u i s i a n a , w h e r e s h e h a s a p r i v a t e p i a n o s t u d i o

a n d i s a c t i v e i n t h e m u s ic p r o g r a m o f h e r c h u r c h .

EXAM INATIO N AND THESIS RE PO R T

Candidate: Rachel R a t l i f f Rogers

Major Field: Music

T i t l e of T l i e s i s : P a l e s t r i n a ' s Use o f T r i p l e Meter in F o u r - V o i c e C o un t er po i n t

A p p r o v e d :

G L aMnjiii^Cpi /V O

>i Profi'SKur and Chai

D ean of the ilrhnJiUue School

E X A M I N I N C C O M M I T T E E :

U

Date of Examinat ion:

July 17, 1979

Documents

Palestrina's Use of Triple Meter in Four-Voice Counterpoint