Pageant Review 9-12

Results of the U.S. Revolution • Political & Social Changes:

– Political

• More evolution than revolution

– Social changes

• Slavery kept to keep national unity

• Paved the way for new Patriot elites to emerge

– Cleared the field for more equalitarian ideas

– Weakened aristocratic upper crust in America

Loyalists

• 80,000 remaining

• Provided a Conservative element

Quakers

• Established an anti-slavery society in 1775

Articles of ConfederationRatified by all states in 1781 as a loose form of gov’t that

dealt w/ common problems

No executive branch, judicial branch left to states, and Congress was the chief agency of gov’t

9 states required to ratify all bills of importance and 13 required for amendments

Congress was not in control of the commerce and couldn’t enforce tax collection

Congress could advise, advocate, and appeal but couldn’t command, coerce, or control

Stepping stone towards Constitution

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River would be settled and become a part of the U.S.

• This includes Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin

• Prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest

Foreign Issues during the Articles Years

• GB- refused to send minister, kept navigation acts in place, shut the U.S. out of West Indies

• Spanish- controlled New Orleans

• French- demanded repayment of loans, restricted trade with West Indies

• Dey of Algiers- enslaved U.S. sailors in Mediterranean

Shays’s Rebellion• farmers in Mass. rebelling against high taxes

and crushing debts • Sent to debtors’ prison if they couldn’t repay

taxes• Wanted paper currency to help pay for debts• Rebellion was crushed by Washington’s militia• Daniel Shays was a revolutionary veteran and

poor farmer in Massachusetts who led the rebellion

• Convinced many Americans of need for strong central government

The Great Compromise

• A.K.A. “The Connecticut Compromise” & “Sherman’s Compromise”

• Decided at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787• Decided between the large and small states for

the Constitution• Called for a bicameral legislature• Combined Virginia Plan (large states) and New

Jersey Plan (small states) for congressional representation

Delegates at the Constitutional Convention

• 55 delegates met to revise the Articles of Confederation, not many wanted to start a completely new government

• Most members considered themselves Nationalists

• Took four months

Strong Executive

• Ability to veto legislation

• Selected by Electoral College

• Inspired by handling of Shay’s Rebellion

The Federalist Papers

• Created by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay

• Argued that the central gov’t could maintain peace and prevent disorder

• Advocated the ratification of the Constitution

• Republican form of gov’t would work over large territory

Slavery

• Remained through the 2nd Continental Congress and Constitution

• Viewed as necessary to keep nation together

Citizens Voting Compact

• Citizens were able to vote for the members for the House of Representatives ONLY

• President- Electoral College

• Senate- appointed

• Supreme Court- appointed

Ratification

• Delaware- first state

• Pennsylvania- first big state

• Massachusetts- 2nd large state, only after assurance of Bill of Rights

Ratification of the Constitution• Occurred from 1787-1791 by state

ratification

• Delaware the first on December 7, 1787

• Put into effect by New Hampshire’s 9th vote on June 21, 1788

• Bill of rights had to be added in order for North Carolina and Rhode Island to join

International disputes with Great Britain and France

• British were still holding northern frontier posts in defiance of the peace treaty of 1783

• Jay’s Treaty with GB infuriated many Americans

• Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 • X,Y,Z affair• Fighting at sea and in the West Indies

Federalist Viewpoints

• Want a strong central government

• Believe the government should resist the passions of the general public

• Tended to place their faith in a small governing elite

• Supported the British due to strong trade ties

Jeffersonian Republican Viewpoints

• Support of a federal government with limited powers

• Strict interpretation of the constitution

• State and local governments should safe guard the rights and property of citizens

• All men should have the right to be informed and have a say in the on goings of the government

Bill of Rights

• Madison- initially against-– Ineffective against republican gov’t- people

are gov’t– Any explicit statement could be used against

people

Eventually writes B of R- fears others will create one that will weaken the Constitution

Washington

• VP- John Adams

• Relied on James Madison as a key adviser

• Created Departments of Treasury, State and War

Jay’s Treaty

• Agreed that Britain would:– evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil – pay damages for the recent seizures of

American ships

• Agreed that the U.S. would:– Pay debts to British merchants on pre-

Revolutionary accounts

Adams’ Standpoint Concerning War With France

• War would bring praise to the Federalist party

• Thought it would grant him a second term as President

• However…– Knew he had to avoid war because the U.S.

was very weak

Sedition Act

• Created by the Federalist

• People were restricted to speak out against the government officials, including the president, threatened First Amendment freedoms

• Federalist believed it was justified

• Supposed to expire in 1801

National Bank

• Hamilton: proposed a bank• Supported by Washington and Federalists• Modeled Bank of England• Government was a major stockholder• Thought federal funds would stimulate

business• Would print paper money• Jefferson: against the bank

French Revolution• Resulted in two political camps:

– Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans– Hamiltonian Federalists

• French Revolution involved dispute over religion

• Reign of Terror:– Federalists approved the early Revolution– Jeffersonians regretted the bloodshed

In the end, U.S. stays neutral

Hamilton’s Viewpoints

• Wanted a strong federal government

• Faith in business and merchants

• Against the mob rule

• Loose interpretation of the Constitution

• Four Pillars- Redemption, Assumption, National Bank and Tariff

• National debt is good– Created unity

Whiskey Rebellion

• Western Pa. Farmers were using extra grain to make whiskey- didn’t want to pay excise tax

• Washington led federal troops

• Showed power of federal gov’t and President

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Decided to retire after he was tired of diplomatic and partisan battles

• Established two term precedent for American presidents

• Warned against dangers of permanent foreign alliances

• Farewell address was printed in newspapers

John Adams

• Believed President would stand above other branches

• Inherited GW’s cabinet

• Beginning of strong party politics

XYZ Affair

• French foreign minister Talleyrand demanded-– $250,000 bribe and loan of several million,

just to talk

Lead to undeclared naval warfare

Treaties of 1778 were repudiated

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Attempts by Federalists to maintain power

• Sedition Act- illegal to criticize government

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

• Written by Jefferson

• Attempt to thwart Alien and Sedition Acts

• Presents idea of “nullification”- states could deem what laws are Constitutional

Jefferson’s Inconsistencies

• Strict construction of Constitution in the case of the National Bank

• Embargo Act

• Originally against war, reduced military a dramatic amount

• Fight against Barbary Pirates

• Felt guilty about Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson’s Foreign Policy

• Sent a naval squadron to the Mediterranean

• Embargo Act

• Non-Intercourse Act

• Instead of using military, the Americans would negotiate with “peaceful coercion”

• No big navy

Revolution of 1800

• Jefferson won by majority of 73 to 65 Electoral votes over Adams

• Burr turned New York to Jefferson by a narrow margin

• Burr and Jefferson had same amount of Electoral votes, tie eventually broken when a few Federalists refrained from voting for Burr

• Marked the peaceful transfer of power from one party to another

Impeachment of Chase

• Chase was an arrogant Supreme Court Justice disliked by Republicans

• House of Representatives based impeachment on “high crimes” and “misdemeanors” as specified in Constitutional

• Not enough votes to remove Chase• Since this, no other impeachments made

to reshape Supreme Court

Marbury v. Madison 1803

• Established the concept Judicial review in the U.S.

• (The idea that the Supreme Court had the last word about constitutionality)

• Helped define the “checks and balances” of the American form of Government

Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson concerned it was unconstitutional

• Opposed by New Englanders

• Sold from Spain to France to U.S.

Lewis and Clark Expedition: 1804-1806

• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Assisted by Sacagawea

• First U.S. expedition to the Pacific Coast• Goal: get an idea of the Louisiana

Purchase• Travelled up the Missouri River from St.

Louis to the Pacific Coast• Provided knowledge of terrain, Indians and

Scientific interest

Embargo Act

• Response to French and British seizing of American shipping

• Angered New England

Reasons For War of 1812

• Restore confidence in republican experiment

• Madison believed war with Great Britain to be inevitable

• Supported mainly by the West and South

War Hawks• Young democratic-republicans who

advocated war

• Many from South and West- wanted more territory

• Wanted war with Britain because of Royal Navy’s interference with shipping

• Wanted to wipe out Indian resistance

• Inspired by the American Revolution, wanted their own stories to tell instead of hearing their elders

Canada in War of 1812

• U.S strategy was poorly conceived• British forces were weakest there• Madison tried to invade Canada with

5,000 men• Instead of one large attack on

Montreal, they launched a three pronged invasion

• They ended up losing right away

Tippecanoe• Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

• Wanted to bring tribes east of the Mississippi and go back to old Indian ways

• Tecumseh urged supporters to never cede land to whites unless everyone agreed.

• Harrison made a national hero and this drove Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa into an alliance with the British

• Ended the dream of an Indian Confederacy

Hartford Convention

• Federalists upset with handling of foreign affairs

• Wanted- – Repeal of 3/5ths compromise– Limits on embargo– 2/3 vote of Declaration of War and admittance

of new states– Only 1 term Presidents– No two consecutive Presidents from same

state

John Marshall• Appointed Chief Justice by Adams• Asserted judicial review of congressional

legislation• MuCulloch v. Maryland, gave the doctrine of

loose construction its most famous formulation.• Cohens v. Virginia asserted the right for the

Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state courts in all questions involving federal power.

• In Gibbons v. Ogden he ruled that the Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control for the interstate commerce.

Continued

• In Fletcher v. Peck he said that a contract was a contract and that the Constitution forbids state laws impairing contracts that deal with land.

• In Dartmouth College v. Woodward he said that the Constitution protected the contracts against state encroachments and this benefitted business enterprises from domination by states governments.

Andrew Jackson

• 1818 went across Florida• Hanged 2 Indian Chiefs without

proper ceremony• Executed two British subjects for

assisting Indians. • Helped the U.S. gain Florida

Post-war Nationalism

• In 1814, the British attempted to menace the entire Mississippi valley.

• The British messed up and a great victory was gained for the U.S.

• After word of the victory, America had a wave of nationalism and self confidence.

• The Bank of the US was revived and a national capital (Washington DC) emerged.

• The army expanded and navy grew stronger

• Nationalism also manifested itself in manufacturing - it eventually led to the development of a home market.

• Nationalism continued throughout the era of good feelings when Monroe took a tour in early 1817 to inspect military defenses.

Continued

James Monroe

• Third straight president from Virginia

• National tour- “Era of Good Feelings”

American System- Henry Clay

• 1. Protective Tariff

• 2. Strong Banking- easy credit

• 3. Road and Canal Improvements

Missouri Compromise

• 1820- authored by Henry Clay

• Maine- free

• Missouri- slave

• No area north of 36 30 will have slaves

• Another example of Congress limiting slavery

Western Land Boom

• People who were distressed because of the embargo wanted to move west

• Crushing of the Indians made the west available for people

• Building of highways improved land roots to the Ohio River Valley

• Speculators accepted small down payments

Russo-American Treaty

• 1824

• Fixed the southern most limits at the line of 54°40’

• Tsar retreated

• Part of the Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine

• 2 basic features- non colonization & non intervention towards the European powers

• Simple personalized statement of the policy of president Monroe

• Showed U.S. trend towards isolationism

• NEVER A LAW

• European powers we angered by it, but basically ignored it

Peace conference at Ghent

• Signed on Christmas eve in 1814• British had suffered reverses in upper

NY and a loss at Baltimore• British were tired of war and nervous

of the French• 5 American peace makers went to

the Belgium city of Ghent and agreed to stop fighting