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Packet #3 UNIT 2:

Talking Like a Doctor— Introduction to Human Body

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2.1

Anatomy vs. Physiology

2.2

Body Structural Organization

2.3

Body Systems

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TABLE OF CONTENTS



Aim: Objective: Real world connection: Vocabulary: *Anatomy * Physiology * Gross Anatomy * Microscopic anatomy * Histology *

Anatomy vs. Physiology

Anatomy Physiology Break down word into its parts: Your definition: Book definition:

Break down word into its parts: Your definition: Book definition:

2.1

CLASS NOTES



How is structure and function connected to each other?

Think-Ink

Jot down in one minute of a body part’s

structure and how does that connect to its function.

Pair-Share

Share what you wrote down with your group.

Write down a different example that your group provided.

Anatomy or Physiology?

Decide if the following refers to anatomy or physiology?

• Muscle cells have a large number of mitochondria. __________________________

• Muscle cells expend a lot of energy when contracting. _______________________

• The epithelial tissue bladder is made of transitional cells. _____________________

• Transitional epithelial cells can change shape, elongating to stretch or and rounding to

shrink. ________________________

•

CLASS NOTES 2.1



Use this article to find the book definition of anatomy and physiology. Make text annotations:

What Is Anatomy?http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248743.php Anatomy is the identification and description of the structures of living things. Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine which can be divided into three broad areas: human anatomy, zootomy (animal anatomy), and phytotomy (plant anatomy). The word anatomy comes from the Greek ana- meaning "up", and tome- meaning "a cutting". Anatomy, especially in the past, has depended heavily on dissection. In Greek and Latin the words "anatomy" and "dissection" have virtually the same meanings. Although both words have similar origins, anatomy has evolved to become a broad discipline of its own, while dissection remains a technique of anatomical science. Anatomy can be divided into Gross Anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) and Microscopic Anatomy

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248791.php What Is Physiology?Physiology aims to understand the mechanisms of living - how living things work. Human physiology studies how our cells, muscles and organs work together, how they interact. Physiology, sometimes referred to as the "science of life", looks at living mechanisms, from the molecular basis of cell function to the whole integrated behavior of the entire body. The word "physiology" comes from the Ancient Greek physis, which means "nature, origin", and logia, which means "study of". Physiologists are forever attempting to find the answers to key questions in single cell functions, how human populations interact, our environment on earth; in other words, an extremely wide range of subjects. Physiologists say that physiology is a fundamental science for understanding about "life", how to go about treating diseases and coping with the stresses our bodies are exposed to in different environments. Pathophysiology seeks to understand the abnormalities that occur in human and animal diseases. Physiologists work closely with other scientists and health care professionals in seeking out new methods for treating those diseases (translational research).

CLASS NOTES 2.1



Create a venn diagram that compares and contrasts Anatomy & Physiology

Divisions within Anatomy

*Draw a Venn Diagram here using information from article*

Provide an example of each in the venn diagram!

CLASS NOTES 2.1



Use this article to find the book definition of anatomy and physiology. Make text annotations:

What is Gross Anatomy? In medicine, gross anatomy, also known as topographical anatomy or macro anatomy, refers to the study of the biological structures that may be seen with the naked eye. Gross anatomy may involve dissection or noninvasive methods; the aim is to acquire data about the larger structures of organs and organ systems. In dissection, the human or animal cadaver is cut open and its organs are studied. Endoscopy, inserting a tube with a camera at the end, might be used to study structures within living animals. There are non-invasive way of studying, for example, the blood vessels of living animals or humans; an opaque dye may be inserted into the animal to observe the circulatory system (angiography). Live beings may also be studied using MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or X-ray. Medical and dental students, as part of their course, will have to perform some kind of practical work in gross human anatomy, this will involve dissection. In many cases, the students dissect human corpses (cadavers). What is Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)? Microscopic anatomy, also known as histology, is the study of cells and tissues of animals, humans and plants that are too small to been seen with the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy commonly involves studying tissues and cells by sectioning and staining (histological techniques), and then looking at them under an electron or light microscope. Sectioning - is cutting tissue into very thin slices so they can be examined. Histological stains are added to biological structures (such as tissues) to add colors or to enhance their colors so they can be more easily distinguished when they are examined, especially if different structures are next to each other. Histology is a discipline that is vital for the understanding and advancement of medicine, veterinary medicine, biology, and some other sub-disciplines of the life sciences. Histology is used for:

CLASS NOTES 2.1



▪ Teaching - histology slides are commonly used in teaching labs to help students who are studying the microstructures of biological tissues.

▪ Diagnosis - tissue samples (biopsies) are taken from patients and sent to the lab for analysis.

The people in those labs are histologists.

▪ Forensic investigations - the microscopic study of biological tissues can help explain why, for

example, somebody unexpectedly died.

▪ Autopsies - as in forensic investigations, biological tissues from deceased people (and animals)

can be analyzed, so that investigators may better understand the causes of death.

▪ Archeology - biological samples from archeological sites can provide useful data about what

was going on in history or ancient history.

Gross Anatomy or Microscopic Anatomy?

Decide if the following refers to gross anatomy or microscopic anatomy?

• The nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. __________________________

• Cardiac muscle cells and smooth cells have different structures . ______________________

• The skin is considered the largest organ of the body. _____________________

• Skin cells contain melanin to provide us color. ________________________



Explain in 3 paragraphs what distinguishes anatomy from physiology. Be sure to include an introductory paragraph, body paragraph, and concluding paragraph. Make sure to:

• Define anatomy and physiology • Explain at least 2 differences • Use prior knowledge to provide examples • Cite evidence (you must quote at least twice)

2.2

CLASS WORK 2.1



Aim: Objective: Real world connection: Vocabulary: *Atom * Molecule * Cell * Tissue * Organ * Organ System * Organism

Levels of Organization • The human body has many levels of ________________________.

• As you move up the structural ladder, the levels get more and more

____________________________.

How are bodies organized?

Think-Ink Jot down in one minute your thoughts.

Pair-Share Share what you discussed with your group.

CLASS NOTES



Levels of organization

In order to complete this, use the article following this table to summarize and cite evidence.

Structural Level

Example Description

Chemical Level

(Atoms)

Your definition: Evidence cited:

Chemical Level

(Molecules)


Cellular Level

(Cells)


CLASS NOTES 2.2



Tissue Level (Tissues)


Organ Level

(Organ)


Organ System Level


Organismal Level

(Organism)




Article: What do you mean by lower level organisms?

NIRMALA AGARWAL. Website: http://www.preservearticles.com/201101032408/lower-‐level-‐organisms.html 1. Molecular level

Atoms combine to form molecules. The latter are variously combined to form compounds. Such compounds can be found in both living and nonliving worlds. But in living matter the compounds are organized to form sub microscopically or microscopically visible structures called organelles (such as mitochondria, Golgi bodies, etc.). But these organelles by themselves cannot be qualified as living units. When different organelles are put together t form higher organizational level, a cell is formed. The cell becomes the smallest unit which remains alive because it can carry out functions necessary to be called living as opposed to a piece of rock, such is nonliving.

A cell is bounded by a membrane. Inside the cell there is a tiny droplet of semi liquid substance called protoplasm. This substance, which is highly complex, forms the physical basis of life. All the molecules which constitute the protoplasm are arranged and organized in such a way that they are able to perform characteristic functions of living beings. Their organizational complexity enables them to not only metabolize but also to recreate themselves. This is the reason why you cannot form living protoplasm simply by adding all those molecules in a test tube.

2. Cellular level

There are some organisms whose entire body consists of just a single cell like Amoeba, Paramoecium, chlamydomonas, etc. such single-celled organisms are capable of performing all the functions of life. On the other hand, majority of plants and animals are multicellular. Their bodies are formed of a large number of cells. The level of organization exhibited by all living forms is the cellular level of organization.

Take on onion peel. Keep it on a drop of water over a glass slide. Stain it with a drop of sofranin. Examine it under low and high magnification of microscope after covering the

CLASS NOTES 2.2



peel by a cover slip. Do you see bricklike structure? Are they joined to each other? These comportments are cells and this organization is cellular organization

3. Tissue Level

Cells assume definite shapes to perform a particular function. Cells of the same shape combine into a group for discharging a common function. Each group of such cells constitutes a tissue.

A group of cells of similar structure and function is known as tissue.

In multicellular organisms, cells play specialized roles. For example, intestine is made up of four types of tissues. These are epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, connective tissue and nervous tissue. The cells comprising our heart continuously contract and relax to supply blood to different parts of the body. The cells constituting our brain enable us to think. The cells composing our kidney help us to get rid of waste materials from the body. Thus, the cells of different parts of the body not only perform different functions but also differ in shape, size and appearance. The process whereby descendants of generalized cells become specialized to perform specific function is called cell differentiation. Various parts of plants also show differentiation of cells. The leaf of a plant is made up of different kinds of tissues such as epidermal tissue, vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) and ground tissues like parenchyma and collenchyma.

4. Organ Level

Group of tissues are further organized to form organs. It is the next higher level of organization. For example, the leaf of a plant is an organ which consists of many tissues. The group of green-coloured cells i.e., mesophyll tissue, synthesizes food by photosynthesis. Epidermis protects the internal tissues, vascular tissues help in conduction of water and translocation of food. All these tissues constitute a leaf, an organ of a plant. Likewise the branches, flowers, fruits and seeds are the other organs of the plant. The organ of an animal with the greatest number of jobs is the liver, Kidney, heart, lungs, brain, etc., are different organs which perform definite functions.

5. Organ System

The next level of organization above the organ level is organ system. Here the different organs of an organism work in a co-ordinate manner and form a system. For example, the shoot system of a plant is formed by organs such as levels, branches, flowers and fruits. Likewise, the root system is formed. These two systems together constitute a



whole plant i.e. and organism. Thus the organ system is the level of organization just below the organism and performs a specific work. In a human body, the digestive system, for example, comprises the organs like mouth, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas and salivary glands. These different organs are involved in different functions, i.e., mouth in intake of food; stomach and intestine in digestion of food; pancreas and salivary glands in providing the enzymes for the digestion of food; liver in providing the proper medium for digestion of food.

6. Organismic Level individual Level

An individual organism is a separate and real biological unit. This level is known as organismic level of organization. The individual may be an animal or a plant irrespective of its kind, structure and habitat. On certain general principles, levels of organization can be constructed from the simple to the most complex. The individual is the relevant unit as regards physiological organization, total metabolism, growth, development and reproduction.

This constitutes the lower levels of organization. In unicellular conditions, the cell constitutes the organism itself. Although there may be difference in the complexities but all multicellular organisms exhibit similar pattern of organization.

Summary: How are bodies structurally organized?



Draw a pyramid that reflects the body structural organization, starting from the smallest part at the top of the pyramid to the largest at the bottom. The pyramid must include:

• Name of structure • Definition • Drawing

CLASS WORK 2.2



Aim: Objective: Real world connection: Vocabulary: *Respiratory * Nervous * Integumentary * Muscular * Skeletal * Circulatory * Digestive * Urinary/Excretory * Endocrine * Reproductive * Immune *

Organs & Organ Systems • The body is made up of _______ different organ systems.

• Organ systems are not necessarily _______________________ from each

other. They are ________________________________, meaning one affects another

• If something happens to one system, then the _______________ body is

affected.

2.3

CLASS NOTES



Use textbook to find this information

Systems Organs Functions Respiratory Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen gases

Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs

Integumentary Protect against injury, dehydration, and foreign invaders; helps regulate body temperature

Muscular and Skeletal

Cartilage, bone, ligaments, tendons, joints, skeletal muscle

Circulatory Transport of blood throughout body tissues

Digestive Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Urinary/Excretory Removes waste from the body and helps maintain the body’s water and electrolyte balance

Endocrine All glands secreting hormones: pancreas, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, thymus, pineal, etc.

Reproductive Allows an organism to produce another organism like itself

Immune White blood cells, lymph vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus

Reproductive Allows an organism to produce another organism like itself

CLASS NOTES 2.3



Case Scenario: You will use your knowledge of body systems and do additional research to act on a team of personal trainers for a client below: ▪ A 17-year-old high school soccer player wants to maintain a high energy level during

soccer games and breathe easily ▪ A 35-year-old woman wants to tone the muscles in her stomach. ▪ A 65-year-old man wants to keep his heart healthy. ▪ A 25-year-old basketball player that want to make sure he does not suffer any more

broken bones

As a member of a personal training team, students must develop and present an exercise and nutrition plan that helps their client reach goals. A real -training plan would involve an ongoing exercise program and long-term diet, but the students' plans should include three or four exercises and a suggested diet for one day. In addition to exercises and menu, training teams will must show how their exercises and menu relates to least three facts about how the body systems work. Once a team has developed its plan, it will present it to the class.

Make sure to include a 5-paragraph write up:

• Introduce Client • What is the client's goal? Is it to lose weight, gain endurance or strength, get fit,

tone muscles, or improve speed, athletic performance, or flexibility? The team members must identify this goal when they present their exercise plan and diet.

• Given the goals of the client, how can eating certain foods help? For example, if the client wants more energy, which foods can help? If the client wants to maintain a healthy heart, which foods are low in cholesterol and saturated fat? To create a client's diet, refer to the Food Guide Pyramid, established by the United States Department of Agriculture. It is based on daily nutritional requirements established by the government.

• What body system is the client mainly concerned about? What other body systems will also be affected and how? Name at least two other body systems.

• Conclusion

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I

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Packet #3 - Weeblymsfrancoisap.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/2/3/13234383/packet3.introbody... · structure and how does that connect to its ... • Muscle cells have a large number of mitochondria