PA 2- Origins and Development - Part 1- Handout

8/9/2019 PA 2- Origins and Development - Part 1- Handout

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ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT- PART 1

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Language Objectives:

• Explores, analyses and discusses key aspects

surrounding the central theme.

Week objectives


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Videos

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEm6LWh8D_s&feature

=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRlzpFjVSpg&feature=re

lated

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRtePAQhwyY&feature=

related

Architecture first evolved out of the dynamics between needs(shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means. As human culturesdeveloped and knowledge began to be formalised through oraltraditions and practices, architecture and urban planningbecame a craft.

The first true urban settlements appeared around 3,000 B.C.in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEm6LWh8D_s&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEm6LWh8D_s&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRlzpFjVSpg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRlzpFjVSpg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRtePAQhwyY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRtePAQhwyY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRtePAQhwyY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRtePAQhwyY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRlzpFjVSpg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRlzpFjVSpg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEm6LWh8D_s&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEm6LWh8D_s&feature=related


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Early Societies

• The transition to farming was a key factor in thedevelopment of cities and eventually civilizations.

Basically, the ability to grow food in one location anddomesticating animals.

• Around 9,000 years ago (or before) cities began to emergein the present day 'Middle East'.

• The first communities were small settlements and their firstefforts to farm exhausted the soil, so they had to movesettlements to new soil. Over several thousands of yearspeople learned to use soil over and over.

• Settlements were usually near rivers (which helped themlearn to irrigate for crop growth.

• The domestication of plants and animals gave them awider and healthier diet

• With surplus food people could stay in one place, livedlonger and began to form permanent villages.

• People divided labour and did special jobs and eventuallybecame truly dependent upon each other . Thisdevelopment was called a ‘division of labour’.


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Mesopotamia

Catal Huyuk


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Gujarat, India

• 2650 BCE, declining slowly after about 2100

BCE. It was briefly abandoned and reoccupied

until c.1450 BCE

• Its the fifth largest Harappan site in the Indian

subcontinent.

As seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and the recently partiallyexcavated Rakhigarhi, this urban plan included the world's first

known urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes

or groups of homes obtained water from wells. From a room that

appears to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed

to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only

to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. The house-building in some

villages in the region still resembles in some respects the house-

building of the Harappans.


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Hanging gardens of Babylonia


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Ur, the capital city of Mesopotamia


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Ancient China: Yellow River Civilization


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In many ancient civilizations, like the

Egyptians' and Mesopotamians', architecture

and urbanism reflected the constant

engagement with the divine and the

supernatural


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Egyptian Architecture

• Egypt and Mesopotamia are the earliest knownrecorded civilizations.

• Nile River was the driving force for ancient Egypt.

• Egyptians worshipped the afterlife and the dead.These beliefs had a great impact on the culture and itsarchitecture.

• Nile Valley cliffs provided a rich assortment of buildingstone (Varieties include sandstone, granite, andalluvial clay for bricks).

• Egyptians commonly imitated nature in theirarchitecture. In a historical sense, nature is a keyelement in architecture, no matter the culture. Onlyrecently has this process been neglected


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Old Kingdom Architecture:

Mastabas

Old Kingdom Architecture:

Saqqara


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Old Kingdom Architecture:Pyramid at Medum

Old Kingdom Architecture:The Pyramids of Giza


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Middle and New Kingdom Architecture :

Mortuary Temples

Mortuary Temples


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Early Societies

• These early cities were concentrations of increasingly diverse andhighly stratified populations.

• Many originated as or became ceremonial centers, drawing largenumbers of people to participate in rituals.

• The exercise of political power, including the symbolic representationof that power in monumental architecture, played a key role in the riseof cities.

• Cities as ceremonial centers were established at sites that were botheconomically and strategically advantageous.

• The growth of cities was neither quick nor regular. It was a slow,varied, and disjointed; but once under way, the process ofaccumulating levels of complexity and diversity continued withoutcessation or reversal.

Documents

PA 2- Origins and Development - Part 1- Handout