Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
National Identification, Political Engagement and Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
November 2009
By Carol Galais (UAB), Inés Calzada (CSIC), Enric Martínez-Herrera (UAM) and
Francesc Pallarés (UPF)
Presentation at CANS meeting in Brussels, 12-13 November 2009
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
INDEX
1...........................................................................................................................Introduction3
2..................................................................................................................................Identity3
3............................................................................................................Political Engagement4
4..........................................................Bivariate analysis of political engagement indicators.14
5........Two scales suggested for measuring national and autonomous political engagement.25
6......................................................................................................Inter-Regional Solidarity28
2
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
1. Introduction - Catalonia, Galicia and Castile-La Mancha
- Language, History, Identity
- Economy
- Self-government
2. Identity
Table 1. Relative identifications with the region and Spain (bi-polar scales) by region
Castilla-La
Mancha Cataluña Galicia TotalCatalan/Galician/Castilian-Manchego only 1,8 15,7 5,6 7,6
R > S 5,0 29,4 25,1 19,8
R = S 53,0 39,2 57,7 50,1
R < S 17,5 6,4 6,1 10,0Spanish only 20,8 6,7 3,5 10,3No sabe 0,9 0,7 0,9 0,8No contesta 1,0 2,0 1,0 1,3(n) 878 865 888 2631
Table 2. Intensity of identification (mono-polar scales) with the region and Spain. Means comparison by region. Scales 0-10 Castilla La
ManchaCataluña Galicia
Regional identification
7.18 8.11 8.39
National identification
8.18 5.88 7.50
3
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
3. Political Engagement
The CANS questions that can give us an idea of Spaniards’ autonomous political
engagement are the following:
1) Importance of voting at the local, regional, national and European levels (q
6a to q6d).
2) Perceived salience of institutional decisions at local, regional, national and
European levels (q7a to q7d).
3) Voting in national (q8 a) and autonomous elections (a9 a)
4) General interest in politics (q10)
5) Individual’s perception of his influence at regional, national and European
levels (q12 a to q12d).
6) Individual’s perception of his own capability of understanding politics at local,
regional, national and European levels (q 38 a to p38 c)
Q10. How interested would you say you are in politics - are you very, quite, hardly or not at all interested in politics?
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Very interested 17,4 11,9 11,8
Quite interested 38,8 34,2 36,5
Hardly interested 29,4 29,9 33,1
Not at all interested 14,3 24 18,5
Total 894 896 895
4
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Figure 3. Political decisions importance, by levels of governance and AACC (% very / quite).
Q 7. How much important are for you the decisions undertaken by the following institutions 1?
a) City Council
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Very Important 46,2 40,7 37,4
Quite Important 35,2 36,7 41,5
Hardly important 14,6 17,6 14,8
Not important at all 4,1 4,9 6,3
Total 884 874 874
b) Autonomous Parliament
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Very Important 44,3 43,4 34,0
Quite Important 35,9 40,0 47,9
1 Valid percentages, if the opposite is not mentioned. All data and figures are calculated on the basis of the CANS survey.
5
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Hardly important 15,8 13,5 13,9
Not important at all 4,0 3,1 4,3
Total 879 880 863
c) Spanish Parliament
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Very Important 42,7 44,3 45,3
Quite Important 34,8 37,9 40,4
Hardly important 16,3 12,9 10,1
Not important at all 6,3 4,9 4,3
Total 880 853 864
d) European Parliament.
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Very Important 32,5 32,9 30,7
Quite Important 34,9 41,0 43,2
Hardly important 24,5 19,3 18,6
Not important at all 8,1 6,7 7,5
Total 852 817 824
6
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Figure 7. Voting importance (% very/ quite important) by levels of government and AC.
8ª. Did you vote in the last national election, in march 2008?
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Yes 77,4 87,2 84,2
Not 12,8 10,4 9,6
N 812 879 844
9ª. Did you vote in the last autonomous election?
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Yes 72,9 83,0 76,7
Not 14,8 14,0 14,4
N 789 872 820
7
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Figure 12. Internal efficacy. % disagree with the statement: “people like me do not have any participation in what …do”.
P12. I am going to read you several statements. Could you please tell me if you agree or
disagree?
a) People like me do no have any participation in what the Government and parliament
of my Autonomy do.
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Strongly agree 28,7 22,6 22,2
Agree 38,3 43,9 43,8
disagree 30,0 29,7 29,9
Strongly disagree 3,0 3,8 4,2
Total 867 745 843
b) People like me do no have any participation in what National Government and parliament
do.
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Strongly agree 31,9 23,1 21,3
Agree 40,4 45,7 44,9
8
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
disagree 25,3 27,7 29,6
Strongly disagree 2,4 3,5 4,3
Total 866 849 842
c) People like me do no have any participation in what European Union does.
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Strongly agree 33,8 25,4 24,5
Agree 41,5 40,9 46,1
disagree 22,6 23,6 25,5
Strongly disagree 2,1 3,0 3,9
Total 851 836 820
9
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Figure 13. Internal efficacy. % disagree with the statement: “politics is too complicated”, by level of governance and CCAA.
P38b. I am going to read you several statements. Could you please tell me if you agree or
disagree?
a) "Sometimes, Autonomous politics seem so complicated that a person like me can’t
understand what is going on”
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Strongly agree 31,6 23,4 18,5
Agree 34,6 35,8 37,5
Disagree 25,3 28,5 31,5
Strongly disagree 8,4 12,3 12,5
Total 876 867 870
b) "Sometimes, Spanish politics seem so complicated that a person like me can’t understand
what is going on”
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Strongly agree 31,2 24,4 19,2
Agree 33,2 37,3 39,7
10
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Disagree 27,1 26,2 29,3
Strongly disagree 8,5 12,1 11,7
Total 873 868 842
c) "Sometimes, European politics seem so complicated that a person like me can’t understand
what is going on”
Catalonia GaliciaCastile-La Mancha
Strongly agree 35,6 30,5 24,0
Agree 35,4 36,6 42,9
Disagree 22,0 24,4 24,1
Strongly disagree 7,0 8,6 9,0
Total 831 850 849
4. Trivariate analysis of political engagement indicators.
11
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Relation between political engagement and education. Column percentages.
Low level of studies (primary, completed or
not)
Lower secondary, Upper secondary First stage of tertiary, Second stage of
tertiary
Catalonia Galicia Castile-La
Mancha
Catalonia Galicia Castile-La
Mancha
Catalonia Galicia Castile-La
Mancha
% Voting in autonomous elections is
very/quite important86 90 88 80 84 79 85 89 79
%voting in national general
elections is very/quite important82 91 89 75 83 84 83 91 89
% Decisions taken at the
autonomous level are very/quite
important
76 84 84,3 79 79 82 83 91 75
Decisions taken at the national level
are very /quite important70 86 76 76 77 84 81 90 91
Voted in autonomous elections 86 91 91 81 82 81 83 89 85
Voted in general elections 87 95 93 83 86 88 87 93 91
Do Not agree: people like me
haven’t any participation in
autonomous institutions
29 22 33 30 27 31 37 48 41
Do Not agree: people like me
haven’t any participation in Spanish
institutions
23 18 31 27 25 30 30 45 42
Do not agree: sometimes,
autonomous politics seem so
complicated to me...
14 18 25 30 34 40 46 67 65
12
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Do not agree: sometimes, Spanish
politics seem so complicated to
me...
11 18 23 31 31 37 49 62 61
13
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Relation between political engagement and age. Column percentages.
Youngsters (18-30 years old) Adult (31-60 years old) Older people (>60)
Catalonia Galicia Castile-La
Mancha
Catalonia Galicia Castile-La
Mancha
Catalonia Galicia Castile-La
Mancha
% Voting in autonomous elections is
very/quite important78 83 69 83 87 81 86 89 90
%voting in national general
elections is very/quite important78 77 78 79 87 88 82 91 92
% Decisions taken at the
autonomous level are very/quite
important
80 80 79 83 86 84 75 81 80
Decisions taken at the national level
are very /quite important78 76 84 81 85 88 70 81 83
Voted in autonomous elections 70 25 67 82 14 86 93 9 92
Voted in general elections 74 78 77 86 89 91 93 95 97
Do Not agree: people like me
haven’t any participation in
autonomous institutions
35 34 34 33 35 35 31 30 32
Do Not agree: people like me
haven’t any participation in Spanish
institutions
27 28 36 30 33 34 24 30 32
14
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Do not agree: sometimes,
autonomous politics seem so
complicated to me...
40 43 46 34 42 48 28 37 34
Do not agree: sometimes, Spanish
politics seem so complicated to
me...
41 38 43 38 39 44 27 37 34
15
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
l.
Relation between political engagement and general interest in politics. Column percentages.
A lot Quite Some Not at all
Cat. Galicia Castile-
LM
Cat. Galicia Castile-
LM
Cat. Galicia Castilla-
LM
Cat. Galicia Castile-
LM
% Voting in autonomous elections
is very/quite important86 93 82 91 95 91 82 84 81 56 74 60
%voting in national general
elections is very/quite important86 96 94 87 96 94 78 83 87 50 71 68
% Decisions taken at the
autonomous level are very/quite
important
81 95 77 87 90 83 80 81 88 59 69 70
Decisions taken at the national
level are very /quite important83 91 89 82 91 92 76 79 85 60 66 71
Voted in autonomous elections 83 97 89 88 90 88 81 83 81 74 76 79
Voted in general elections 87 96 95 90 94 93 85 87 87 74 81 84
Do Not agree: people like me
haven’t any participation in
autonomous institutions
37 52 37 37 40 41 33 28 33 17 20 17
Do Not agree: people like me
haven’t any participation in
Spanish institutions
31 48 38 30 39 39 29 26 35 15 19 17
16
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Do not agree: sometimes,
autonomous politics seem so
complicated to me...
56 67 71 38 50 53 22 31 34 20 25 25
Do not agree: sometimes,
Spanish politics seem so
complicated to me...
59 69 62 40 48 52 24 27 30 18 22 23
17
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Relation between political engagement and perception of the Autonomous Community. Column percentages.
My AC is… a Region My AC is… A nation My AC is… An Autonomous Community
Cat. Galicia Castile-LM Cat. Galicia Castile-LM Cat. Galicia Castile-LM
% Voting in autonomous elections
is very/quite important75 85 81 88 89 86 87 93 83
%voting in national general
elections is very/quite important77 85 87 80 89 86 85 93 87
% Decisions taken at the
autonomous level are very/quite
important
73 81 81 85 89 93 89 90 90
Decisions taken at the national
level are very /quite important77 80 85 76 89 90 89 88 87
Voted in autonomous elections 77 85 84 87 83 95 87 91 93
Voted in general elections 82 89 90 89 87 87 89 97 97
Do Not agree: people like me
haven’t any participation in
autonomous institutions
28 33 34 36 36 41 44 30 54
Do Not agree: people like me
haven’t any participation in
Spanish institutions
25 32 33 29 30 42 39 24 57
Do not agree: sometimes,
autonomous politics seem so
complicated to me...
28 39 44 37 47 32 51 48 69
18
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Do not agree: sometimes,
Spanish politics seem so
complicated to me...
31 36 41 37 44 41 57 48 63
19
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Relation between political engagement and the institution which cares the most for your AC (q.15) . Column percentages.
Autonomous government Spanish government Neither of them
Cat. Galicia Castile-LM Cat. Galicia Castile-LM Cat. Galicia Castile-LM
% Voting in autonomous elections
is very/quite important85 89 82 72 82 84 64 74 68
%voting in national general
elections is very/quite important81 87 88 82 86 88 60 80 81
% Decisions taken at the
autonomous level are very/quite
important
84 87 85 61 74 80 57 69 56
Decisions taken at the national
level are very /quite important79 84 87 73 72 84 62 83 72
Voted in autonomous elections 85 86 84 83 87 84 75 77 86
Voted in general elections
Do Not agree: people like me
haven’t any participation in
autonomous institutions
88 89 90 85 90 91 77 86 93
Do Not agree: people like me
haven’t any participation in
Spanish institutions
35 36 40 39 31 14 13 17 9
Do not agree: sometimes,
autonomous politics seem so
complicated to me...
29 32 38 39 42 28 11 17 8
20
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Do not agree: sometimes,
Spanish politics seem so
complicated to me...
35 43 45 27 42 41 29 39 39
21
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
5. Two scales suggested for measuring national and autonomous political engagement.
Candidate items for a Regional Political Engagement scale.
Mean
Cronbach’s alpha if
item deleted
1. Voting in Autonomous elections importance (0-3) 2,2869 ,344
2. Importance of Autonomous parliament decisions (0-3) 2,1876 ,361
3. People like me have participation in Autonomous Government and
Parliament (0-3)1,1302 ,443
4. Autonomous politics do not seem to me too complicated (0-3) 1,2827 ,553
Final 3-item scale: Voting importance + decisions importance + Having some participation (National level) =
0,553
Descriptive statistics for the regional political engagement 3- item scale
Catalonia Galicia Castile-La Mancha
N valid 839 799 799
Missing 61 101 101
Mean 5,5 5,8 5,5
Median 6 6 6
Mode 6 6 6
Std.Deviation 1,9 1,7 1,86
Variance 3,6 3 3,46
Minimum 0 0 0
Maximum 9 9 9
Cronbach’s
Alpha
,557 ,504 ,582
23
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Candidate items for a National Political Engagement scale
Mean
Cronbach's Alpha if
Item Deleted
Voting in National elections importance (0-3) 2,3 ,359
Importance of National parliament decisions (0-3) 2,2 ,363
People like me have some participation in National Government and
Parliament (0-3)1,08 ,471
National politics do not seem to me too complicated (0-3) 1,28 ,547
Final 3-item scale: Voting importance + decisions importance + Having some participation (National level) =
0,546.
Descriptive statistics for the National political engagement 3- item scale
Catalonia Galicia Castile-La Mancha
N valid 839 809 813
Missing 61 91 87
Mean 5,32 5,7 5,8
Median 6 6 6
Mode 7 7 6
Std.Deviation 1,8 1,8 1,8
Variance 3,2 3,2 3,2
Minimum 0 0 0
Maximum 9 9 9
Cronbach’s
Alpha
,534 ,527 ,562
24
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Political engagement scales correlations.
AC rooting
scale (0-3)Age Ideology
Identification
with AC
(Q31a)
Identification
with Spain
(Q31b)
Catalonia
National political engagement -0,130** -0,043 -0,042 0,003 0,186**
Autonomous political engagement 0,017 -0,017 -0,018 -0,129** 0,159**
Galicia
National political engagement 0,012 0,082* -0,115** 0,068 0,161**
Autonomous political engagement 0,075* -0,007 -0,101** 0,183** 0,076*
Castile-La Mancha
National political engagement -0,049 0,048 -0,11** 0,139** 0,140**
Autonomous political engagement -0,003 0,063 -0,148** 0,297** 0,104**
Figure 15. Differences between autonomous and national engagement scales.
25
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
6. Inter-Regional Solidarity
Government to even out economic differences between different parts of Spain
Q27Castilla La
Mancha Cataluña GaliciaMuy de acuerdo 53.06 31.98 53.21Bastante de acuerdo 40.92 41.83 36.94Bastante en desacuerdo 4.39 17.38 6.65Muy en desacuerdo 1.62 8.81 3.21(n) 865 863 842
Cramer's V = 0.1973
gamma = 0.0269ASE= 0.026
Table 6. Agreement with direct statements about solidarity between different parts of the countryMoney should be transferred from richer parts to poorer parts of Spain to ensure similar public services
Q28Castilla La
Mancha Cataluña GaliciaMuy de acuerdo 56.22 29.56 52.22Bastante de acuerdo 35.00 37.78 33.89Bastante en desacuerdo 3.78 20.56 5.89Muy en desacuerdo 0.89 8.11 3.11Ns/Nc 4.11 4.00 4.89Total 900 900 900
26
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Table 7. Money should be transferred from richer parts to poorer parts of Spain to ensure similar public services. Ordinal logit regression.
CASTILLA LA MANCHA. REGRESIONES ORDINALES.
Modelo 1 Modelo 2 Modelo 3SOLID. REGIONAL (P28) Coef. Coef. Coef.
SEXO -.2141533 -.1574812 -.1804644EDAD -.0152937** -.0145375** -.0143178**ESTUDIOS -.1365468* -.1207529* -.1169202*IDEOLOGIA -.0375952 -.0432627 -.0448914PARADO .2914976 .245187 .2394766IDENTIDAD NAC. .0301109IDENTIF. CCAA -.0048325IDENTIF. ESPAÑA .0278383
Modelo 1 Modelo 2 Modelo 3
Number of obs. 723 744 745LR chi2(6) 19.09 17.28 16.93Prob > chi2 0.004 0.0083 0.0095Pseudo R2 0.0158 0.0137 0.0134
CATALUÑA. REGRESIONES ORDINALES.Modelo 1 Modelo 2 Modelo 3
SOLID. REGIONAL Coef. Coef. Coef.
SEXO .0300877 -.0493185 .0174587EDAD -.0109553* -.0131663*** -.0073842ESTUDIOS .0430013 .1236082* .0526693IDEOLOGIA .0141444 -.0698366* -.0153899PARADO -.3271494 -.2876028 -.3671617IDENTIDAD NAC. -.647615***IDENTIF. CCAA .2402958***IDENTIF. ESPAÑA -.1837277***
Modelo 1 Modelo 2 Modelo 3
27
Political Engagement and Inter-Regional Solidarity in Three Spanish Autonomous Regions
Number of obs. 739 780 779LR chi2(6) 101.37 73.20 84.47Prob > chi2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000Pseudo R2 0.0537 0.0368 0.0425
GALICIA. REGRESIONES ORDINALES.Modelo 1 Modelo 2 Modelo 3
SOLID. cewweeREGIONAL Coef. Coef. Coef.
SEXO .2334918 .1877797 .243642EDAD -.0075357 -.0084196 -.0059431ESTUDIOS -.0119901 -.0052851 -.0097907IDEOLOGIA -.0090536 -.0345877 -.0181022PARADO .1275225 .0661187 .0613862IDENTIDAD NAC. -.2031408*IDENTIF. CCAA -.0489964IDENTIF. ESPAÑA -.0891863**
Modelo 1 Modelo 2 Modelo 3
Number of obs. 726 745 743LR chi2(6) 12.29 10.38 16.10Prob > chi2 0.0557 0.1095 0.0132Pseudo R2 0.0086 0.0071 0.0110* P>Z < 0.05 ** p>Z < 0.005 *** P>Z < 0.005
Table 4. Increasing interviewee’s taxes to help people in need. Means comparison by region. Comunidad Autónoma Mean Std. Err. (n)Castilla-La Mancha 11,4 16,4 770Cataluña 10,2 16,0 799Galicia 11,3 20,0 826Total 11,0 17,6 2394
Eta2 0,00 ns
28