P5 - Turbine Technologies r1 · 2014-02-02 · Francis 344 kW 1042 GWh Turgo 311 kW 1156 GWh In Summary 1. Turgo is 9.6% lower in installed capacity, less of the peak power output

Copyright On Site Generation Ltd. May 2010Not to be copied without specific prior permission 1

Turbine Technologies

1

Pelton

Turgo

Crossflow

Pelton

Kaplan/PropellerFrancis

Courtesy of BHA


Turbine types

• Reaction• Impulse

• e.g. Propeller

• Pressure change across blade

• Closed case

p

• e.g. water wheel

• No pressure change

• Can be open case

3http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzQPNpP55xQ&list=PLDTdwjgFggH6NTc71m5Tq5u3mQfd3ryNh

Water wheel

• Low efficiencyLow efficiency

• Impulse

• Visual appealWater wheel

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Pelton

• High head

• Multiple jets, impulse

• Water splits, exits both sides5

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzQPNpP55xQ&list=PLDTdwjgFggH6NTc71m5Tq5u3mQfd3ryNh

Pelton

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Turgo Impulse

• High-ish head

• Multiple jets, impulse

• Water exits at one side of runner

• Excellent wear resistance7

Turgo Impulse

7 MW

50kW

8


• Low to Medium head

• Runner has many blades or vanes

Francis

Runner has many blades or vanes

• Reaction - water spirals from outside to centre

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Francis

10


Francis

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Mthana, Transkei, August 1979

1st Falls power station

2 x 3MW units (2nd Falls – 2 x 5.4 MW)

Crossflow

• Range of heads

• Impulse

• Good efficiency curve12


Crossflow

13

• Propeller – reaction turbine

• Low Head

Kaplan/propeller

Low Head

• Kaplan has guide vanes and adjustable blades

• Improved efficiency

14


Kaplan/propeller

15

• Low head

• Reaction or

Archimedes screw

impulse?

• Fish friendly

16


Archimedes screw

Efficiencies comparison of different turbines at reduced flow rates

Source: ESRU Energy Systems Research Unit – University of Strathclyde 18


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Worked Example

Typical Run of River SiteTypical Run of River Site

Gross Head ‐ 65m

Net Head – 58m

Flow 700 l/s Flow – 700 l/s


Program for Optimisation of Power and Energy (POPE)

Site Data InputsInputs

Calculation TableCalculation Table

What are the Options?

Head = 58m

Flow = 700 l/sec

Potentially we could select Pelton, Turgo or Francis


Which Type of Turbine?

Option 1 – Horizontal Francis

• High Peak efficiency• Compact Powerhouse

F t R i• Fast Running

18inch Twin Jet Turgo at 750 rpm

Which Type of Turbine?

Option 2 – Twin Jet Turgo Impulse

750 rpm

Flat efficiency curveFlat efficiency curve

Good low flow performance

No surge issues


Comparison of Turbine Selection curves

Francis Turbine generating 367 kW

Turgo Turbine generating 335 kW

Factor in the Flow Duration Curve


T biInstalled Annual

Output Comparison

TurbineCapacity Generation

Francis 344 kW 1042 GWh

Turgo 311 kW 1156 GWh

In Summary

1. Turgo is 9.6% lower in installed capacity, less of the peak power output but 11% greaterof the peak power output but 11% greater AEP

2. This equates at current Feed in tariff levels to over £22,500 per year.


In Conclusion

1. Using Annual Energy modelling allows you to look at many different scenariosyou to look at many different scenarios

2. Can be applied to all types of turbine, not just the example used.

3. Provides an accurate prediction of potential income.p

4. Makes sure you are optimising use of the resource.

Documents

P5 - Turbine Technologies r1 · 2014-02-02 · Francis 344 kW 1042 GWh Turgo 311 kW 1156 GWh In Summary 1. Turgo is 9.6% lower in installed capacity, less of the peak power output