P2P2 Slide 2 Joint movement what are joints? A joint is a place
where two or more bones meet. Without joints, our bodies would not
be able to move. Joints, along with the skeleton and muscular
system, are responsible for the huge range of movement that the
human body can produce. There are several different types of joint,
each producing different types and amounts of movement. Slide 3
Different types of joint There are 3 different types of joint:
1.Immovable (or fixed) joints 3.Movable (or synovial) joints
2.Slightly movable joints Slide 4 1. Fixed or immovable joints
There are fewer than 10 immovable joints in the body. They are
sometimes called fibrous joints because the bones are held together
by tough fibres. Immovable joints can be found in the skull and
pelvis, where several bones have fused together to form a rigid
structure. Slide 5 2. Slightly movable joints Slightly movable
joints are sometimes called cartilaginous joints. The bones are
separated by a cushion of cartilage. The joints between the
vertebrae in the spine are cartilaginous joints. The bones can move
a little bit, but ligaments stop them moving too far. This is why
we can bend, straighten and rotate through the back, but not too
far. bone ligaments cartilage bone Slide 6 3. Freely movable or
synovial joints 90% of the joints in the body are synovial joints.
They are freely movable. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid
which is retained inside a pocket called the synovial membrane.
This lubricates or oils the joint. All the moving parts are held
together by ligaments. These are highly mobile joints, like the
shoulder and knee. Synovial fluid Knee Synovial membrane Slide 7
Connective tissues Connective tissues are vital to the functioning
of joints. There are 3 types of connective tissue: Ligaments are
tough, elastic fibres that link bones to bones. Tendons connect
muscles to bones. Cartilage prevents the ends of bones rubbing
together at joints. Its slippery surface also helps to lubricate
the joint. Slide 8 Tendons and ligaments Ligaments and tendons are
strengthened by training. Ligaments are responsible for holding
joints together. They prevent bones moving out of position during
the stresses of physical activity. If they are pulled or twisted
too far by extreme physical movements, ligaments can tear and the
joint may dislocate. Tendons anchor muscles to bones, allowing the
muscles to move the skeleton. Tendons are not very elastic if they
were, then the force produced by muscles would be absorbed instead
of creating movement. Tendons can also be torn if subjected to too
much force. Slide 9 Freely movable (synovial) joints The joint
capsule is an outer sleeve that protects and holds the knee
together. The synovial membrane lines the capsule and secretes
synovial fluid an oil like liquid which lubricates the joint,
allowing it to move freely. Femur Tibia Joint capsule Synovial
membrane Synovial fluid Ligaments hold the bones together and keep
them in place. Cartilage Smooth coverings of cartilage at the ends
of the bones stops them rubbing together and provide some shock
absorption. Slide 10 Task Types of joints 1) Give a brief
description (Up to 50 words each/also picture examples) of each of
the following types of joints, and the movement available at each
one - Fixed or fibrous - Slightly moveable or cartilaginous -
Synovial or freely moveable 2) Label a Synovial Joint: Copy the
picture of the synovial joint from the internet and label/describe
it Slide 11 Types of synovial joints In ball and socket joints, the
rounded end of one bone fits inside a cup-shaped ending on another
bone. Ball and socket joints allow movement in all directions and
also rotation. The most mobile joints in the body are ball and
socket joints. Examples: Shoulders and hips. Hip Slide 12 Types of
synovial joints Pivot joints have a ring of bone that fits over a
bone protrusion, around which it can rotate. These joints only
allow rotation. Examples: The joint between the atlas and axis in
the neck which allows you to shake your head. Axis Atlas Slide 13
Types of synovial joints In saddle joints, the ends of the two
bones fit together in a special way, allowing movement forwards and
backwards and left to right, but not rotation. Examples: The thumb
is the only one. Hinge joints as their name suggests only allow
forwards and backwards movement. Examples: The knee and elbow.
Elbow Slide 14 Types of synovial joints Condyloid joints have an
oval- shaped bone end which fits into a correspondingly shaped bone
end. They allow forwards, backwards, left and right movement, but
not rotation. Examples: between the metacarpals and phalanges in
the hand. Gliding joints have two flat faces of bone that slide
over one another. They allow a tiny bit of movement in all
directions. Examples: between the tarsals in the ankle. Slide 15
sporting examples Synovial joints sporting examples During the
butterfly stroke, the ball and socket joint of the shoulder allows
the swimmers arm to rotate. You might head a football using the
pivot joint in your neck, which allows your head to rotate. What
type of joint allows a handball players fingers to spread apart so
that they can control the ball with one hand? Answer: The condyloid
joints between the metacarpals and phalanges. Slide 16 Movement
Patterns In order for us to understand sporting movements, we have
to be able to label the possible movements available at a joint,
using specific terms. Slide 17 Flexion Extension Adduction
Abduction When the angle of the joint decreases When the angle of
the joint increases Movement towards the midline of the body
Movement away from the midline of the body (e.g. A star jump Slide
18 Circumduction Rotation Overarm bowl in Cricket The limb moves in
a Circle. For example this occurs at the shoulder joint during an
Overarm bowl in Cricket golf swing when driving the ball The limb
moves in a circular motion towards the midline of the body. For
example this occurs in a golf swing when driving the ball Slide 19
Task 3/ 4) Find a picture of a player and label all of the 6 major
synovial joints: - 2 Hinge Joints - 2 Ball and Socket Joints -
Gliding Joint - Pivot Joint - Saddle Joint - Condyloid Joints The
same picture, use arrows to label the various types of movement
pattern occurring at each joint, E.G: Flexion, rotation,
plantarflexion, circumduction etc Slide 20 Some suggested answers:
Left elbow Left elbow involves the humerus, radius and ulna. It is
a hinge joint. It is extended. Left wrist Left wrist involves the
carpals. This is a gliding joint. There is rotation. Left hand Left
hand joint between metacarpals and phalanges. This is a condyloid
joint. There is abduction and flexion on the phalanges. Right hip
Right hip involves the pelvis and femur. This is a ball and socket
joint. There is abduction. Knees Knees involve the femurs, tibias
and fibulas. These are hinge joints. There is flexion. E.G. Slide
21 1) Learners need to be able to describe all three
classifications of joint and the amount of movement available at
each. 2) Provide a picture and label a synovial joint. 3) Provide
an example of each type of Synovial joint. 3) Movement patterns
available at each joint. Classification of 3 joints: 1.Fixed
2.Slightly Moveable 3.Synovial/Freely Moveable Types of Joint: - 2
Hinge Joints - 2 Ball and Socket Joints - Gliding Joint - Pivot
Joint - Saddle Joint -Condyloid Joints Movement Patterns: Flexion/
Extension Adduction/ Abduction Rotation/ Circumduction Supination/
Pronation Plantarflexion/ Dorsiflexion Inversion/ Eversion
