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P1- Waves (H) – Questions Q1.
As a sound wave travels through water its amplitude gets smaller. This graph shows how the amplitude of different types of sound waves decreases as they travel through water.
Whales use sound to communicate over long distances. Explain which is the best type of sound wave for whales to use when communicating over long distances.
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Q2.
Diagram 1 shows a glass prism which can be used to turn an image the right way up.
(a) (i) In diagram 1, total internal reflection occurs at Q. Explain why total internal reflection occurs at Q.
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............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The way in which the light changes direction at P is shown in diagram 2. Mark on the diagram (i) for the angle of incidence and (r) for the angle of refraction for the ray of light shown.
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(iii) Which of these is correct for the light as it enters the prism at P? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1) A frequency decreases
B frequency increases
C speed decreases
D speed increases (b) Light waves and sound waves are both used in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions (i) A doctor uses an endoscope to look inside the body of a patient. Explain how optical fibres are used in endoscopes. You may draw a labelled diagram to help with your answer.
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............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Describe how ultrasound can be used as a medical treatment for illness or injury.
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(Total for Question = 10 marks)
Q3. A sound wave travels with a velocity of 1530 m/s.
The frequency of the wave is 1.20 kHz.
Calculate the wavelength of the wave. (3)
wavelength = ........................................................... m
(Total for question = 3 marks)
Q4. Scientists believe that dolphins use sound waves to detect objects under water.
Describe how a dolphin could use sound waves to determine which of two objects is nearer to it.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer. (3)
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Q5.
(a) Dolphins emit sounds at many different frequencies.
(i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
A dolphin can produce sounds with a frequency of more than 20 kHz. These sounds are called
(1) A infrasound waves
B microwaves
C supersonic waves
D ultrasound waves
(ii) A dolphin is near to a group of fish.
Describe how a dolphin uses high frequency sound to locate the position of the fish.
You may add to the diagram to help with your answer. (3)
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............................................................................................................................................. Q6.
(a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Waves from an earthquake are
(1) A transverse waves only
B electromagnetic waves only
C both transverse and electromagnetic waves
D both transverse and longitudinal waves (b) The Earth's surface is made up of many tectonic plates. The interior of the Earth is a source of thermal energy. Describe how this thermal energy can cause earthquakes. You may draw a labelled diagram to help with your answer.
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............................................................................................................................................. (c) The chart shows the arrival of earthquake waves at an earthquake monitoring station.
The S − P time (S minus P time) for earthquake waves is the time difference between the arrival of the first P wave and the first S wave.
Use the chart to estimate the S − P time for the earthquake waves shown. (2)
S − P time =...................seconds
(d) The location of an earthquake is known as an epicentre. The S − P time for earthquake waves can be used to estimate the distance between the monitoring station and the epicentre. The graph shows how the arrival times of S and P waves are related to their distances from the epicentre of an earthquake.
The S − P time for a particular earthquake was 20 seconds. Use the S − P time to estimate the distance between the monitoring station and the epicentre of this earthquake.
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distance to epicentre of earthquake = .....................km
(e) Many earthquakes and volcanoes are linked to the production of infrasound waves. Describe what is meant by infrasound waves.
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(Total for Question = 10 marks) Q7.
(a) The diagram shows part of the boundary between two tectonic plates.
(i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The plates are being steadily pushed in opposite directions by (1)
A convection currents in the mantle
B reflection of waves from the Earth's core
C tsunami waves in the ocean
D volcanic eruptions on the surface
(ii) An earthquake occurs. Its epicentre is at the place marked E on the diagram. Describe what happens at the plate boundary to cause this earthquake.
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............................................................................................................................................. (b) The earthquake causes seismic waves.
(i) S waves are one type of seismic wave. They travel at 0.65 km/s. There is a seismometer 80 km away from point E. Show that it takes about 2 minutes for the S waves from the earthquake to reach the seismometer.
(2) (ii) P waves are another type of seismic wave. They travel about 10 times more quickly than S waves.
Describe how scientists can use seismometer records of P and S waves to locate the epicentre. (3)
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(iii) Seismic waves have a frequency of about 15 Hz. P waves have a much smaller amplitude than S waves.
Some people claim that animals can detect an earthquake before people are aware of it. Suggest an explanation for this.
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(Total for Question is 10 marks)
Q8. Figure 8 shows how a glass prism is used to produce a spectrum from a beam of sunlight.
Figure 8
(i) Explain, in terms of refraction and wavelength, the paths taken by the light through the prism. (3)
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(ii) Describe how a student could develop the procedure shown in Figure 8 to search for evidence that sunlight consists of additional electromagnetic waves with frequencies lower than visible light.
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............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 5 marks)
Q9. Figure 11 shows a dolphin.
Figure 11
Dolphins emit sounds under water. Scientists at four different research centres investigate the sounds made by dolphins. Each centre chooses one of their dolphins and analyses the frequencies of the sounds the dolphin makes.
Figure 12 shows the range of frequencies from four different dolphins, W, X, Y and Z.
Figure 12
(i) Which of the following statements is a correct deduction from this information? (1)
A all four dolphins emit infrasound and ultrasound
B all four dolphins emit ultrasound
C only some of the four dolphins emit infrasound and ultrasound
D only some of the four dolphins emit ultrasound
(ii) The frequency range of the sounds from dolphin W is 91.8 kHz.
Calculate the frequency range of the sounds from dolphin X. (2)
range = ........................................................... kHz (Total for question = 3 marks)
Q10.
Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
A bee's wings flap up and down with a frequency of 230 Hz.
This is a frequency of (1)
A infrasound
B sonar
C sound
D ultrasound
Q11.
Many earthquakes and volcanoes are linked to the production of infrasound waves. Describe what is meant by infrasound waves.
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............................................................................................................................................. Q12.
The graph shows how the intensity of ultrasound waves of different frequencies decreases as they penetrate soft tissue.
(i) Estimate how far a 2 MHz wave has penetrated into the soft tissue when its intensity is 25% of its original value.
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.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain which of these frequencies of ultrasound can be used to scan organs deep inside the body.
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Light waves and sound waves are both used in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions (i) A doctor uses an endoscope to look inside the body of a patient. Explain how optical fibres are used in endoscopes. You may draw a labelled diagram to help with your answer.
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............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Describe how ultrasound can be used as a medical treatment for illness or injury.
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Q14. The photograph shows a meteor exploding above Russia in 2013.
(a) The noise from the explosion was described as the loudest sound ever detected on Earth. However, human beings could not hear this sound. State the two sound frequency ranges that human beings cannot hear.
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(b) Meteors sometimes collide with the Earth's surface. These collisions produce both P-waves and S-waves.
(i) Which of the following is correct for a P-wave? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1) A It is a transverse wave travelling faster than an S-wave. B It is a transverse wave travelling slower than an S-wave. C It is a longitudinal wave travelling faster than an S-wave. D It is a longitudinal wave travelling slower than an S-wave.
The diagram shows the path of a P-wave. The P-wave travels from the collision at X, through the Earth, to another point, A.
(ii) Explain why the path of the P-wave is not a straight line.
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............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Explain why there are regions on the Earth's surface where S-waves from the collision at X cannot be detected. You can add to the diagram to help your answer.
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............................................................................................................................................. (iv) Describe how a meteor colliding with the Earth could set off an earthquake.
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(Total for Question = 10 marks) Q15.
The earthquake causes seismic waves. (i) S waves are one type of seismic wave. They travel at 0.65 km/s. There is a seismometer 80 km away from point E. Show that it takes about 2 minutes for the S waves from the earthquake to reach the seismometer.
(2) (ii) P waves are another type of seismic wave. They travel about 10 times more quickly than S waves.
Describe how scientists can use seismometer records of P and S waves to locate the epicentre. (3)
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(iii) Seismic waves have a frequency of about 15 Hz. P waves have a much smaller amplitude than S waves.
Some people claim that animals can detect an earthquake before people are aware of it.
Suggest an explanation for this. (2)
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............................................................................................................................................. Q16. (a) A man uses a dog whistle to call his dog. The whistle uses ultrasound.
(i) The dog can hear the whistle but the man cannot. Explain why the dog can hear the whistle but the man cannot hear the whistle.
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............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The dog is 140 m away from the man. The ultrasound takes 0.42 s to travel from the man to the dog. Calculate the speed of ultrasound. State the unit.
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speed of ultrasound =............................ unit = ............................
(b) (i) An earthquake P-wave has a frequency of 15 Hz.
Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The earthquake P-wave is
(1) A an infrasound wave B an ultrasound wave C an electromagnetic wave D a transverse wave
(ii) The diagram shows the direction of an earthquake P-wave in some rock.
Draw arrows on the diagram to show how the piece of rock, labelled R, moves.
(2) (c) Earthquakes occur when two tectonic plates move against each other.
Explain what causes the tectonic plates to move. You may draw a diagram if it helps your answer.
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(Total for Question = 10 marks) Q17.
Ultrasound from a fishing boat is used to find fish. (i) Which of these is correct for ultrasound waves?
Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1)
A ultrasound waves have a frequency above 20 000 Hz
B ultrasound waves have a frequency below 20 Hz
C ultrasound waves have a wavelength above 20 000 Hz
D ultrasound waves have a wavelength below 20 Hz
(ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The system that uses ultrasound to find fish is called
(1) A fibre optics
B satellite transmission
C sonar
D thermal imaging
(iii) The diagram shows a fishing boat above some fish.
Describe how ultrasound waves are used to detect the fish.
You may add to the diagram to help with your answer. (2)
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............................................................................................................................................. Q18. (a) Dolphins emit sounds at many different frequencies.
(i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
A dolphin can produce sounds with a frequency of more than 20 kHz. These sounds are called
(1)
A infrasound waves
B microwaves
C supersonic waves
D ultrasound waves
(ii) A dolphin is near to a group of fish.
Describe how a dolphin uses high frequency sound to locate the position of the fish.
You may add to the diagram to help with your answer. (3)
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............................................................................................................................................. (b) As a sound wave travels through water its amplitude gets smaller. This graph shows how the amplitude of different types of sound waves decreases as they travel through water.
Whales use sound to communicate over long distances. Explain which is the best type of sound wave for whales to use when communicating over long distances.
(2) .............................................................................................................................................
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(c) Geologists use sound waves from a small explosion to search for oil underground.
Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(i) These sound waves are called (1)
A cosmic waves
B seismic waves
C volcanic waves
D tectonic waves
(ii) A small explosion is triggered at the Earth's surface. The waves reflect back from the top of the oil field.
Suggest why the waves are reflected from the oil field. (1)
.............................................................................................................................................. (d) A wave has a frequency of 15 Hz. Its wavelength is 125 m.
Calculate the speed of the wave.
State the unit. (3)
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(Total for Question is 11 marks)
Q19. Ultrasound from a fishing boat is used to find fish. (a) (i) Which of these is correct for ultrasound waves? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1) A ultrasound waves have a frequency above 20 000 Hz
B ultrasound waves have a frequency below 20 Hz
C ultrasound waves have a wavelength above 20 000 Hz
D ultrasound waves have a wavelength below 20 Hz
(ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The system that uses ultrasound to find fish is called
(1) A fibre optics
B satellite transmission
C sonar
D thermal imaging
(iii) The diagram shows a fishing boat above some fish.
Describe how ultrasound waves are used to detect the fish.
You may add to the diagram to help with your answer. (2)
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............................................................................................................................................. (b) Some students are investigating waves. They produce waves by moving a piece of wood up and down in a tank of water. The diagram shows the waves over a distance of 60 cm.
(i) State the number of wavelengths shown on the diagram.
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.............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Calculate the wavelength of the waves.
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.............................................................................................................................................. (c) The students produce a different wave. This wave has a frequency of 1.7 Hz and a wavelength of 8.0 cm.
Calculate the speed of this wave. (2)
.............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 8 marks)
Q20. A light wave from a star has a frequency of 6.67 × 1014 Hz and a wavelength of 4.50 × 10−7 m.
The star is 4.00 × 1016 m away from Earth.
Calculate the time it takes light from the star to reach the Earth. (3)
time to reach Earth = ........................................................... s Q21. * Explain the differences between longitudinal and transverse waves. Your explanation should refer to ultraviolet, ultrasound and seismic waves.
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