OZONE BIOMONITORINGOZONE BIOMONITORINGIN PUNJAB, PAKISTANIN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Prof. Dr. S. Razi Abbas ShamsiProf. Dr. S. Razi Abbas Shamsi

Department of BotanyDepartment of BotanyUniversity of The Punjab, LahoreUniversity of The Punjab, Lahore

Project ParticipantsProject ParticipantsCEC sponsored contract (CII-CT90-0865)CEC sponsored contract (CII-CT90-0865)

InstitutionsInstitutions Punjab University Punjab University

Lahore, PakistanLahore, Pakistan

Imperial College Imperial College London, UKLondon, UK

Punjab Punjab Environmental Environmental Protection Agency, Protection Agency, Pakistan* Pakistan*

AB-DLO, Vestiging AB-DLO, Vestiging Wageningen, Wageningen, Centrum de Born, Centrum de Born, The NetherlandsThe Netherlands

Project LeadersProject Leaders Prof S.R.A.ShamsiProf S.R.A.Shamsi

Dr. M.R. AshmoreDr. M.R. Ashmore Prof J.N.B BellProf J.N.B Bell

Khalil-ur-RahmanKhalil-ur-Rahman

Dr. L van der EerdenDr. L van der Eerden

Scientific StaffScientific Staff U. KafayatU. Kafayat

R MaggsR Maggs

S.H.MalikS.H.Malik

OutlineOutline

Introduction to PakistanIntroduction to Pakistan EmissionsEmissions ImpactsImpacts Monitoring ApproachesMonitoring Approaches Assessment of OzoneAssessment of Ozone Discussion/ ConclusionsDiscussion/ Conclusions Future Research PrioritiesFuture Research Priorities

PAKISTANAn agrarian South Asian countryAn agrarian South Asian country803,943 sq. km803,943 sq. km

Population 150millionPopulation 150million

Rapid population growth• Urbanization • Industrialization• Transportation (motor

traffic)

Key StatisticsKey Statistics

EMISSIONSEMISSIONS SourcesSources

• Motor vehicles• Variety of industries

Primary pollutantsPrimary pollutantsNONOxx, SO, SO22, VOCs, CO, NH, VOCs, CO, NH33,, lead, smoke lead, smoke and and dustdust

Secondary pollutantsSecondary pollutantsOzone and PANOzone and PAN

• Production favored under Pakistan climatic conditionsProduction favored under Pakistan climatic conditions• a high number of sunshine hoursa high number of sunshine hours• high temperatureshigh temperatures• low humiditylow humidity• still airstill air

• Concentration Levels determined by • Prevailing wind direction• meteorological• other topographical conditions

LAHORELAHORE

Population: 7.65 million Population: 7.65 million

More than 800,000 More than 800,000 Registered automobilesRegistered automobiles

Automobile Exhaust Contribution (%)

75.2

50

92.8

100

89

18.7

0 20 40 60 80 100

33460 NO2

2518 SO2

246 CO

486 Ald

57570 VOC

4812 SPM

Automobile Exhaust Contribution (%)

Tons/anum

IMPACTSIMPACTS

Human HealthHuman Health Respiratory and cardiovascular ailmentsRespiratory and cardiovascular ailments Inflammatory and permeability responsesInflammatory and permeability responses Irritations to eyes, nose and throatIrritations to eyes, nose and throat Neuro-behavioural effectsNeuro-behavioural effects

PlantsPlants Ambient air pollution: an all pervasive phytotoxinAmbient air pollution: an all pervasive phytotoxin Large surface area of crops: a natural sink Large surface area of crops: a natural sink Chronic exposure: reduction in crop growth and yieldChronic exposure: reduction in crop growth and yield Acute exposure: visible symptoms (chlorosis & necrosis)Acute exposure: visible symptoms (chlorosis & necrosis)

Monitoring ApproachesMonitoring Approaches

BIOMONITORSBIOMONITORS Plants of high degree of sensitivity to specific pollutants

Expressed as an integrated impact over period ranging from days to weeks

Biomonitor sensitivity can be altered by• Wind speed• Relative humidity• Temperature

Provide initial information on pollutant effects in realistic situations: large areas can be surveyed at frequent intervals

Useful semi-quantitative measure- but not a direct measure of pollutant concentration, hence not capable of replacing continuous monitors

STATIC PHYSICO-CHEMICAL MONITORSSTATIC PHYSICO-CHEMICAL MONITORS

Involves passive molecular diffusion of gas along a tube to an efficient absorbing medium followed by colorimetric analysis (used for NO2 and also for SO2 and fluorides)

ASSESSMENT OF OZONEASSESSMENT OF OZONE

Biomonitoring Biomonitoring • With tobacco Bel-W3 plant and native tobacco With tobacco Bel-W3 plant and native tobacco

speciesspecies• Degree of leaf injury assessed weeklyDegree of leaf injury assessed weekly

Chemical MeasurementsChemical Measurements• bubbling Obubbling O33 through KI solution through KI solution

• Weekly measurements (1000-1600hrs)Weekly measurements (1000-1600hrs) NONO22 Measurements Measurements

• Using diffusion tubes to aid interpretation of OUsing diffusion tubes to aid interpretation of O33 data obtaineddata obtained

OO33 Screening of Native Cultivars Screening of Native Cultivars

Screened for OScreened for O33 sensitivity at sensitivity at 80nl/l of 8h per day for 7d80nl/l of 8h per day for 7d

KHG11, PBD6 & TI-1122 show KHG11, PBD6 & TI-1122 show some sensitivity, none as some sensitivity, none as sensitive as Bel-W3sensitive as Bel-W3

KHG-11 included at one site for KHG-11 included at one site for comparison of its behaviour comparison of its behaviour with Bel-W3 for its suitability as with Bel-W3 for its suitability as biomonitoring under field biomonitoring under field conditions.conditions.

SELECTION OF SITESSELECTION OF SITES   

Site name 1993 1994 Description

Rang Mahal Yes - Old city centre (walled city) with limited vehicular access but surrounded by severely congested roads.

Engineering University

Yes Yes Immediate suburb of the walled city with major through roads. 1 km east of the old city centre.

Balal Ganj Yes - Immediate suburb of the walled city with major through roads. 1km west of the old city centre.

Cantonment Yes Yes Modern, open suburb approximately 6 km. south-east of the city centre.

Punjab University Yes Yes Modern, open suburb approximately 6-7 km. south of the city centre.

Rakh Dera Chahl Yes Yes Rural field station some 30 km east of the city centre.

Village Batth Yes - Small rural village 25-30 km. north-west of the city centre.

Experimental Set UpExperimental Set Up

Bilal Ganj1Km W (imm. Suburb)

Punjab Univ.6-7Km S (suburb)

Eng. Univ.1Km East (imm. suburb)

Rang MahalCity Centre

Village Bath30Km NW (rural)

Cantonment6km SE (imm. suburb)

Rakh D. Jhal30 km E (rural)

Growth Room cultivated, 7 wk old tobacco Bel-W3 Growth Room cultivated, 7 wk old tobacco Bel-W3 and KHG-11 plants were exposed to ambient air in and KHG-11 plants were exposed to ambient air in the field for two weeks in cages partly covered by the field for two weeks in cages partly covered by garden netting for protection from high light garden netting for protection from high light intensity and to minimize water stress.intensity and to minimize water stress.

Damage AssessmentDamage Assessment Study carried over two yearsStudy carried over two years

• 22Apr- 6 Jun, 22Apr- 6 Jun, 19931993 (3 batches) (3 batches)• 19 Mar- 11 Jun, 19 Mar- 11 Jun, 19941994 (6 batches) (6 batches)

Each batch replaced by new Each batch replaced by new one after two week exposureone after two week exposure

Assessment on percentage Assessment on percentage flecking on each leaf of the flecking on each leaf of the plant on 0, 7 and 14dplant on 0, 7 and 14d

Changes in percentage leaf Changes in percentage leaf injury (each time) used to injury (each time) used to calculate leaf injury index calculate leaf injury index (Ashmore, 1980)(Ashmore, 1980)

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

ResultsResults

No leaf injury on KHG-11 plants throughout the study No leaf injury on KHG-11 plants throughout the study period at rural site (93 & 94) and sub-urban site period at rural site (93 & 94) and sub-urban site (1994 only)(1994 only)

Local cultivar not sufficiently sensitive under field Local cultivar not sufficiently sensitive under field conditions to be used as biomonitor of Ozone in conditions to be used as biomonitor of Ozone in PakistanPakistan

Characteristic Ozone flecking on sensitive tobacco Characteristic Ozone flecking on sensitive tobacco Bel-W3Bel-W3

Biological monitors produce an integrated Biological monitors produce an integrated assessment of the impacts of elevated O3 levels over assessment of the impacts of elevated O3 levels over time.time.

Intensity and coloration of flecks determined by Intensity and coloration of flecks determined by periods of high levels of Ozoneperiods of high levels of Ozone

Results not directly comparable to those by chemical Results not directly comparable to those by chemical measurements (made only on one day/week and only measurements (made only on one day/week and only for a period of six hours in that day.)for a period of six hours in that day.)

Bel-W3KHG-11 Bel-W3

ResultsResults

Summary of Mean Pollutant Concentrations & Leaf Summary of Mean Pollutant Concentrations & Leaf Injury Indices in Bel-w3 (93 & 94)Injury Indices in Bel-w3 (93 & 94)

Seasonal mean NOSeasonal mean NO22 concentrations; highest in city concentrations; highest in city centres and minimum with drastic reductions in rural centres and minimum with drastic reductions in rural areas and suburbs in between. Values of 1993 study areas and suburbs in between. Values of 1993 study higher than in 1994higher than in 1994

Consistent and inverse relationship between OConsistent and inverse relationship between O33 and and NONO22 at each site at each site

• explained partly due to scavenging reaction explained partly due to scavenging reaction between O3 and NObetween O3 and NO

NO + ONO + O33 NO NO22 + O + O22

• City Centre with high NO emissions; substantial City Centre with high NO emissions; substantial amount of Ozone reacts with NO with amount of Ozone reacts with NO with corresponding increase in NOcorresponding increase in NO22 levels levels

Seasonal mean OSeasonal mean O33 concentrations concentrations• Gradual increase from city centre to rural sites Gradual increase from city centre to rural sites

both in 93 and 94both in 93 and 94• Considerable difference between sites with a Considerable difference between sites with a

range of around 20 nl/l across the sites in 93 range of around 20 nl/l across the sites in 93 and 15 nl/l in 94and 15 nl/l in 94

• Such difference is sufficient to substantially alter Such difference is sufficient to substantially alter biological impacts and mean leaf injury indexbiological impacts and mean leaf injury index

• Close correlation between biomonitoring and Close correlation between biomonitoring and chemical monitoring resultschemical monitoring results

city centre

outer city

suburbs

rural

ResultsResults

Substantial variation from week to Substantial variation from week to week in Oweek in O33 levels during 93 and 94 levels during 93 and 94 with corresponding variations in with corresponding variations in temperaturetemperature

Lowest OLowest O33 concentrations coincided concentrations coincided with the lowest mid day temperatures with the lowest mid day temperatures and the highest on days of high and the highest on days of high temperaturetemperature

Ozone formation also depend on light Ozone formation also depend on light intensity. After winter months light intensity. After winter months light intensity also increases during March intensity also increases during March and April reaching a maximum during and April reaching a maximum during June and July accompanied by high June and July accompanied by high temperatures.temperatures.

Less variation in OLess variation in O33 levels at Urban levels at Urban sites when compared with rural sites in sites when compared with rural sites in 1993 in contrast to that in 1994 due to 1993 in contrast to that in 1994 due to wider range of temperatures during wider range of temperatures during the period of study, but the trend was the period of study, but the trend was still the same.still the same.

Temporal Variations of OTemporal Variations of O33 and its relationship with mid and its relationship with mid day temperature for rural suburban and city centre sitesday temperature for rural suburban and city centre sites

Discussion/ ConclusionsDiscussion/ Conclusions Significance Significance

• VegetationVegetation• HumanHuman

Critical level to prevent a yield loss of 10% in wheat is based on cumulative exposure Critical level to prevent a yield loss of 10% in wheat is based on cumulative exposure above 40nl/l during daylight hours over a 3-month growing period at a value of this above 40nl/l during daylight hours over a 3-month growing period at a value of this parameter 5300nl/l-hour.parameter 5300nl/l-hour.

Comparison difficult with our data as measurements made on a limited number of Comparison difficult with our data as measurements made on a limited number of days for a period of 6 hours only.days for a period of 6 hours only.

However (except city centre sites) OHowever (except city centre sites) O33 concentrations during both the years, above concentrations during both the years, above 60nl/l on every measurement day from mid April to mid June. This concentration for 6 60nl/l on every measurement day from mid April to mid June. This concentration for 6 hours per day over 3 months would give a value of cumulative exposure above 40nl/l hours per day over 3 months would give a value of cumulative exposure above 40nl/l of 10800nl/l-h, over double the critical level for effects on crop yield.of 10800nl/l-h, over double the critical level for effects on crop yield.

At rural sites concentrations exceed 60nl/l with likelihood of elevated O3 levels for a At rural sites concentrations exceed 60nl/l with likelihood of elevated O3 levels for a period longer than 6 hrs / day. period longer than 6 hrs / day.

This conservative calculation only illustrative; the potential for large adverse effects This conservative calculation only illustrative; the potential for large adverse effects of ambient air pollution clearly demonstrated by 30-45% yield reductions of local of ambient air pollution clearly demonstrated by 30-45% yield reductions of local cultivars of wheat and rice in an air filtration study at the University of the Punjab, cultivars of wheat and rice in an air filtration study at the University of the Punjab, Lahore.Lahore.

Discussion/ ConclusionsDiscussion/ Conclusions Highest OHighest O33 concentration levels in rural areas (as indicated concentration levels in rural areas (as indicated

by both chemical measurements and biomonitoring) with by both chemical measurements and biomonitoring) with greatest potential impact on agricultural production.greatest potential impact on agricultural production.

All the air quality standards used in the assessment are All the air quality standards used in the assessment are based on studies in Europe and North America; It should not based on studies in Europe and North America; It should not be assumed that these are applicable to Pakistan as well- be assumed that these are applicable to Pakistan as well- hence comparison rather unrealistic.hence comparison rather unrealistic.

Future Research PrioritiesFuture Research Priorities More detailed information on the spatial and temporal More detailed information on the spatial and temporal

distribution over wider agriculturally important areas vitaldistribution over wider agriculturally important areas vital Ozone is the most important pollutant in rural areasOzone is the most important pollutant in rural areas Measurements made over a limited period, only at two sites Measurements made over a limited period, only at two sites

within 60km of Lahore in this Pakistanwithin 60km of Lahore in this Pakistan

Tobacco monitors may prove to be simple, effective and Tobacco monitors may prove to be simple, effective and rapid method in these assessmentsrapid method in these assessments