OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE Pharmacology, Mathematical Studies, and Neonatology

ADV ANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY

Editorial Board:

Nathan Back

N. R. Di Luzio

Alfred Gellhorn

Bernard Halpern

Ephraim Katchalski

David Kritchevsky

Abel Lajtha

Rodolfo Paoletti

Volume 1

Chairman, Department 0/ Biochemical Pharmacology, School 0/ Pharmacy, State University 0/ New York, Buffalo, New York

Chairman, Department 0/ Physiology, Tulane University School 0/ Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana

University 0/ Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

College de France, Director 0/ the Institute 0/ Immuno·Biology, Paris, France

Department 0/ Biophysics, The Weizmann Institute 0/ Science, Rehovoth, Israel

Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

New York State Research Institute for Neurochemistry and Drug Addiction, Ward's Island, New York

Institute 0/ Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University 0/ Milan, Milan,ltaly

THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS Edited by N. R. Di Luzio and R. Paoletti· 1967

Volume 2 PHARMACOLOGY OF HORMONAL POLYPEPTIDES AND PROTEINS

Edited by N. Back, L. Martini, and R. Paoletti· 1968

Volume 3 GERM·FREE BIOLOGY: Experimental and Clinical Aspects

Edited by E. A. Mirand and N. Back· 1969

Volume 4 DRUGS AFFECTING LIPID METABOLISM

Edited by W. L. Holmes, L. A. Carlson, and R. Paoletti· 1969

VolumeS LYMPHATIC TISSUE AND GERMINAL CENTERS IN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Edited by L. Fiore·Donati and M. G. Hanna, Jr .• 1969

Volume 6 RED CELL METABOLISM AND FUNCTION

Edited by George J. Brewer· 1970

Volume 7 SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Edited by Martin Blank· 1970

Volume 8 BRADYKININ AND RELATED KININS: Cardiovascular, Biochemical, and Neural Actions

Edited by F. Sicuteri, M. Rocha e Silva, and N. Back· 1970

Volume 9 SHOCK: Biochemical, Pharmacological, and Clinical Aspects

Edited by A. Bertelli and N. Back· 1970

Volume 10 THE HUMAN TESTIS

Edited by E. Rosemberg and C. A. Paulsen· 1970

Volume 1l MUSCLE METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE

Edited by B. Pernow and B. Saltin • 1971

Volume 12 MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF IMMUNITY

Edited by K. Lindahl·Kiessling, G. AIm, and M. G. Hanna, Jr .• 1971

Volume 13 CHEMISTRY AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

Edited by R. Paoletti and A. N. Davison· 1971

Volume 14 MEMBRANE·BOUND ENZYMES

Edited by G. Porcellati and F. di Jeso • 1971

Volume 15 THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM AND IMMUNE PHENOMENA

Edited by N. R. Di Luzio and K. Flemming· 1971

Volume 16A THE ARTERY AND THE PROCESS OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: Pathogenesis

Edited by Stewart Wolf • 1971

Volume 16B THE ARTERY AND THE PROCESS OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: Measurement and Modification

Edited by Stewart Wolf • 1971

Volume 17 CONTROL OF RENIN SECRETION

Edited by Tatiana A. Assaykeen • 1972

Volume 18 THE DYNAMICS OF MERISTEM CELL POPULATIONS

Edited by Morton W. Miller and Charles C. Kuehnert • 1972

Volume 19 SPHINGOLIPIDS, SPHINGOLIPIDOSES AND ALLIED DISORDERS

Edited by Bruno W. Volk and Stanley M. Aronson· 1972

Volume 20 DRUG ABUSE: Nonmedical Use of Dependence·Producing Drugs

Edited by Simon Btesh • 1972

Volume 21 V ASOPEPTIDES: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Pathophysiology

Edited by N. Back and F. Sicuteri • 1972

Volume 22 COMPARATIVE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES

Edited by Colin M. Bloor· 1972

Volume 23 THE FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS OF SHOCK

Edited by Lerner B. Hinshaw and Barbara G. Cox· 1972

Volume 24 THE VISUAL SYSTEM: Neurophysiology, Biophysics, and Their Clinical Applications

Edited by G. B. Arden· 1972

Volume 25 GLYCOLIPIDS, GLYCOPROTEINS, AND MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Edited by Vittorio Zambotti, Guido Tellamanti, and Mariagrazia Arrigoni· 1972

Volume 26 PHARMACOLOGICAL CONTROL OF LIPID METABOLISM

Edited by William L. Holmes, Rodolfo Paoletti, and David Kritchevsky· 1972

Volume 27 DRUGS AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT

Edited by M. A. Klingberg, A. Abramovici, and.J. Chemke • 1973

Volume 28 HEMOGLOBIN AND RED CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Edited by George J. Brewer· 1972

Volume 29 MICROENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF IMMUNITY

Edited by Branislav D. Jankovic and Katarina Isakovic' 1972

Volume 30 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE THYROID GLAND: Relation to Endemic Cretinism

Edited by J. B. Stanbury and R. L. Kroc • 1972

Volume 31 IMMUNITY IN VIRAL AND RICKETTSIAL DISEASES

Edited by A. Kohn and M. A. Klingberg· 1973

Volume 32 FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL PROTEINS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Edited by A. N. Davison, P. Mandel, and I. G. Morgan' 1972

Volume 33 NEUROHUMORAL AND METABOLIC ASPECTS OF INJURY

Edited by A. G. B. Kovach, H. B. Stoner, and J. J. Spitzer' 1972

Volume 34 PLATELET FUNCTION AND THROMBOSIS: A Review of Methods

Edited by P. M. Mannucci and S. Gorini • 1972

Volume 35 ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AND WITHDRAWAL: Experimental Studies

Edited by Milton M. Gross' 1973

Volume 36 RECEPTORS FOR REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

Edited by Bert W. O'Malley and Anthony R. Means' 1973

Volume 37A OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE: Instrumentation, Methods, and Physiology

Edited by Haim I. Bicher and Duane F. Bruley' 1973

Volume 37B OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE: Pharmacology, Mathematical Studies, and Neonatology

Edited by Duane F. Bruley and Haim I. Bicher • 1973

Volume 38 HUMAN HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIAS: Principles and Methods

Edited by R. Fumagalli, G. Ricci, and S. Gorini • 1973

Volume 39 CURRENT TOPICS IN CORONARY RESEARCH

Edited by Colin M. Bloor and Ray A. Olsson· 1973

Volume 40 METAL IONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: Studies of Some Biochemical and Environmental Problems

Edited by Sanat K. Dhar' 1973

Volume 41A PURINE METABOLISM IN MAN: Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways

Edited by O. Sperling, A. De Vries, and J. B. Wyngaarden - 1973

Volume 41B PURINE METABOLISM IN MAN: Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Uric Acid Metabolism

Edited by O. Sperling, A. De Vries, and J. B. Wyngaarden -1973

OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE Pharmacology, Mathematical Studies, and Neonatology

Edited by

Duane F. Bruley Professor of Chemical Engineering Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina

and

Haim I. Bicher Associate Professor of Pharmacology University of Arkansas Medical Center Little Rock, Arkansas

PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK-LONDON

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

International Symposium on Oxygen Transport to Tissue, Medical University of South Carolina and Clemson University, 1973.

Oxygen transport to tissue.

(Advances in experimental medicine and biology, v. 37A·B) Editors' names in reverse order in v. 2. Sponsored by American Microcirculation Society and European Microcircu­

lation Society. Includes bibliographies. CONTENTS: [I] Instrumentation, methods, and physiology.-[2] Pharmacol­

ogy, mathematical studies, and neonatology. 1. Tissue respiration-Congresses. 2. Biological transport-Congresses. 3.

Microcirculation-Congresses. I. Bicher, Haim I., ed. II. Bruley, Duane F., ed. III. American Microcirculation Society. IV. European Microcirculation Society. V. Title. VI. Series. [DNLM: 1. Biological transport-Congresses. 2. Oxygen­Blood-Congresses. WI AD599 v. 37 1973 I QV3I2 16130 1973] QP121.A1I56 1973 599'.01 '24 73·13821

ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5091-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5089-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5089-7

The second half of the International Symposium on Oxygen Transport to Tissue held in Charleston-Clemson, South Carolina, April 22.28, 1973

© 1973 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 1001l

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1973

United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NWIO 6SE, England

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher

HOSTS

SPONSORS

SUPPORT

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON

OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE

MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA Charleston, South Carolina

CLEMSON UNIVERSITY Clemson, South Carolina

AMERICAN MICROCIRCULATION SOCIETY

EUROPEAN MICROCIRCULATION SOCIETY

MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA CLEMSON UNIVERSITY

SCHERING CORPORATION CIBA-GEIGY

INTERNATIONAL BIOPHYSICS ,CORPORATION MEDISCIENCE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION

BRISTOL LABORATORIES BURROUGHS WELCOME

TRANSIDYNE GENERAL CORPORATION SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

DAAD and DFG (GERMAN SCIENTIFIC AGENCIES)

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY

OF

OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE

PAST PRESIDENT - DR. MELVIN H. KNISELY, CHARLESTON, U.S.A. PRESIDENT-ELECT - DR. GERHARD THEWS, MAINZ, GERMANY SECRETARY - DR. HAIM I. BICHER, LITTLE ROCK, U.S.A. TREASURER - DR. IAN A. SILVER, BRISTOL, ENGLAND

MEMBERS - INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE

DR. HERBERT J. BERMAN, BOSTON, U.S.A. DR. DUANE F. BRULEY, CLEMSON, U.S.A. DR. BRITTON CHANCE, PHILADELPHIA, U.S.A. DR. LELAND C. CLARK, JR., CINCINNATI, U.S.A. DR. LARS-ERIK GELIN, GOTEBORG, SWEDEN

" DR. JURGEN GROTE, MAINZ, GERMANY DR. MANFRED KESSLER, DORTMUND, GERMANY

" DR. DIETRICH W. LUBBERS, DORTMUND, GERMANY DR. DANIEL D. RENEAU, RUSTON, U.S.A. DR. JOSE STRAUSS, MIAMI, U.S.A. DR. WILLIAM J. WHALEN, CLEVELAND, U.S.A.

PREFACE

It can honestly be said that the scope and magnitude of this meeting surpassed initial expectations with respect to the number and quality of the papers presented. Our group has grown since we last met in Dortmund in 1971. This is a good indication that a spiraling of our interests has taken place with the effects of the initial good work felt, not just in one corner of the globe, but in all four. With such a start, it was only appropriate that an international society was formed at the meeting to further coordinate our mutual undertaking. Henceforth it shall be known as the International Society of Oxygen Transport to Tissue.

A final note of acknowledgement should be made to those who were in the supporting cast, not only in making the meeting in Charleston and Clemson a success, but also in the compiling of this book. Gratitude is due to Dr. Daniel H. Hunt for his efforts, the end product of which you have in your hands. Considerable service was rendered by Mr. Robert J. Adams, Mr. Buddy Bell and Mr. Nathan Kaufman during the symposium itself. Much typing, organizing and record keeping was done by our lovely secretaries, Laura B. Grove, Muff Graham and Kaye Y. Zook.

Haim I. Bicher, MD, PhD

Duane F. Bruley, PhD

June, 1973

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 (VOLUME 37B)

Contents of Volume 1

Session III - THE PHARMACOLOGY OF IMPROVING

OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE

Blood Cell Aggregation and Pulmonary Embolism . . . . .

John W. Irwin

xix

637

Sludged Blood, Human Disease and Chemotherapy . . . . . . .. 641 Edward H. Bloch

Intravascular Aggregation of Blood Cells and Tissue Metabolic Defects

Lars-Erik Gelin

Anti-Adhesive Drugs and Tissue Oxygenation H. I. Bicher, D. F. Bruley, and M. H. Knisely

Oxygen Transport and Tissue Oxygenation During Hemodilution with Dextran

K. Messmer, L. Gornandt, F. Jesch, E. Sinagowitz, L. Sunder-Plassmann, and M. Kessler

Platelet Aggregates Induced by Red Blood Cell Injury . . . . . . ~

Mary P. Wiedeman

Recent Advances in the Preparation and Use of Perfluorodecalin Emulsions for Tissue Perfusion . . . . . . . .

Leland C. Clark, Jr., Samuel Kaplan, Fernando Becattini, and Virginia Obrock

xi

647

657

669

681

687

xii CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2

Pharmacological Stimulation of Red Blood Cell Metabolism for High Altitude Preadaptation . . . . . . . • . . .

Lorna Grindlay Moore, George J. Brewer, Fred J. Oelshlegel, Jr., and Andrew M. Rose

Catecholamine Metabolism and Digital Circulation after Histamine and Its Analogue . . . . .

Nosrat Eric Naftchi, Milton Mendlowitz, Stefan Racoceanu, and Edward W. Lowman

Augmentation of Tissue Oxygen by Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide

Bert Myers and William Donovan

In Vitro Respiration of Ischemic Skin from ------- Amputated Human Legs

John S. Sierocki, Theodore Rosett, Raymond Penneys, and Douglas J. Pappajohn

Altering Diffusion Rates . . . . . John L. Gainer and Guy M. Chisolm III

Discussion of Session III

Session IV - MATHEMATICAL STUDIES OF TISSUE OXYGENATION

PART A

Mathematical Considerations for Oxygen Transport to Tissue: Introductory Paper

Duane F. Bruley

Geometric Considerations in Modeling Oxygen Transport Processes in Tissue . . . . . . . . .

Hermann Metzger

Capillary-Tissue Exchange Kinetics: Diffusional Interactions between Adjacent Capillaries .....

Carl A. Goresky and Harry L. Goldsmith

Computer Calculation for Tissue Oxygenation and the Meaningful Presentation of the Results .............. .

W. Grunewald

693

699

713

717

729

733

749

761

773

783

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2

Stochastic versus Deterministic Models of Oxygen Transport in the Tissue 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ro Wodick

Existing Anatomical Parameters and the Need for Further Determinations for Various Tissue Structures 0 0 0

Isabel Lockard

Mathematical Analysis of Oxygen Transport to Tissue in the Human 0 0 0 0

Eugene Ho Wissler

A Mathematical Model of the Unsteady Transport of Oxygen to Tissues in the Microcirculation

John Eo Fletcher

Simplifying the Description of Tissue Oxygenation 0 0 0 0 0

Eo No Lightfoot

A Simplified Model of the Oxygen Supply Function of Capillary Blood Flow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

William Ao Hyman

Oxygen Transport in the Human Brain -Analytical Solutions 0 0 0 0 0

Richard Ro Stewart and Catherine Ao Morrazzi

Calculation of Concentration Profiles of Excess Acid in Human Brain Tissue During Conditions of Partial Anoxia 0 0 0 0 0 0

Daniel Do Reneau and Larry Lo Lafitte

Simulating Myocardium Oxygen Dynamics 0 0

Duane Fo Bruley, Daniel Ho Hunt, Haim 10 Bicher, and Melvin Ho Knisely

Numerical Solutions of Blood Flow in the Entrance of a Tube 0 0 0 0

Vo Lo Shah and Ro Soto

Discussion of Session IV -

xiii

793

803

813

819

827

835

843

849

859

867

Part A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 873

xiv CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2

Session IV - MATHEMATICAL STUDIES OF TISSUE OXYGENATION

PART B

Distributed Model Solution Techniques for Capillary-Tissue Systems

Daniel H. Hunt, Duane F. Bruley, Haim I. Bicher, and Melvin H. Knisely

Heterogeneous Models of Oxygen Transport in Tissue Slices . . . . .

Ronald C. Tai and Hsin-kang Chang

Mathematical Modelling of the Cornea and an Experimental Application .

Ernest L. Roetman and Ronald E. Barr

Instrumentation and Control Techniques for Dynamic Response Experiments in Living Tissue . . . . .

B. A. Bogue and W. J. Dorson, Jr.

Oxygen Transport in Skeletal Muscle: How Many Blood Capillaries Surround Each Fibre? ........ .

A. C. Groom and M. J. Plyley

Filtering and Prediction of Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption for ~a~~en~ MonlLorlng

P. David Wilson

Computer Analysis of Automatically Recorded Oxygen Dissociation Curves

Bruce F. Cameron

A Polygonal Approximation for Unsteady State Diffusion of Oxygen into Hemoglobin Solutions ..

R. L. Curl and J. S. Schultz

Gaseous Transport in Hemoglobin Solutions George C. Frazier and S. E. Shumate II

Mechanochemical Pumping as an Adjunct to Diffusion in Oxygen Transport . . . . . . . .

H. G. Clark and W. D. Smith

887

891

897

903

911

917

923

929

937

945

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2

An Analysis of the Competitive Diffusion of O2 and CO through Hemoglobin Solutions • . . • • . • • •

S. R. Suchdeo, J. D. Goddard, and J. S. Schultz

Oxygen Mass Transfer Rates in Intact Red Blood Cells . . . . .

B'. H. Chang, M. Fleischman, and C. E. Miller

Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase on the Facilitated Diffusion of CO 2 through Bicarbonate Solutions

Shyam Suchdeo and Jerome S. Schultz

Modeling the Coronary Circulation: Implications in the Pathogenesis of Sudden Death . . . . . .

R. J. Gordon, W. Jape Taylor, and Harvey Tritel

Discussion of Session IV -Part B

Session V - OXYGEN TRANSPORT PROBLEMS IN NEONATOLOGY

Subsession: Placental Oxygen Transfer

Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Oxygen Transport Problems in Fetal Systems: Introductory Paper.

Daniel D. Reneau

Microphotometry for Determining the Reaction Rate of O2 and CO with Red Blood Cells in the Chorioallantoic Capillary .

Masaji Mochizuki, Hiroshi Tazawa, and Tsukasa Ono

Mathematical Analysis of Combined Placental-Fetal Oxygen

xv

951

963

969

975

983

995

997

Transport .•••. . ......... 1007 Eric J. Guilbeau and Daniel D. Reneau

Placental Function and Oxygenation in the Fetus • . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 1017

Waldemar Moll

xvi CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2

Morphological Determinants in 02-Transfer across the Human and Rhesus Hemochorial Placenta . • • • • . • . • . • • • • • 1027

Uwe E. Freese

Umbilical and Uterine Venous P02 in Different Species During Late Gestation and Parturition .....•.... 1041

M. Silver and R. S. Comline

Threshold Values of Oxygen Deficiency Leading to Cardiovascular and Brain Pathological Changes in Term Monkey Fetuses ..... . . . . . • . . . 1047

Ronald E. Myers

Placental Oxygen Gradients Due to Diffusion and Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . . . 1055

Robert A. B. Holland

Experimental Models for in vivo and in vitro Investigations on Placental Hemodynamics and Oxygen Supply to the Fetus . . . . . . . . . • . . 1061

Maurice Panigel

Material Alkalosis and Fetal Oxygenation . . • . • • . . . • 1067 John H. G. Rankin

Oxygen Carrying Capacity During Favic Crises •

P. M. Taylor, L. G. Morphis, and K. Manda1enaki

Discussion of Subsession: Placental Oxygen Transfer

• ••........ 1075

.••••••••.•. 1083

Subsession: Oxygen Monitoring

Measurement of Oxygen in the Newborn Jose Strauss, Anthony V. Beran, and Rex Baker

Oxygen Monitoring of Newborns by Skin Electrodes. Correlation between Arterial and Cutaneously

• • • . • • • 1089

Determined p02 .. • • . . • . • . • . . . • 1097 Patrick Eberhard, WOlfgang Mindt, Franz Jann, and Konrad Hammacher

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 xvii

A Unique Electrode Catheter for Continuous Monitoring of Arterial Blood Oxygen Tension in Newborn Infants . . . . . . . . . 1103

Edwin G. Brown, Chung C. Liu, Francis E. McDonnell, Michael R. Neuman, and Avron Y. Sweet

Laboratory and Clinical Evaluation of a New Indwelling Oxygen Electrode for Continuous Monitoring of Pa02 in Neonates . . . . . . .. ......... 1109

Thomas R. Harris and Michael Nugent

Continuous Intravascular P0 2 Measurements with Catheter and Cannula Electrodes in Newborn Infants, Adults and Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113

Albert Huch, Dietrich W. Lubbers, and Renate Huch

Routine Monitoring of the Arterial P02 of Newborn Infants by Continuous Registration of Transcutaneous P02 and Simultaneous Control of Relative Local Perfusion . . . . . . . . . . 1121

Renate Huch, Dietrich W. Lubbers, and Albert Huch

Clinical Experiences with Clamp Electrodes in Fetal Scalp for Simultaneous p02 and ECG - Registration ......... 1129

W. Erdmann, S. Kunke, J. Heidenreich, W. Dempsey, H. Gunther, and H. Schafer

Discussion of Subsession: Oxygen Monitoring 1135

General Discussion of Session V 1137

Index . 1145