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p=U QO =yQw@vR |xDUO |R=Uxv}y@ s=v =@ R}v |}xv=OvtWwy w O}OH OQm} wQ"CU= Ca}@] QO |ak=w |=yQw@vR Q=DiQ R= xDiQos=yr= xm 'CU= xOW |iQat 2005xOw@ (MAX-W-SAT � xv}W}@ |vRw u}t-=D |xr�Ut |=Q@ |O=yvW}B sD} Qwor=Q=m x@ |Y}YND Qy =@ |vRw \wQW R= |}xawtHt uwQO QO =Q u; u=wD|t xm 'CU='CU= xOW xU}=kt |Q=mD@==Qi |=ysD} Qwor= Q}=U =@ QwmPt sD} Qwor= OQmrta "CiQo

[5]"OQ=O |O=yvW}B sD} Qwor= |QDQ@ R= u=Wv u; |xH}Dv xm|=yxm@W VRwt; |=Q@ |awvYt Qw@vR |vwrm sD} Qwor= R}v 2007 p=U QO =ow@=Q=mC}r=ail} '|awvYt|@Ya |xm@W VRwt; "CU= xOW|L=Q] x}PeDV}B|@YaQO |@Ya |xm@W l} R= |}xawtHt uOQm =O}B w wHDUH C}@ wr]t =@ |R=Uxv}y@|Y}=kv 'xv}tR u}= QO|t}Ok w|DvU |=ysD} Qwor= "OwW|t ?wULt|WRwt; Ov}=QiQO wQ u}= R= "OvQ=O |D=@U=Lt |=y|oO}J}B w |rLt |xv}y@ QO uO=Di=s=O x@ Ovv=t`iQ Qw_vtx@ |@Ya |=yxm@W VRwt; |=Q@ |rt=mD |=ysD} Qwor= 'QwmPt VywSBxOWQWDvt swUQt |=yVwQ =@ sD} Qwor= OQmrta "CU= xOW xO=iDU= xOQ@s=v X}=kvOQwt 'CU= xOWxDN=vW|rt=mD |=ysD} Qwor= R=|m} xm 'l}DvS sD} Qwor= u}vJty w'xOW|L=Q] ABC sD} Qwor= xm CU= xO=O u=Wv C=@U=Lt G}=Dv w xDiQo Q=Qk T=}k

[6]"CU= xDW=O =Q Q_vOQwt |xr�Ut Q@ R}t;C}kiwt p=ta= |}=v=wDpUaQw@vR |@=}=Pe pOt R= u; QO xm CU= xOW x�=Q= |a}O@ OQm} wQ '2006 p=U QO|Ov@u=tR w |R} Qxt=vQ@ |xr�Ut pL '|O=yvW}B pOt hOy "CU= xOW xO=iDU=|r=wDt X}YND uDi=} x@ hw]at O} QN |R} Qxt=vQ@ |xr�Ut "CU= xOw@ O} QN |=Q@"CU= xOQm|t xv}y@ =Q XwYNx@ hOy `@=D l} xm 'CU= xOw@ |D@=kQ `@=vt R==@ w uwtR; O} QN |R} Qxt=vQ@ R= xvwtv |xr�Ut 82 |wQ Q@ QwmPt sD} Qwor= OQmrtapY=L G}=Dv "CU= xOW T=}k xawvtt |wHDUH sD} Qwor= w xJQwt |vwrm sD} Qwor=QDy@ xOWu=wva |xv}tR QO xawvtt |wHDUH sD} Qwor= OQmrta xm CU= u; Qou=}@'Qo}O |wU R= "CU= xOw@ QDy@ ?D=Qt x@ C=@U=Lt u=tR R}v w Qo}O sD} Qwor= wO R=Qy |=Q@ C=@U=Lt u=tR w xOQm pta xJQwt sD} Qwor= R= QDy@ |tm Qw@vR sD} Qwor=

[7]"CU= xOw@ x@=Wt wO|awvYt Qw@vR|vwrm sD} Qwor= QO|rQDvm |=yQDt=Q=B R=|m} '=yQw@vRC}atH |xR=Ov=QDt=Q=B u}= Q}F-=D |wQ Q@ |D=ar=]t '2008 p=U QO xm |Qw]x@ 'OvwW|t ?wULtVR=Q@ Ow@y@ |wQ Q@ xm |}xU}=kt T=U=Q@ "CU= xOW s=Hv= sD} Qwor= OQmrta QOV}=Ri= xm Ov=xO}UQ xH}Dv u}= x@ =yu; 'CU= xDiQo CQwY sD} Qwor= R= s=o Qy QO=yu; O=yvW}B "CU= QF-wt sD} Qwor= OQmrta QO |YNWt Q=Okt =D C}atH |xR=Ov=CaQU x@ u=wD|t QwmPt |xR=@ QO xm 'CU= 100 =D 50 C}atH |xR=Ov= R= xO=iDU=u; w[wt u}= p}qO R= |m} "Ci=} CUO =yMU=B |=Q@ |@U=vt w pw@kp@=k |}=QosysD} Qwor= l} QO xm CU= xOW XNWt sD} Qwor= |=ys=o O=OaD |UQQ@ =@ xm CU=

[8]"CU= s=o Qy <=R= x@ `@=D |@=} RQ= x@ |QDW}@ R=}v 'O=} R C}atH |xR=Ov= =@|vwrm s=v =@ xDi=}<=kDQ= |awvYt Qw@vR |vwrm |R=Uxv}y@ sD} Qwor= l} u}vJtyO=yvW}B 2009 p=U QO |OOa |R=Uxv}y@ p�=Ut pL |=Q@ |rt=aD |awvYt Qw@vRC=YDNt |wU x@ s}kDUt CmQL |=Q@ u=@xO}O |=yQw@vR u; QO xm 'CU= xOW|vwrm sD} Qwor= QO u; VR=Q@ Q}O=kt w |L=Q] 'QoQ=m Qw@vR |wU R= xOWXNWt'u}=Q@=v@ "CU= xOW |@=} RQ= C=@U=Lt |oO}J}B Vy=m =@ |rY= |awvYt Qw@vRu}vJty "CU= xOW OwOLt xk]vt l} QO \ki ABC sD} Qwor= |wHDUH C}iQ_Q}F-=D w �uDw}v Vv=Qo uwv=k� |QU=QU Vv=Qo |xO}= '|O=yvW}B |xDi=}<=kDQ= sD} Qwor=`@=D GvB "CU= xOQm |iQat =Q u=@xO}O |=yQw@vR w QoQ=m |=yQw@vR Q=DiQ u}@=t u;

17

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@=}RQ=Oa@ |[} waD O}Ov=m u=tm wO R= u=tm l} pw] smCUO O}=@ 'OwW |QDx=Dwm QwO x@

u=wvax@ u=tm l} CU= Q=Qk Qo = 'Qo}O CQ=@ax@ "Ovm =O}B Vy=m2-opt p=ta= R=xm OwW Z} waD |}=yu=tm =@ \ki O}=@ 'OwW ?=NDv= QwO pw] Vy=m |=Q@ |v=tmx@ O}=@ '|@=NDv= u=tm pw] x@ |a=aW QO TB "OW=@ QDx=Dwm QwmPt u=tm R= =yu; pw]Vrw] ,=tDL 'OW pYw x]kv u; x@ w hPL QwmPt u=tm x=oQy xm Ow@ |]=kv p=@vO

[18]"OwW QDx=Dwm

Ci=} QO w p}wLD =@ x}rkv |xr}Uw |@=} Q}Ut |xr�Ut "3q=m u=tRsy

Cr=L l} 'q=m u=tRsy Ci=} QO w p} wLD =@ x}rkv |xr}Uw |@=} Q}Ut |xr�Utu=wD|t xm 'CU= x}rkv |xr}Uw |@=} Q}Ut |xr�Ut l}Uqm Cr=L R= xDi=}\U@u; QO xm |i=Qo u=wva x@ G = (V;A) uO=OQ=Qk =@ %OQm |R=UpOt xvwou}= =Q u;A = f(vi; vj)jvi; vj 2 V; i 6= jg w Q=OQ@ |xawtHtV = fvo; v1::::vngT} QD=t l} w dij Ci=Ut T} QD=t l} 'A =@ \=@DQ= QO "CU= u=tm |xawtHt|x}rkvxr}Uw m =@ |} wBO |xOvyOu=Wv v0 Q=OQ@ "OQ=O OwHw tij QiU u=tRQ=Okt l} '|QDWt Qy "Ovm|t |yOT} wQU |QDWt n x@ xm 'CU= uotysi T} wQU u=tR l} w 'qi p} wLD |ivt=v Q=Okt l} 'pi |Qw;`tH |ivt=vOL=w Qy QO Q}eDt |xv} Ry 'f C@=F |xv} Ry 'x}rkv |xr}Uw Qy Qw]u}ty "OQ=O|=yQ}eDt "OQ=O =Q D |yOT} wQU u=tR C}OwOLt w 'Q C}iQ_ 'g Ci=Utxm CU= u; |xOvyOu=Wv xm |Qv}=@ Q}eDt l} xijk %OvDUy KQW u}O@ R}v s}tYD|xr}Uw Qo = 'xijk = 0 'CU= xOW |] k |x}rkv |xr}Uw \UwD (i; j) u=tm(i; j) Q}Ut k x}rkv |xr}Uw Qo = 'xijk = 1 'Ovm |] =Q (i; j) u=tm k |x}rkv=Q (i; j) u=tm xm CU= |v=tR QO 'k |x}rkv |xr}Uw Q=@ yijk "Ovmv |] =Qk |x}rkv |xr}Uw \UwD i |QDWt |yOT} wQU u=tR wQW �ik w Ovm|t |]

"CU=Ow@ Oy=wN KQW u}= x@ QwmPt |xr�Ut |=yC}OwOLt w hOy `@=D p=L

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MinZ = fmXk=1

nXj=1

x0jk + gnXi=0

n+1Xj=1

mXk=1

dij xijk (1)

Subject tonXi=0

mXk=1

xijk = 1 for 1 � j � n (2)

nXj=0

xjik =n+1Xj=1

xijk for 1 � i � n; 1 � k � m (3)

nXj=1

x0jk � 1 for 1 � k � m (4)

�ik + si + tij � �jk � (1� xijk)M for 0 � i � n;1 � j � n+ 1; 1 � k � m (5)

�n+1;k � �0k � D for 1 � k � m (6)

yijk � xijkQ for 0 � i � n; 1 � j � n+ 1; 1 � k � m (7)nXj=1

y0jk =nXj=1

qj

nXi=0

xijk for 1 � k � m (8)

?=NDv= 'QwmPt OQ@y=Q |rY= |xO}= "CU= xOW O=H}= u=@xO}O |=yQw@vR\UwD O}OH'k QDt=Q=B =Pr 'CU= xOw@ C}atH u=}t QO QDnQR@ VR=Q@ Q=Okt =@ XNW k |iO=YDXNW wO u}@ |}xv=oOvJ |xU}=kt R}v 'xt=O= QO "CU= xOW xO}t=v C@=kQ |xR=Ov=R=}Dt= 'CU= xDW=O |Qo}O x@ C@Uv |D} Rt xm |YNW w xOW s=Hv= s)=t pUv QOQO "CU= xOQm =O}B xt=O= Qo}O XNW Qy |=Q@ Ov}=Qi u}= w xOQm ?Um =Q Q_vOQwtxDW=O ?=NDv= |=Q@ |QDW}@ uRw 'CU= xOQm ?Um =Q R=}Dt= u} QDW}@ xm |Um '=yDv=QO sD} Qwor= ?wN |}=v=wD R= u=Wv '�1987� sD} Qwor= |=QH= R= pY=L G}=Dv "CU=

[14]"CU= xDW=O nQR@ T=}kt QO x}rkv |xr}Uw |@=} Q}Ut p�=Ut pL|xr�Ut pL |=Q@ xDi=}Ow@y@ |awvYt Qw@vR |vwrm sD} Qwor=l} R}v '2013 p=U QOR= |}xDi=} xaUwD Cr=L xm 'CU= xOW O=yvW}B |}xQwO |x}rkv |xr}Uw |@=} Q}Utp} wLD |=Q@ xRwQ T |v=tR |xQwO =@ l}Uqm |x}rkv |xr}Uw |@=} Q}Ut |xr�UtC=aq]= T} QD=t R= ABC sD} Qwor= OQmrta QO Ow@y@ Qw_vtx@ "CU= xOw@ q=m|xQwO Qy QO u=} QDWt u}@=t OvtOwU w O}itC}akwt |x�=Q= |=Q@|i=WDm = |Oa)@OvJxOW xO=iDU= TUHD OQ@y=Q T=U=Q@ |rLt |R=Uxv}y@ l} u}vJty w q=m p} wLDQO |YwYNx@ |i=WDm = C=aq]= |QDWt Qy 'QwmPt |xw}W QO xm |}=Hv; R= "CU='|O=yvW}B sD} Qwor= hOy 'CU= xOw@ XwYNx@ `} RwD u=tR l} w `} RwD u=tR QyQ=my=Q "CU= xOw@ hrDNt p} wLD |=yu=tR u}@=t `} RwD |=Q@ ?}mQD u} QDy@ uDi=}'pw= |xrLQt %CU= xDW=O xrLQt wO |rLt |xv}y@ R= Q=Qi |=Q@ QwmPt u=QoWywSB"CU= xOw@ =yQ}Ut u}@=t |rLt |xv}y@ 'swO |xrLQt w Q}Ut uwQO |rLt |xv}y@XNWt w xDiQo Q=Qk|@=} RQ= OQwt p�=Ut R=|NQ@ |wQ Q@ xOWx�=Q= sD} Qwor= '=yDv= QOpL QO |OvtDQOk Q=R@= 'xDi=}Ow@y@ |awvYt Qw@vR |vwrm sD} Qwor= xm CU= xOW<=kDQ= x@ QHvt 'Ow@y@ OQ@y=Q w xOw@ l}Ow} QB |x}rkv |xr}Uw |@=} Q}Ut |xr�Ut

[15]"CU= xOW sD} Qwor= OQmrta QO |Q}osWJR= u} wv |}xN=W pL |=Q@ |O} Q@}y ABC sD} Qwor= '2014 p=U QO u}vJty�EVRP�CU} R\}Lt Q=OCUwO |x}rkv |xr}Uw|@=} Q}Ut |xr�Ut s=v =@ VRP

u@ QmO}Um =|O Q=WDv= Q=Okt|x@U=Lt =@|]}LtCU} R Q}F-=D u; QO xm 'CU= xOW x�=Q=|rY= ABC sD} Qwor= w |O=yvW}B sD} Qwor= G}=Dv T=}k =@ =yDv= QO w |Q}oxR=Ov=xOW O=H}= |HwQN G}=Dv QO Ow@y@ �5 \UwDt Qw] x@ xm CU= xOW XNWt

[16]"CU=|=DU=Q QO '|Q=Uv=wN |v=[tQ w |t}LQ '|UtW 1391 p=U QO R}v |D=ar=]tOQoxQwO |xOvWwQi |xr�Ut pL |=Q@ pUaQw@vR |wOvm |@=}=Pe sD} Qwor= |xaUwDG}=Dv '|awvYt Qw@vR |vwrm sD} Qwor= QO |D=LqY= R= xO=iDU= =@ w OvO=O s=Hv=|iO=YD CQwYx@ Qw@vRl} =OD@= '|O=yvW}B sD} Qwor= QO "OvOQw;CUOx@|rw@kp@=k'|o}=Uty u} QDl}ORv sD} Qwor= R= xO=iDU= =@ w xOQmCmQL x@ wQW �x]kv�pol} R=|=yQw@vRCmQL |=Q@ u}vJty "CU= xDN=OQB �=yQyW� =ypo u=}t|}=yu=tm O=H}= x@V}=Ri= =yu; |}=Q=m =D 'CU= xOW xDiQo Q_v QO C}OwOLt 'h=WDm = |=yQw@vR w QoQ=m=@ h=WDm = |=yQw@vR |xr}Uwx@ =yQ}Ut O}rwD QO 'xOWQmP C=Q}}eD Q@ xwqa "O@=}"CU= xOW O=H}= Ow@y@ 'l}ORv |o}=Uty `=aW QO2-opt sD} Qwor= R= uDiQoltmQwO Qy |=yDv= QO 'l}Uqm 2-opt sD} Qwor= R= xO=iDU= |=Hx@ xOWx�=Q= sD} Qwor= QO2-opt s=v x@ |}xOWKqY= 2-opt sD} Qwor= 'xOW?=NDv= Q}Ut u} QDy@ x@ pt=mVwQ u=ty R= QwmPt sD} Qwor= [17]"CU= xOW p=ta= l}ORv |o}=Uty `=aW QO|=[i uDN=Uxv}y@ w uOQmOwOLt =@ =t= 'Ovm QDx=Dwm =Q Q}Ut =D xOQm xO=iDU= 2-opt

VwQ ?}=at R= xm wHDUH u=tR 'Qo}Om} =@ Z} waD |=Q@ O}Ov=m |=yu=tm ?=NDv=|x}=B Q@ xOWKqY= 2-opt VwQ T=U= "CU= xDi=} Vy=m 'CU= l}Uqm 2�opt

QHvt xm 'OwW O=H}= u=tm wO u}@ |[} waD Qo = xm 'CU= |@ QHD |xOy=Wt l}

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p}O@D w Ovm|t |}=Pe `@vt l} |=Q@ wHDUH x@ wQW x=o ;OwN=v Qw] x@ Qw@vR"OwW|t h=WDm = Qw@vR l} x@

x@ wQW '=yQw@vR Q}=U \UwD xOWx�=Q= |Qw@vR XkQ R= |Di=} QO MU=B T=U=Q@ "2[20]"OwW|t xR=D OvtQ=m l} x@ p}O@D w Ovm|t |}=Pe `@vt l} |wHDUH

TBU w xO=iDU= V} wN C}akwt |xQ}NP |}=v=wD R= Qw@vR '=Pe `@vt uDi=} R= TBC=aq]= xrLQt u}= QO 'QoQ=m |=yQw@vR "Ovm|t |Q=OQ@xQy@ x@ wQW xikw uwO@|=yQw@vR =@ =Q Ov=xOQm G=QNDU= xm |}=Pe `@=vt C}i}m =@ \=@DQ= QO xOW?Um|=yQw@vRC}r=ai R= xm |D=aq]= =@ u=@xO}O |=yQw@vR "OvQ=Po|t l =QDW= x@ 8u=@xO}OMU=B l} w xDN=OQB |}=Pe `@vt p=tDL= u=R}t |x@U=Lt x@ 'Ov=xOQm ?=UDm = QoQ=mVwQ ,=OOHt w �|Dq=tDL= ?=NDv=� Ovvm|t O}rwD QwmPt |}=Pe `@vt QO xOWKqY=|=}vO QO "OwW|t xOQBU x_i=L x@ QDy@ MU=B w xOWp=ta= |xv=Y} QL ?=NDv=|ak=w |=yQw@vR \UwD 'OW=@ xDW=Ov G=QNDU= VRQ= |}=Pe `@vt l} Qo = '|a}@]QO Ow@y@ |}=v=wD |NU=B Qo = R}v |awvYt Qw@vR |vwrm sD} Qwor= QO "OwW|t =yQs}tYD 'OW=@ xDW=Ov =Q 9 C}OwOLt s=v =@ xOWu}}aD V}B R= |xNQJ |O=OaD pqN|=yQw@vR x@ p}O@D QoQ=m |=yQw@vR 'xrLQt u}= QO "OwW|t xDiQo xNQJ lQD x@"Ovvm|t xOW=yQ `@vt u} Ro}=H =Q O}OH |}=Pe `@vt l} w OvwW|t 10h=WDm =

"OwW|t s=Hv= |rLt |xv}y@ QO uO=Di=s=O x@ R= Q=Qi Qw_vt x@ xr�Ut u}=|=v@t |=Q=O 'pUa Qw@vR |vwrm w |awvYt Qw@vR |vwrm |=ysD} Qwor= xm |}=Hv; R=R= |NQ@ xm 'OvQ=O |v=w=Qi |=yCy=@W 'OvDUy =yQw@vR Ca}@] R= xDiQoQ@ w lQDWt

%R= Ov=CQ=@a =yu;"OvDUy X=NW= CmQ=Wt R= |}=y|vwrm |xOvyOx�=Q= 'OQm} wQ wO Qy ��

C=OwHwt |atHxDUO |=yxwQo R= xDiQoT=@Dk= 'sD} Qwor= wO Qy |O=}v@ Q=DN=U ��"CU= Ca}@] QO

Ca}@] QO =yQw@vR |@=}=Pe Q=DiQ T=U=Q@ sD} Qwor= Q@ sm =L sDU}U 'OQwt wO Qy QO"CU= xDi=} xaUwD

xDiQoQ@ |xOWxO=U |=yVkv |=v@t Q@ =ysD} Qwor= QO X=NW= pwtat Q=DiQ ��C=aq]= |x[w=at pqN QO |vwrm O=Qi= u=}t |Q=mty u}vJty w Ca}@] R=

"OQ}o|t pmW xOW|Qw;`tHpO=@D w Ovvm|t |oOvR xDUUo |=}vO l} QO =yQw@vR 'sD} Qwor= wO Qy QO ��

"OwW|t s=Hv= |Qw@vR XkQ j} Q] R= C=aq]=%CU= KQW u}O@ sD} Qwor= wO u}= u=}t OwHwt |rY= |=yCw=iD R= |NQ@ =t=

Cw=iDt C=aq]= pO=@D l} pqN QO C=aq]= |Q=Pol =QDW= x@ wv w Q=Okt ��"CU=

"OvQ=O |vwo =vwoh}=_w xm 'OwW|t xO=iDU= Qw@vR xDUO 3 R= ABC sD} Qwor= QO ��|iO=YD Q=DiQ Q@ \@DQt |t=LOR= Vwy |=v@t QO pUaQw@vR |vwrm sD} Qwor= ��

"CU= u; |=yu=tr="OyO|t u=Wv =Q |awvYt Qw@vR |vwrm sD} Qwor= |rY= Om x@W '1 pwOH

nXi=0

yijk + (pj � qj)nXi=0

xijk =n+1Xi=1

yijk for 1 � j � n;

1 � k � m (9)

xijk 2 �0; 1 for 0 � i � n; 1 � j � n+ 1; 1 � k � m(10)

yijk � 0 for 0 � i � n; 1 � j � n+ 1; 1 � k � m (11)

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=yCWwv=B1. traveling salesman problem2. non-deterministic polynominal hard3. Foraging Bee4. vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery5. periodic vehicle routing problem6. environmental vehicle routing problem7. Employed Bee8. Onlooker Bee9. Limit10. Scout Bee

�References� `@=vt1. Cavazzuti, M., Optimization Methods: From Theory to

Design, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Chapter 1,pp. 1-3 (2013).

2. Daneshzand, F. \The vehicle-routing problem", LogisticsOperations and Management: Concepts and Models, 8,

pp. 127-153 (2011).

3. Lucic, P. and Teodorovic', D. \Bee system: Modelingcombinatorial optimization transportation engineeringproblems by swarm intelligence", Preprints of the TRIS-TAN IV Triennial Symposium on Transportation Anal-ysis, Sao Miguel, Azores Islands, pp. 441-445 (2001).

4. Teodorovic, D. and Dell'Orco, M. \Bee colonyoptimization-A cooperative learning approach to com-plex transportation problems", Advanced OR and AIMethods in Transportation, pp. 51-60 (2005).

5. Drias, H., Sadeg, S. and Yahi, S. \Cooperative Beesswarm for solving the maximum weighted satis�abil-ity problem", IWAAN International Work Conferenceon Arti�cial and Natural Neural Networks, Barcelona,Spain, pp. 318-325 (2005).

6. Karaboga, D., Akay, B. and Ozturk, C. \Arti�cial Beecolony (ABC) optimization algorithm for training feed-forward neural networks", Modeling Decisions for Arti-�cial Intelligence (MDAI), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,pp. 318-329 (2007).

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7. Chong, C.S., Low, M.Y.H., Sivakumar, A.I. and Gay,K.L. \A Bee colony optimization algorithm to job shopscheduling", Proceedings of the 38th Conference on Win-ter Simulation, Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 1954-1961 (2006).

8. Karaboga, D. and Basturk, B. \On the performanceof arti�cial Bee colony (ABC) algorithm", Applied SoftComputing, 8(1), pp. 687-697 (2008).

9. TSai, P.W., Pan, J.S., Liao, B.Y. and Chu, S.C. \En-hanced arti�cial Bee colony optimization", InternationalJournal of Innovative Computing, Information and Con-trol, 5(12), pp. 5081-5092 (2009).

10. Szeto, W.Y., Yongzhong, W and Sin, C.H. \An arti-�cial Bee colony algorithm for the capacitated vehiclerouting problem", European Journal of Operational Re-search, 215(1), pp. 126-135 (2011).

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