Overvoltage And Undervoltage Protection System · stabilizer and the heap. The over/under voltage cut-off with ON-Time delay gives different sorts of security: Over voltage/under

Overvoltage And Undervoltage Protection

System 1Mohit Mishra,2Rajiv Kumar Saw,3Deepak saraswat, 4Harpreet kaur

Department of electrical engineering, Chandigarh University Punjab India [email protected]

[email protected] [email protected]

[email protected]

Abstract- The sudden change in voltage is huge issue in enterprises and in home

machines and it causes misfortunes in electrical circuits. The on-time postpone circuit

shields the heap from exchanging floods as well as from speedy changeover [off and

on] impact. Here is an economical auto cut-off circuit, which is manufactured

utilizing transistor and other discrete parts. It very well may be utilized to secure

loads, for example, T.V, Refrigerator and so forth., from unwanted over and under

line voltages. This circuit might be embedded between a current programmed/manual

stabilizer and the heap. The over/under voltage cut-off with ON-Time delay gives

different sorts of security: Over voltage/under voltage assurance, insurance against

homeless people and so on.

Keywords: zener diode, relay etc.

Introduction[1]

The sudden instability in voltage is colossal and noteworthy issue in undertakings and

homes ,it causes hardships and moreover hurt the electrical circuit. These incidents

cause low impact factor in the supply and by much proportion of impact will be

misused. What's more, besides impact the unfaltering nature of other voltage

controlling devices. Voltage swells and over voltage conditions are about caused by a

sudden reduction in stack.

Right when RMS voltage or current drops in the region of 0.1 and 0.9 pu at the power

recurrence for the ranges of 0.5 cycles to 1 minute then it is said to be hang condition.

The swell condition will happen when RMS voltage or current climbs in the region of

1.1 and 1.8 pu at the power repeat for lengths of 0.5 to 1 minute. Or then again more

the 1.8pu and underneath circuit with a hurt voltage controller, notwithstanding the

way that they can in like manner be caused by a hurt or free impartial affiliation.

Suraj Punj Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

Volume 8, Issue 12, 2018

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Page No: 199

Along these lines, the issues happened as a result of hang, swell, over and under

voltage condition ought to be ousted and it will be recognized and guaranteed by this

system. In this paper we execute a circuit which recognizes the voltage underneath

198 volts which is 0.9 of assessed voltage i.e. 220 volts then it is called list or under

voltage condition. In this condition our circuit will remain in open condition so there

will no any section of current and lower hand-off of our circuit will remain open.

Right when the voltage rises above 242 voltages which is 1.1 of our assessed voltage

then it is brought swell and over voltage condition, in this situation the circuit will

remain open in light of the fact that in that time upper move in the circuit will remain

open. In this way we can anchor the over the top rigging's by going the supply

through this circuit.

1. Framework overview

A. Transformer Specification:

Stepdown transformer 230 V/12V Operating repeat is 50 HZ. Voltage is changed

over from 230 V to 12 V Current rating is 1A as shown in fig.1.

Fig.1: Low Voltage Step down Transformer

B. Diode Bridge Rectifier:

Rectifier is a device which changes the sinusoidal cooling voltage into either positive

or negative throbbing dc as appeared in fig. 2. P-N convergence diode, which

coordinate when forward uneven and basically does not lead when pivot uneven, can

be used for revision i.e. for change of cooling into dc. The rectifier needs one, two, or

four diodes. Rectifiers may be either half-wave or full wave.



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Fig.2: Bridge Rectifier (positive half cycle)

Fig.3: Bridge Rectifier (negative half cycle)

C. Voltage regulator:

Specification: Output Voltages of 12V.Current inner warm over-burden assurance.

No outer parts required. Yield transistor safe territory assurance. Inside short out

cutoff.

Hypothesis: A voltage controller is an electrical controller considered to therefore

keep up an unfaltering voltage level as appeared in fig. 4. A voltage controller is a

case of a negative criticism control circle. It might utilize an electromechanical

instrument, or electronic parts. Based on plan, it might be castoff to direct at least one

AC or DC voltages.

Fig.4: IC 7812



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D. ICLM324:

Specification: Inside recurrence pursued for solidarity increase substantial DC

voltage increase 100 dB Wide data transfer capacity (solidarity pick up) 1 MHz Wide

power supply range, Very supply current deplete (700 µA), Low info biasing current

45MA (temperature compensated),Low input balance voltage 2 mV and parity current

5 mA as appeared in table no. 1. Information regular mode voltage run incorporates

ground as shown in fig.5

.

Fig 5: Pin Configuration LM 324

Table I: Pin Description of LM324

Pin

No.

Function Name

1 Output of 1st comparator Output1

2 Inverting input of 1st

comparator

Input1-

3 Non-inverting input of 1st

comparator

Input1+

4 Supplyvoltage;5V(upto32V) Vcc

5 Non-inverting input of 2nd

comparator

Input2+

6 Inverting input of 2nd

comparator

Input2-



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7 Output of 2nd comparator Output2

8 Output of 3rd comparator Output3

9 Inverting input of 3rd

comparator

Input3-

10 Non-inverting input of 3rd

comparator

Input3+

11 Ground(0V) Ground

12 The Non-inverting input of

4 comparator

Input4+

13 The Inverting input of 4

comparator

Input4-

14 The Output of 4 comparator Output4

E. Zener Diode:

Zener diode is a P-N junction diode specially intended for operation in the breakdown

region in reverse bias condition.

Fig. 6: Zener Diode

A preservationist strong state diode not permit noteworthy current in the event that it

is invert one-sided beneath its switch breakdown voltage. At the point when the turn

around inclination breakdown voltage is surpassed, an anticipated diode is liable to

high current because of torrential slide breakdown as shown in fig. 6. Except if

current is restricted by hardware, the diode will be forever harmed. If there should



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arise an occurrence of huge forward inclination, the diode demonstrates a voltage

drop because of its intersection settled voltage and inside opposition as shown in fig.

7.

Fig.7: Characteristic curve of Zener Diode

F. Relay:

A hand-off is an electrically worked switch. Many hand-off utilize an electromagnet

to work an exchanging component mechanically, yet other working standards are

additionally utilized. Transfers are utilized where it is expected to control a circuit by

a low-control flag

Fig.8: Relay

A typical electromagnetic hand-off contains a loop of wire bordering a delicate iron

center, an iron burden which gives a low hesitance way to attractive motion, a mobile

iron armature and at least one arrangements of contacts as appeared in fig. 8. The

armature is pivoted to the burden and mechanically related to at least one

arrangements of moving contacts. It is seized set up by a spring so when the hand-off

is de-invigorated there is an air hole in the attractive circuit. In this condition, one of

the two arrangements of contacts in the transfer saw is shut, and the other set is open.

Different transfers may have pretty much arrangements of contacts relying upon their

capacity.



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A strong state transfer utilizes a thyristor or other strong state exchanging gadget,

began bythe control motion, to switch the exact load, rather than a solenoid. An

optocoupler can be utilized to seclude control and controlled circuits.

G. Potentiometer:

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a diving contact that structures a

flexible voltage divider. On the off chance that two terminals are utilized (one side

and the wiper), it goes about as a variable resistor or rheostat. Potentiometers are for

the most part used to control electrical gadgets, for example, volume controls on

sound pack as appeared in fig. 9 and 10.

Potentiometers are scarcely used to specifically control huge power (in excess of a

watt), since the power debauched in the potentiometer would be practically identical

to the power in the controlled load. Rather they are utilized to amend the level of

simple signs (e.g. volume controls on sound gear), and as control contributions for

electronic circuits.

Fig.9: Potentiometer

Fig.10: Schematic Diagram of Potentiometer[3]

H. Transistor:

A transistor is a semiconductor gadget used to escalate and switch electronic signs

and electrical power. It is made out of semiconductor material with three terminals for

relationship with an external circuit as appeared in fig. 11. A voltage or current



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associated with one arrangements of the transistor's terminals differed the current

through another match of terminals. Since the controlled yield control, can be higher

than the controlling information control, a transistor can expand a banner.

Fig.11: Transistor[4]

Table II: Absolute Maximum Ratings of Transistor

Symbol Parameter Value Units

VCBO Collector bas

vtg. :BC547

50 V

VCEO Collector

Emitter vtg.

45 V

VEBO Emitter Base

vtg.

6 V

IC Collector

Current(DC)

100 mA

PC Collector

Power Dissp.

500 mW

TJ Junction

Temperature

150 ˚C

TSTG Storage

Temperature

-65 ~

150

˚C

I. Capacitor and resistor Used Resistors:

Resistors: The resistor is a passive element which I used to resist the flow of charge

as shown in fig. 12.



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Fig.12: Resistors

Table III: Resistors Used

Rating of

Resistor

Required

Numbers

33 kΩ 1

6.8 kΩ 2

10 kΩ 2

1 kΩ 2

Capacitors: Capacitor stores and discharge electrical charge. They are frequently

utilized for sifting power supply lines, tuning thunderous circuits, and for blocking

DC voltages while passing AC signals, among various different employments as

shown in fig. 13 and 14.

Fig.13:Capacitor470µF[4]

Fig.14: Capacitor 0.1 µF[4]



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Table IV: Capacitors Used

Rating of

Capacitor

Required

Numbers

470 µF 1

0.1 µF 2

2. METHODOLOGY

A. Block Diagram

Fig.15: Block Diagram of Protection System [1]

B. Working

Air conditioning supply is ventured down to 12 V by utilizing a stage down

transformer. The AC supply is changed over to DC supply through scaffold rectifier.

The supply is then sifted by capacitors associated crosswise over rectifier to decrease

music. At that point the unregulated supply is then given to voltage controller whose

yield is given to the comparators IC LM324 and transfer as supply as shown in fig.

15. The unregulated supply from connect rectifier is set to set 1 and set 2 as info. The

set 1 and set 2 are potentiometer ckt.1 and potentiometer ckt.2 individually associated

with comparators IC LM324 as information.

Further, the comparators and load are associated with hand-off. At whatever point

there is overvoltage or under voltage the comparators look at the set conditions and

gives the flag to the hand-off and hand-off outings and the heap will turned off. With

the goal that it secures the electrical apparatus.

C. Circuit Design



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Fig.16: Circuit Diagram of Protection System [1]

D. Circuit Working:

Over Voltage Protection:

Operational speaker IC LM324 is utilized here as a comparator as shown in fig.

16. IC LM324 comprises of four operational enhancers, out of which just two

operational intensifiers (N1 and N2) are utilized as a part of the circuit.

The unregulated power supply is associated with the arrangement association of

resistors R1 and R2 and potentiometer VR1. A similar supply is likewise

associated with an arrangement association of 6.8V Zener diode (ZD1) and

resistor R3.

Set VR1 is balanced with the end goal that for ordinary supply of 180V - 240V,

the voltage at the non-rearranging terminal (stick 3) of operational speaker N1 is

under 6.8V. Subsequently the yield of the operational intensifier is zero and

transistor T1 stays in off state.

The transfer, which is associated with the authority of transistor T1, additionally

remains not stimulated. At the point when the AC supply is given through the

ordinarily shut (N/C) terminal of the relayto the electrical apparatuses, the

supply isn't segregated amid ordinary task.

When the AC voltage increments over 240V, at that point the voltage at the non-

transforming terminal (stick 3) of operational enhancer N1 increments and the

voltage at the upsetting terminal is still6.8V due to the zener diode.

Now if the voltage level at stick 3 of the operational enhancer is over 6.8V, at

that point the yield of the operational intensifier goes high to drive transistor T1



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and consequently invigorate transfer RL. Therefore, the AC supply is

disengaged and electrical apparatuses kill.

In this manner the apparatuses are ensured by finished voltage.

Under Voltage Protection:

• When the line voltage is lower than 180V, the voltage at the upsetting terminal

(stick 6) of operational enhancer N2 is beneath the voltage at the non-

modifying terminal (6V) as shown in fig. 16. Subsequently the yield of

operational speaker N2 goes high and it empowers the hand-off through

transistor T1. The AC supply is separated from the framework and electrical

apparatuses kill.

• Subsequently the machines are secured against under-voltage. IC1 is wired for

a directed 12V supply.

• The transfer invigorates in two conditions: in the first place, if the voltage at

stick 3 of IC2 is past 6.8V, and second, if the voltage at stick 6 of IC2 is lower

than 6V.

• Over-voltage and under-voltage levels can be adjusted utilizing sets VR1 and

VR2, individually. 3.5 Hardware Implementation

• It includes the points of interest of the arrangement of outline details. The

equipment plan comprises of, the choice of framework segments according to

the prerequisite, the points of interest of subsystems that are required for the

total usage of the framework has been completed. It includes the part

determination, segment portrayal and equipment subtle elements of the

framework outlined.

1.Component choice and portrayal.

2. Hardware points of interest of the framework outlined.

3. Discussion and Result

A. Discussion

The above picture indicates executed Under Voltage and Over Voltage Protection

System. The framework is fitted in a case for resistive heap of a knob. Our heap is

constantly associated in parallel for consistent and same voltage in family, business

and modern spots as shown in fig. 17. Both framework and load getting same A.C.

supply from the autotransformer to show how framework reacts to under voltage and

over voltage condition made via autotransformer at that time.



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Fig.17: Circuit Implementation

Two potentiometers are mounted on the container to change the scope of voltages.

Above picture speaks to that framework is worked in under voltage condition.

B. Results

Normal Voltage Supply:

By utilizing two potentiometers typical supply extend is chosen between 170 V to 270

V.

Fig.18: Normal Voltage Supply

Voltage level is appeared by multimeter in above picture is 229 Volt, consequently

the assurance circuit is shut around then and the heap is exchanged ON as shown in

fig. 18.

Here the security circuit shut means the regularly open contact of hand-off get closed

when typical supply is detected by the assurance circuit. The bulb connected as load is

of 100 watt. So, for any recommended scope of voltage chose by two potentiometer,



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the insurance circuit stay secure and stack is ON. Typically all family unit machines

have 220-230 V voltage rating.

Under Voltage Supply:

When the supply voltage is underneath 170 V, the comparator IC LM324 checks the

voltage at the rearranging terminal (stick 6) of operational enhancer N2 is beneath the

voltage at non-reversing terminal (6v). In this way the yield of operational intensifier

turns out to be high and it invigorates the transfer as shown in fig. 19.

Fig.19: Under Voltage Supply

At the point when hand-off is get stimulated the assurance circuit go about as open

circuit and it disengage the AC supply and load get off. The Above picture

demonstrates the working of security circuit in under voltage supply and under

voltage perusing recorded by multimeter is 176 V. Thus, when there is under voltage,

the defend circuit naturally exchanged off the stack and ensures the heap.

Over Voltage Supply:

Point of confinement of overvoltage is chosen by the two variable resistor i.e.

potentiometer. In this way, past 250 voltage level the security circuit will stay open

and load is off.



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Fig.20: Over Voltage Supply

At the point when the line voltage increments over 250 V, the comparator IC check

the voltage at the non-reversing terminal (stick 3) of operational amplifier increments

and the voltage at upsetting terminal stay same as 6.8V due to zener diode as shown

in fig. 20. In this way the yield of operational enhancer goes high and transfer get

stimulated through transistor. As the hand-off get empowered the AC supply is

disengaged and stack is killed.

4. REFERENCES

[1] Manish Paul, Antara Chaudhury, Snigdha Saikia (2015), “Hardware

Implementation of Overvoltage and Under-voltage Protection”,IJIREEICE Vol. 3,

Issue 6, June 2015, ISSN

(Online) 2321-2004.

[2] Silicon institute of technology, “Power quality problem identification and

protection scheme for low voltage system”, Orissa, November 2010.

[3] G. Yaleinkaya, M. H. J. Bollen and P.A. Crossley (1999),

“Characterization of voltagesags in industrial distribution systems”, IEEE

transactions on industry applications, vol.34, no. 4,

pp. 682-688, July/August.

[4] C. H. Vithalani, “Over-Under Voltage Protection of Electrical Appliances”,

August 2003,

Electronics for You.

[5] EPRI Project Manager R. Schainker, System Compatibility Research Project,

“Effects of



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Temporary Overvoltage on Residential Products”, 1008540 Final Report,

March 2005 [6] Hopkinson, R. H., “Ferroresonant Overvoltage Control

Based on TNA Tests on Three-Phase

Delta-Wye Transformer Banks,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and

Systems, vol.

86, pp. 1258–65, October 1967.

[7]Article, “Over voltage Under voltage load Protection”, website:

http://www.nevonprojects.com/Over-voltage-Under-voltage-load-protection.html ,

last Accessed

27 September 2015.

[8] LAMARCHE, Paper, “Controlled Ferroresonant Technology”, Volume 1,

Issue 2, November06.

[9] Mohammad Shah Alamgir and Sumit Dev, “Design and Implementation of

an Automatic Voltage Regulator with a Great Precision and Proper

Hysteresis”, Vol.75, year 2015, pp, “IJAST”.

[10] Endeavour Energy Power Quality & Reliability Centre, “Voltage Sag

Mitigation”,

Technical Note 11, August 2012.

[11] Math H. J. Bollen, “Understanding Power Quality Problems - Voltage Sags

and Interruptions”, 2000, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons.

[12] All about Circuits, Voltage Regulation, Available

from:

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_9/6.html, last Accessed 29 September

2015.

[13] Chellali Benachaiba, Brahim Ferdi, Voltage Quality Improvement Using

DVR, Electrical Power Quality and Utilization Journal, Vol. XIV, No. 1,

2008, p. 39 - 45.

[14] Sag Proofing Technologies Inc, Installation and Service Manual - Voltage-

Sag Compensators, 2005.



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Documents

Overvoltage And Undervoltage Protection System · stabilizer and the heap. The over/under voltage cut-off with ON-Time delay gives different sorts of security: Over voltage/under