Overview Victims’ responses to discrimination Victims’ responses to discrimination Ways to reduce prejudice/discrimination Ways to reduce prejudice/discrimination

OverviewOverview

Victims’ responses to discriminationVictims’ responses to discrimination Ways to reduce Ways to reduce

prejudice/discriminationprejudice/discrimination ContactContact RecategorizationRecategorization Jigsaw classroom Jigsaw classroom ConfrontationConfrontation Unlearning stereotype associationsUnlearning stereotype associations

ContactContact

Contact hypothesisContact hypothesis Under certain conditions, direct Under certain conditions, direct

contact between members of contact between members of different groups can reduce different groups can reduce intergroup stereotyping, prejudice, intergroup stereotyping, prejudice, and discriminationand discrimination. .

ContactContact

RecategorizationRecategorization

Jigsaw classroomJigsaw classroom

ConfrontationConfrontation

Unlearning Unlearning stereotype stereotype associationsassociations

ContactContact

ContactContact





Conditions:Conditions:

1.1. Groups have equal status within Groups have equal status within contact situationcontact situation

2.2. Groups share common goalsGroups share common goals

3.3. Situation involves intergroup Situation involves intergroup cooperationcooperation

4.4. Contact is supported by authorityContact is supported by authority

5.5. Situation provides members with Situation provides members with opportunity to become friendsopportunity to become friends

ContactContact

The evidenceThe evidence Does contact actually reduce Does contact actually reduce

prejudice and discrimination?prejudice and discrimination?

The evidence is mixedThe evidence is mixed There are too many conditions to There are too many conditions to

satisfysatisfy

ContactContact






Based on social identity theory Based on social identity theory and social categorization and social categorization theorytheory

Remove borders between Remove borders between groups (i.e., create new groups (i.e., create new categories)categories)

ContactContact





MeMe against the world against the world

UsUs against the world against the world





The evidenceThe evidence Does recategorization actually Does recategorization actually

reduce prejudice and reduce prejudice and discrimination?discrimination?

As long as a As long as a common ingroup common ingroup identityidentity is created (e.g., Sherif’s is created (e.g., Sherif’s Robber’s Cave study)Robber’s Cave study)

ContactContact





X


Elliot AronsonElliot Aronson Divide students into groups of 5 Divide students into groups of 5

or 6or 6 Each student is responsible for a Each student is responsible for a

specific taskspecific task Encourages mutual Encourages mutual

interdependence rather than interdependence rather than competitioncompetition

ContactContact






The evidenceThe evidence Does the jigsaw classroom Does the jigsaw classroom

actually reduce prejudice and actually reduce prejudice and discrimination?discrimination?

ContactContact






What would happen if you What would happen if you confronted people with their confronted people with their stereotypes and biases?stereotypes and biases?

If you make people aware that If you make people aware that they are being prejudiced, will they are being prejudiced, will they become less prejudiced?they become less prejudiced?

ContactContact





Thought suppression testThought suppression test


Macrae et al. (1994). Out of Macrae et al. (1994). Out of mind but back in sight: mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the reboundStereotypes on the rebound

ContactContact





Passage 1Passage 1

Please write about a day in the life…Please write about a day in the life…

Passage 2Passage 2

Please write about a day in the life…Please write about a day in the life…

Macrae resultsMacrae results

Suppressstereotype Control

Passage 1

Passage 2

5.54 6.95

7.83 7.08


The evidenceThe evidence Does confrontation actually Does confrontation actually

reduce prejudice and reduce prejudice and discrimination?discrimination?

Not necessarily; it may actually Not necessarily; it may actually make them make them moremore prejudiced! prejudiced!

ContactContact





Unlearning stereotype Unlearning stereotype associationsassociations

If stereotypes are learned and If stereotypes are learned and become become automaticautomatic through through repetition, then can they be repetition, then can they be eliminated in the same way?eliminated in the same way?

Kawakami et al. (2000)Kawakami et al. (2000)

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1.1. Pretest: Measure automatic Pretest: Measure automatic associations between target and associations between target and stereotype wordstereotype word

2.2. TrainingTraining

3.3. Posttest: Same as pretestPosttest: Same as pretest

Do automatic associations Do automatic associations between targets and stereotype between targets and stereotype words become weaker after words become weaker after training?training?

ContactContact





TrainingTraining

Picture ofPicture oftarget target

(Skinhead)(Skinhead)++

StereotypeStereotypeword word

(e.g., angry)(e.g., angry)““No”No”==

Picture ofPicture oftarget target

(Skinhead)(Skinhead)++

NonstereotypeNonstereotypewordword

(e.g., friendly)(e.g., friendly)““Yes”Yes”==

AngryAngry

FriendlyFriendly

ViolentViolent


The evidenceThe evidence Does training to unlearn Does training to unlearn

stereotype associations actually stereotype associations actually reduce prejudice and reduce prejudice and discrimination?discrimination?

500

520

540

560

580

600

620

640

Before training After training

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Summing upSumming up Modern types of racism Modern types of racism

require more modern require more modern techniquestechniques

The more we know about The more we know about prejudice, the more prejudice, the more sophisticated techniques we sophisticated techniques we can develop to prevent itcan develop to prevent it

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1940s1940s

20002000

Documents

Overview Victims’ responses to discrimination Victims’ responses to discrimination Ways to reduce prejudice/discrimination Ways to reduce prejudice/discrimination