Overview Science and Study of Human Behavior

8/13/2019 Overview Science and Study of Human Behavior

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1. Nature of Science

2. Why Study Human Behavior

3. Development of Scientific Study of Human

Behavior

4. Development of Behavioral Science

5. Research in the Behavioral Science

6. Perspective in Behavioral Science


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SCIENCE

Science is popularly defined as an accumulation of

systematic knowledge based on facts.

A fact is regarded as an empirically verifiable

observation. Theory refers either to the relationships between

facts or to the ordering of terms in some meaningful

way.


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WAYS: 1) it offers conceptual scheme by which the

relevant phenomena are systematized, classified and

interrelated, and summarizes facts into

(a) empirical geralization and

(b) systems of gaps in our knowledge. On the other

hand, facts are also productive of theory in threeways:

1.) Facts help initiate theories;

2.) They lead to the reformation of existing theory;3.) They change the forms and orientation of

theory and they clarify and redefine theory.


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BEHAVIOR

Management is constantly trying to understand

and influence the mental process of others and theonly access we have on the mental process of others

is through a study of their behaviour.

People are continually adjusting to and the

depending on other people. Many people failed to

adjust to the work environment because they do not

know the nature of work and the climate they aregetting into.


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Leadership in business is becoming more

demanding and the person without a college degree

maybe handicapped in his efforts to rise to higherposition of responsibility.

Finally, knowledge of principles of human

behaviour will help one acquire understanding, skills

and desires which will prepare him to work with

others with increasing cooperation, understanding

and effectiveness.


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DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC

STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

The scientific study of human behaviour was onlya 19th century development until the later part of the

19th century; philosophy (which was base on

speculations and logic) was the only approach to the

study of human behaviour.

Psychophysics was a science that studied the

functional relations of dependency between mind and

body but which actually determine the physicalcharacteristics of stimuli and the sensations they

produce.


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Prof. Wilhem Wundt founded the firstpsychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig in

Germany.

Titchener and Cattell from America, in turn,

brought the new physiological doctrine and methods tothe United States where Psychology became fairly

established by the end of the19thcentury. (Ruch 1963)


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UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR

The majority of theories and models of humanbehaviour fall into one of the two basic categories:

The internal perspective considers the factor

inside the person to understand behavior. People who

subscribe to this view understand human behavior.This view is psychodynamically oriented.

The external perspective focuses on factors

outside the person to understand behavior. External

events, consequences of behavior, environmentalforces to which a person is subject, are emphasized by

this external perspective.


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DEVELOPMENT OF

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE The term behaviouralscience came into use only inthe 1950s when the Fords Foundation coined it to the

describe its program Individual Behavior and Human Relation.

To qualify as a behavioural science, a field of study

must satisfy to basic criteria;First, it must have human behavior as its subject

matter; second, it must study the human behavior in the

scientific manner.

The second criterion must be very clearly understoodbecause the study of the human behavior is by no means the

exclusive monopoly of the behavioural sciences. Other field of

study are also concerned with the analysis and understanding

of human behavior.


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DEFINITION

The two words from which the term behaviouralscienceis derived are behavior and science. Science

may be define from two view points. The stat ic view

defines science as a body of knowledge. It emphasis

is on the product of science activity rather than on theactivity itself. The dynamic view, however, defines

science as an activity as such, it is more concerned

with what scientist do.

I l h b h i b d fi


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In general, human behavior may be define asmany activity of an individual or group, whether suchactivity can be observe by another person or detectedby scientific instrument thus, it includes not only mans

directly observable behavior but also the less directlyobservable feelings, thought, motives, attitude, valuesetc. that influence such behavior.

A stimulus situation refers to a factor, condition,situati0on or a combination of a factor (whether internalor external) which provide the occasion for theresponse.

The study of organizational behavior is primarilyconcerned with the psychosocial, interpersonal andbehavioural dynamics in an organization.


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RESEARCH IN BEHAVIOR

SCIENCE

The immense success of science it traces to the

way it seeks, finds and test knowledge. The true scientific

investigator never jumps at conclusion, never takes

anything for granted, never considers his judgementsbetter than his information, and never substitute opinion or

long established beliefs for facts.


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Statement of the Problem

Research begins with defining and searchingthe problem, expressing it in explicit and concrete

term. This will also include the limitation of the scope

of the problem and formulation of a hypothesis.

Hypothesis is important since it serve as a guide to

collection, organization and interpretation of data.

Where exact observation is impossible, a tentative

explanation adapted temporarily as a workinghypotheses, has open prove of great service.

RESEARCH


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The Research Design

This generally involves the following steps:

1) determining the type of data needed; whether

primarily or secondary.

2) Identifying the source of data.

3) Selecting the methods generally used in the study ofhuman behavior are: analitycal or documentary

experimental survey and case.

4) Choosing the subject or formulating the sampling

plan.


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Obtaining Information and Gathering The Data

Data may be obtained through four methods:

1. Direct Observation - this involves making direct critical

and systematic observation of actual behavior pattern in

a given situation. A researcher can make direct

observation of behavior as a participant or non-

participant observer. As a participant he becomes a part

of the event he is observing or the community he is

studying.


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2. Verbal Reports - this are use to measure covert behaviorsuch as attitudes, feelings, opinions and beliefs. This maybe inthe form of oral interviews or written questionnaires.

3. Tests and Inventories - psychology sometimes usestandardized batteries of psychological test or inventories toevaluate some problems in hiring training and promoting ofpersonnel. the forms that ask the subject fairly direct questions

abpout himself are usually termed inventories.

4. Secondary Data or Library Materials - the investigatormakes use of written records such as data provided by theBureau of Census and Statistics, Life Insurance Records,School Records, Court Proceedings, Published Materials suchas diaries, autobiographies, biographies and other publicationssuch as magazines periodicals and newspapers period.


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This will involve data or classifying data into meaningful

categories which may be done quantitatively or qualitativelysome of the steps involve are processing, editing, classifying,coding and tabulating. Coding is a technical process by whichraw data are transformed into symbolic or numbers that maybe tabulated. Tabulation is a systematic method of countingsimilar replies asnd adding them in an accurate and orderlymanner.

Analysis and InterpretationThere are two basic methods of analyzing data; thestatistical and the inferential. The former includes the use ofstatistical formula or quantitative procedure to establish somesignificance among different variables. Correlation determineswhat is average or typical and finds out the extent of diversebehavior and others.

Inferential Analysis is the process of determining themeaning of evidence by reflective thinking. It is in this methodwhere one uses logical syllogism or inferences based on dataobtained.


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Writing the Final Report

A written research report generally includes the

following:

1. Statement of the problem

2. The research design

3. Analysis and interpretation of findings

4. Summary conclusions and recommendations

PERSPECTIVE IN BEHAVIORAL


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The vast business and industrial challenges

brought about by the revelation in human behavior have

broadened the spectrum of human observation. An

integrated field of investigation into the insites, feelingsand reactions of workers and employees has enabled

behavioural scientist to discover the meaningful reasons

or causes of mansactions.

PERSPECTIVE IN BEHAVIORAL

SCIENCE


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Behavioral Science in Management

Management has spent millions of pesos to find

new perspectives to change conventional thinking and

practices in dealing with human behavior. The rate of

technological changes, the growing complexity of modern

businesses, the increase of scientific researches have

affected the basic a character of human organization.

The need of our modern business requires that they

examine present organizational theory and practice. The

behavioural sciences have found influences that cause

certain behavior in the organization.


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Behavioral Science in Marketing

Business depends much on advertising to

effectively help the salesman convince the customer to

buy a product. Advertising first informs the customers

about the quality of a product before the salesman seeshis customer. Salesmanship has much to do with

influencing or motivating human behavior. In the near

future behavioural science will become more evident in

marketing courses.


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Behavioral Science in Economics

People of the modern world live in a money-makingsociety. The habit of descring wealth in terms of the money

value of a personspossession is common.

Economics and the behavioural science are closely

allied because the money value depends on the motives ofman. Economists would like to have better information on

the cultural and social determinants of the demand for

consumers good, of occupational choice and of the level of

savings. There exist social influences on individualeconomic behavior.


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Behavioral Science in Accounting

The increasing interest in the behavioural science

is centered not only on the areas of management,

marketing and economics but also on the broader field of

accounting. The growth of interest in the behaviouralsciences may be seen in behavioural researches in

managerial accounting.


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Behavioral researches in management accounting can

be divided into three broad categories:

1. Attempts to specify a model for all or part of the

sub- system.

2. Investifgation on the behavioural dimensions of themanagement control process.

3. Studies from the behavioural point of view of the

effect of a firmscharacteristics on the form and function

of the management information system.


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Areas of research to which the accounting professioncould direct itsattention include;

1. Research on the changes going on in society and

changes in group and individual values.

2. Research on the ways and means of doingbusiness and how this changes affect organizational

structure within the business.

3. Research on communication networks.

4. Research on means of increasing efficiency intransmitting information - particularly in the area ofredundancy and semantics.


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An article entitled: Behavioral Science Content

of the Accounting Curriculum, has shown severalbehavioural science areas which are relevant to

accounting education. Such areas are the problem of

communication by way of transmitting information in

various areas of business, budgeting and employee

behavior, a behavioural study of tax allocation,

behavioural study of supervisors and their relation to

budget-induced pressure and many others.


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END


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CRISTINA SOBRENILLA

JONNABILLE GIRAY

JULIUS JAY EDILLOR

Documents

Overview Science and Study of Human Behavior