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Curtin University of TechnologyDivision of Engineering, Science and Computing
Department of Electrical Engineering
Renewable Energy Systems 402/604Semester 2, 2007
Lecture 1
Professor Chem NayarOffice: 204:205
Telephone: 9266 7934Email: [email protected]
Unit website: www.ece.curtin.edu.au/~pe301
Renewable Energy Systems 402/604
Tuition Pattern:5 Hours:
Lecture 2.00 hours, 1.00 weeklyTutorial 1.00 hour, 1.00 weekly
Laboratory 2.00 hours fortnightly
Assessment Details:Assignments : 4 0%
Assignment 1 (20%)
Assignment - 2 (20%)
Final Examination (2hours) : 60%Closed book , restricted exam.
( Students can bring a single page of A4 size notes handwritten or typed on both sides and calculators)
Recommended Texts and Principal References
1. H. L. Willis and W.G. Scott, Distributed Power Generation, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2000
1. G. Boyle, Renewable Energy, power for sustainable future, Oxford, 2004.2. J.F. Manwell, et al, Wind Energy Explained, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.3. S. Wenham, M. Green and M. Watt, Applied Photovoltaics, UNSW, ISBN 0 86758 909 4.2.S. AustraliaTM, "AS 4777.3: Grid connections of energy systems via inverters Part 3: Grid protection requirements," in Standards AustraliaTM, 2002.3.S. AustraliaTM, "AS 4777.1: Grid connections of energy systems via inverters Part 1: Installation requirements," in Standards AustraliaTM, 2002.4.S. AustraliaTM, "AS 4777.2: Grid connections of energy systems via inverters Part 2: Inverter requirements," in Standards AustraliaTM, 2002.
Renewable Energy Systems 402 Semester 2, 2007Week Day Topics Lecturer Duration Pre-readings Tutorial Assignment Due
1 31-Jul Introduction Prof. Nayar 4-6pm Lecture Notes2 7-Aug PV Systems 1 M. Dymond 4-6pm Lecture Notes Tutorial No.13 14-Aug PV Systems 2 M. Dymond 4-6pm Lecture Notes Tutorial No.24 21-Aug Wind Energy Systems 1 Prof Nayar 4-6pm Lecture Notes Tutorial No.35 4-Sep Wind Energy Systems 2 Prof. Nayar 4-6pm Lecture Notes Tutorial No.46 11-Sep Wind Energy Systems 3 Prof. Nayar 4-6pm Lecture Notes Tutorial No.57 18-Sep Energy Economics Prof. Nayar 4-6pm Lecture Notes Tutorial No.68 2-Oct Small Hydro Systems Dr. Sumedha 4-6pm Lecture Notes Tutorial No.7 Assignment No.1
9 9-Oct Fuell Cells 1 Dr. Sumedha 4-6pm Lecture Notes Tutorial No.810 16-Oct Fuell Cells 2 Dr. Sumedha 4-6pm Lecture Notes Tutorial No.911 23-Oct Distributed Generation 1 Dr. Sumedha 4-6pm Lecture Notes Tutorial No.1012 30-Oct Distributed Generation 2 Dr. Sumedha 4-6pm Lecture Notes13 6-Nov Study week Assignment No.2
Renewable Energy Systems 402/604 Lab
Overview of Renewable Energy Systems, Distributed
Generation
What Are Distributed Generators? Distributed generation (DG) systems are small
modular electric power generation units (
DG A Future Mode of Generation Central generation stations vs DG systems (now) Super computers vs Personal Computers (25 years ago)
Tremendous DG Market Potential Global electricity consumption40% of total global energy consumption Present global DG capacity30 GW installed capacity DG growth ratecurrently 8-9GW/year or 3% of newly installed
generation capacity; will be 6% of newly installed capacity by 2020
Global new-capacity Global new DG capacity
Rapid DG Growth Wind Capacity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06Year
Cap
acity
(GW
)
Cumulative CapacityInstalled Capacity
Rapid DG Growth PV Capacity
Driving Forces for Rapid DG Growth
ElectricitySector
EnvironmentalConcerns:
GHG reductionEnergy efficiency
Deregulation andEconomics:
TradeInvestment
Demands:
Increasing demandSupply qualitySupply security
TechnologicalInnovation
Electricity and GHG Emissions
Oi l 9. 9%
Nat ual Gas 18 . 8%
Coa l 34. 1%
Nuc l ear 17. 0%
Ren ewabl es 20 . 2%
Electricity: 0.51kg/kWh, or 20% of global GHG
Courtesy of Hydro Quebec
Increasing Electricity Demand
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2001 2010 2015 2020 2025
Year
Ele
ctri
city
Con
sum
ptio
n (T
Wh)
EE/FSUDevelopingIndustrializedNorth America
Annual World Electricity Consumption Will Increase at 2.3% (Developing Countries at 3.5%)
Energy Security: Oil and Gas Will Deplete, Sooner or Later
A Direct Drive Wind Turbine
A Wind Turbine System Kinetic Mechanical Electric Energy
Turbine input power
Turbine output power
Turbine performance factor Cp. Theoretical maximum Cp: Cpmax16/270.593, practical maximum Cp=0.4 - 0.5
Pwind = 2 31 12 2mu Au=
Pmech = 312Au Cp
Photovoltaic Cells Solar cell operation is based on the ability of
semiconductors to convert sunlight directly into electricity. In the conversion process the incident energy of light creates mobile charged particles in the semiconductor, which are then separated by the device structure and produce electrical current.
Characteristics of PV Cells
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25
1000W/m2800W/m2
600W/m2
VI Characteristic CurveNominal 12V array
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25
Voltage (V)
Cur
rent
(A)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Pow
er(W
)
4.679
17.4
Effect of Solar Radiation Level
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25
1000W/m2
800W/m2
600W/m2
Effect of Temperature
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25
0C25C
50C75C
This characteristic is important in determining the dc voltage window of grid connected inverters
Photovoltaic Power Systems
(a)
PowerElectronicsInterface
Utility
DC Input
(b)
(a)
PowerElectronicsInterface
Utility
DC Input
(b)
PowerElectronicsInterface
Utility
DC Input PowerElectronicsInterface
Utility
DC Input
(b)
Wind Electric Systems
Utility
GeneratorandPower Electronics
Utility
GeneratorandPower Electronics
Utility
GeneratorandPower Electronics
Power Electronic Converters: Enabling Technology for DG Systems
Converters in components, functions and systems of distributed generators
Functions of Power Electronic Converters for DG Systems
Power Conversion ac-dc, dc-ac, ac-ac, dc-dc; voltage and
frequency control Interconnection with Grid & System Protection
meeting requirements of interconnection standards Resource Control (optimize sources and loads)
maximum power point tracking Power System Support
power and reactive power control, dispatch etc.
Bidirectional Switching Power PoleRef: Mohan
Low Frequency PWM GenerationRef: Mohan
d
aNa VVd =
Single-Phase InverterRef: Mohan
twVv oo 1sin=
Single Phase Grid Connected Inverter
Three-Phase Inverter-Sine PWM
ddll VVV 867.0~23)( max =
Three-Phase Inverter- Sine PWM
Current Source/Voltage Inverter
A current source inverter (CSI) has an inductor in series with the DC input
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
L
Load
Idc
Io
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Load
Vdc
IoC
A voltage source inverter (VSI) has a capacitor across the DC input Voltage controlled VSI (VCVSI) Current controlled VSI (CCVSI)
Voltage Controlled VSI
L
g
L
cgg
L
cgg X
VXVV
QXVV
P2
cos;sin ==
Current Controlled VSI
sin;cos gggggg IVQIVP ==
Real power and Reactive power canbe controlled by regulating the magnitude, and the angle gL
II =
Pg= VIg cos Qg= VIg sin
Current Controlled VSI Fast current response Inherent current protection Appropriate for grid-
connected inverters such as for PV/Wind generators Hysteresis current
controller Ramp controller Predictive controller Current-based space vector
controller
Hysteresis Current Controller
Active and Reactive Power Control
PV/Grid Energy System Configurations
Large Single Inverter Type (Central Inverter)
Multiple Small Inverter Type (String Inverter)
DC Bus (Multi-string Inverter) AC Module
Large Single Inverter Type Series and Parallel
connection on DC side
All PV panels connected to single DC bus
Single Central Inverter
Affected by partial shading of panels
Only one protection system required
Multiple Small Inverter Type One inverter per
string Panels grouped into
smaller inverter rated power of Inverter ( 0.7-5kW)
Not so badly affected by shading
Not badly affected by inverter failure
@ 3.3kW
Grid-Connected PV Inverter (String Type)
Grid-Connected with Energy Back up System
Controller Back up Line
AC Grid Line
DC 48 V
AC Line
DC from PV
160 to 240 V
AC Line
DC 48 V
Grid-Connected PV System
with Back up Inverter
Kang Som-Mao, Ratchaburi
PV
CONTROLLER -
BATTERY batteries for S-218C
INVERTER APOLLO G 304 And S-218C
75 Wp x 42 modules
DC Linked
Each panel or group have a DC-DC step up converter
High voltage DC link feeds transformer-less converter
AC Modules
One Inverter per panel
High volume/ low cost?
Plug-and-play?
Wind Energy Conversion System
Wind
Wind TurbineRotor
Gearbox/Transmission Generator
Mechanical Power Electrical Power
PowerConverter
PowerTransformer
Electric Grid
Permanent Magnet PM Generator
GB
LAC
LDC
CDCVDC
Applications of Single-Phase Inverters for Small Wind Turbines
Wind turbine systemWind turbine system
AC/DC/AC Full Power Converter for Three-Phase Grids (PWM Rectifier)
Micro Hydro
Fuel Cells
Fundamentals and background
Energy Conversion Principle
Microgrid A MicroGrid power system
Is a local scale power system using distributed resources scaled to the local system demand.
Is designed to transfer seamlessly between connection with the local utility and isolated operation.
Benefits Improved power reliability and power quality Potential economic benefits: CHP, higher efficiency, diversified fuel
supplies Possible ancillary services for power system operators Transmission and distribution support in constrained areas. Potential for reduced emissions compared to centralized utility. Ability to allow high penetration of renewable generation.
Case study : The Republic of Maldives
1,192 islands with a land area of about 300 km2, formed on a chain of 26 coral reef atolls in the Indian Ocean
80 percent of the total landmass of the Maldives is less than 1 meter above sea level
Maldives Remote Islands
Uligam
Raimandhoo
Kondey
Advantages of the Renewable Energy Micro-Grid System
Can Provide 24 hours of Electricity Diesel Generator operating hours will be reduced which leads
to save in fuel plus O&M cost Reduced Cost of Electricity Fast pay back period [2-3 Years] Reduced noise and air pollution Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emission
+ ++ +
POWER ELECTRONICS
Micro Grid for Uligam lsland
Micro Wind Farm