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Overview:Overview:
Overview:Overview:
MorphologyMorphology
Overview:Overview:
MorphologyMorphology– The subfield of linguistics that studies The subfield of linguistics that studies
words and their relationships to other words and their relationships to other words.words.
Overview:Overview:
MorphologyMorphology– The subfield of linguistics that studies The subfield of linguistics that studies
words and their relationships to other words and their relationships to other words.words.
– MorphemeMorpheme
Overview:Overview:
MorphologyMorphology– The subfield of linguistics that studies The subfield of linguistics that studies
words and their relationships to other words and their relationships to other words.words.
– MorphemeMorpheme The smallest unit of meaningThe smallest unit of meaning
Overview:Overview:
Phonetics and PhonologyPhonetics and Phonology
Overview:Overview:
Phonetics and PhonologyPhonetics and Phonology– Study the sounds and sound Study the sounds and sound
production of human speechproduction of human speech
Overview:Overview:
Phonetics and PhonologyPhonetics and Phonology– Study the sounds and sound Study the sounds and sound
production of human speechproduction of human speech– phonemephoneme
Overview:Overview:
Phonetics and PhonologyPhonetics and Phonology– Study the sounds and sound Study the sounds and sound
production of human speechproduction of human speech– phonemephoneme
unit of soundunit of sound
Overview:Overview:
SyntaxSyntax
Overview:Overview:
SyntaxSyntax– the inherent natural grammar of any the inherent natural grammar of any
human language.human language.
Overview:Overview:
SyntaxSyntax– the inherent natural grammar of any the inherent natural grammar of any
human language.human language.– Syntacticians study how the natural Syntacticians study how the natural
grammar works in relation to grammar works in relation to meaningmeaning
SemanticsSemantics
SemanticsSemantics
Studies the meaning and Studies the meaning and denotation of languagedenotation of language
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaningLinguistic meaning– Speaker meaningSpeaker meaning
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaningLinguistic meaning
Procrastinate means “to put things off”Procrastinate means “to put things off”
– Speaker meaningSpeaker meaning
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaningLinguistic meaning
Procrastinate means “to put things off”Procrastinate means “to put things off”
– Speaker meaningSpeaker meaning In saying “It’s getting late,” she meant In saying “It’s getting late,” she meant
that we should leavethat we should leave
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– The meaning of words can change The meaning of words can change
from region to region, from speaker from region to region, from speaker to speaker, and circumstance to to speaker, and circumstance to circumstance.circumstance.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– The meaning of words can change The meaning of words can change
from region to region, from speaker from region to region, from speaker to speaker, and circumstance to to speaker, and circumstance to circumstance.circumstance.
– Monroe County, PA English:Monroe County, PA English: I slipped downtown today noon and got I slipped downtown today noon and got
my ardick fast in a door.my ardick fast in a door.
SemanticsSemantics Meaning:Meaning:
– The meaning of words can change from The meaning of words can change from region to region, from speaker to speaker, region to region, from speaker to speaker, and circumstance to circumstance.and circumstance to circumstance.
– Monroe County, PA English:Monroe County, PA English: I slipped downtown today noon and got my I slipped downtown today noon and got my
ardick fast in a door.ardick fast in a door.
– When Bill says he’s ready, he always When Bill says he’s ready, he always means he’s ready to go home.means he’s ready to go home.
SemanticsSemantics Meaning:Meaning:
– The meaning of words can change from The meaning of words can change from region to region, from speaker to speaker, region to region, from speaker to speaker, and circumstance to circumstance.and circumstance to circumstance.
– Monroe County, PA English:Monroe County, PA English: I slipped downtown today noon and got my I slipped downtown today noon and got my
ardick fast in a door.ardick fast in a door.
– When Bill says he’s ready, he always When Bill says he’s ready, he always means he’s ready to go home.means he’s ready to go home.
– He’s a real dogHe’s a real dog
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaning can be broken Linguistic meaning can be broken
down this way:down this way: Language meaningLanguage meaning
– Dialect meaningDialect meaning Social meaningSocial meaning Regional meaningRegional meaning
Idiolect meaningIdiolect meaning
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaning can be broken Linguistic meaning can be broken
down this way:down this way: Speaker meaningSpeaker meaning
– LiteralLiteral– Non-literalNon-literal
IronyIrony SarcasmSarcasm MetaphorMetaphor
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Speaker meaning: He is a real dogSpeaker meaning: He is a real dog
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Speaker meaning: He is a real dogSpeaker meaning: He is a real dog– Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Speaker meaning: He is a real dogSpeaker meaning: He is a real dog– Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.– Non-LiteralNon-Literal
Irony: After all the guessing, the Irony: After all the guessing, the scientists revealed that he is a real dog, scientists revealed that he is a real dog, not a robot.not a robot.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Speaker meaning: He is a real dogSpeaker meaning: He is a real dog– Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.– Non-LiteralNon-Literal
Irony: After all the guessing, the scientists Irony: After all the guessing, the scientists revealed that he is a real dog, not a robot.revealed that he is a real dog, not a robot.
Sarcasm: He is a real dog, but not much Sarcasm: He is a real dog, but not much of one - how much of a dog can a of one - how much of a dog can a chihuahua be?chihuahua be?
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Speaker meaning: He is a real dogSpeaker meaning: He is a real dog– Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.– Non-LiteralNon-Literal
Irony: After all the guessing, the scientists Irony: After all the guessing, the scientists revealed that he is a real dog, not a robot.revealed that he is a real dog, not a robot.
Sarcasm: He is a real dog, but not much of Sarcasm: He is a real dog, but not much of one - how much of a dog can a chihuahua one - how much of a dog can a chihuahua be?be?
Metaphor: Bill behaves like a real dog.Metaphor: Bill behaves like a real dog.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaning:Linguistic meaning:
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaning:Linguistic meaning:– Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very
doggish waydoggish way
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaning:Linguistic meaning:– Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very
doggish waydoggish way– Language meaning:Language meaning:
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaning:Linguistic meaning:– Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very
doggish waydoggish way– Language meaning:Language meaning:
A dog is a canine mammal with four legs A dog is a canine mammal with four legs and a wet cold nose when in good health.and a wet cold nose when in good health.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaning:Linguistic meaning:– Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very
doggish waydoggish way– Language meaning:Language meaning:
A dog is a canine mammal with four legs A dog is a canine mammal with four legs and a wet cold nose when in good health.and a wet cold nose when in good health.
Regional: He had to put his dogs up after Regional: He had to put his dogs up after a long day’s work.a long day’s work.
SemanticsSemantics Meaning:Meaning:
– Linguistic meaning:Linguistic meaning:– Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very doggish Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very doggish
wayway– Language meaning:Language meaning:
A dog is a canine mammal with four legs and a A dog is a canine mammal with four legs and a wet cold nose when in good health.wet cold nose when in good health.
Regional: He had to put his dogs up after a long Regional: He had to put his dogs up after a long day’s work.day’s work.
Social: Columbo was dogging his suspect all week Social: Columbo was dogging his suspect all week long (among detectives, police)long (among detectives, police)
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– TheoriesTheories
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– TheoriesTheories
Denotational meaning (D)Denotational meaning (D)– Dog denotes canine animalDog denotes canine animal
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– TheoriesTheories
Denotational meaning (D)Denotational meaning (D)– Dog denotes canine animaDog denotes canine anima
Mentalist meaningMentalist meaning– idea based, but what happens when two ideas idea based, but what happens when two ideas
denote the same meaning?denote the same meaning?
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– TheoriesTheories
Denotational meaning (D)Denotational meaning (D)– Dog denotes canine animaDog denotes canine anima
Mentalist meaningMentalist meaning– idea based, but what happens when two ideas idea based, but what happens when two ideas
denote the same meaning?denote the same meaning? Meaning as imagesMeaning as images
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– TheoriesTheories
Denotational meaning (D)Denotational meaning (D)– Dog denotes canine animaDog denotes canine anima
Mentalist meaningMentalist meaning– idea based, but what happens when two ideas idea based, but what happens when two ideas
denote the same meaning?denote the same meaning? Meaning as imagesMeaning as images
– Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo?Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo?
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– TheoriesTheories
Denotational meaning (D)Denotational meaning (D)– Dog denotes canine animaDog denotes canine anima
Mentalist meaningMentalist meaning– idea based, but what happens when two ideas idea based, but what happens when two ideas
denote the same meaning?denote the same meaning? Meaning as imagesMeaning as images
– Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo?Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo? Meaning as conceptsMeaning as concepts
SemanticsSemantics Meaning:Meaning:
– TheoriesTheories Denotational meaning (D)Denotational meaning (D)
– Dog denotes canine animaDog denotes canine anima Mentalist meaningMentalist meaning
– idea based, but what happens when two ideas idea based, but what happens when two ideas denote the same meaning?denote the same meaning?
Meaning as imagesMeaning as images– Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo?Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo?
Meaning as conceptsMeaning as concepts– based on the “sense” the speaker has of meaningbased on the “sense” the speaker has of meaning
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– TheoriesTheories
The Use Theory of meaning (U)The Use Theory of meaning (U)
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– TheoriesTheories
The Use Theory of meaning (U)The Use Theory of meaning (U)– meaning is determined by use, the least meaning is determined by use, the least
problematic of the theoriesproblematic of the theories
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– TheoriesTheories
The Use Theory of meaning (U)The Use Theory of meaning (U)– meaning is determined by use, the least meaning is determined by use, the least
problematic of the theoriesproblematic of the theories However, researchers don’t really have a However, researchers don’t really have a
good handle on what meaning is...good handle on what meaning is...
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– PropertiesProperties
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– PropertiesProperties
Ambiguity: He found a bat.Ambiguity: He found a bat.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– PropertiesProperties
Ambiguity: He found a bat.Ambiguity: He found a bat. Polysemy: What a beautiful table! She Polysemy: What a beautiful table! She
tabled the motion.tabled the motion.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– PropertiesProperties
Ambiguity: He found a bat.Ambiguity: He found a bat. Polysemy: What a beautiful table! She Polysemy: What a beautiful table! She
tabled the motion.tabled the motion. Anomaly: gradually plummet; colorless Anomaly: gradually plummet; colorless
green idea; dream diagonally; the sun green idea; dream diagonally; the sun was blue around us; the sound of silencewas blue around us; the sound of silence
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Relations:Relations:
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Relations:Relations:
synonymy: car, automobile, vehiclesynonymy: car, automobile, vehicle
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Relations:Relations:
synonymy: car, automobile, vehiclesynonymy: car, automobile, vehicle meaning inclusion: the meaning of kill meaning inclusion: the meaning of kill
includes the meaning of deadincludes the meaning of dead
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Relations:Relations:
synonymy: car, automobile, vehiclesynonymy: car, automobile, vehicle meaning inclusion: the meaning of kill meaning inclusion: the meaning of kill
includes the meaning of deadincludes the meaning of dead overlap: father, uncle, bull and stallion all overlap: father, uncle, bull and stallion all
include the meaning of maleinclude the meaning of male
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Relations:Relations:
synonymy: car, automobile, vehiclesynonymy: car, automobile, vehicle meaning inclusion: the meaning of kill meaning inclusion: the meaning of kill
includes the meaning of deadincludes the meaning of dead overlap: father, uncle, bull and stallion all overlap: father, uncle, bull and stallion all
include the meaning of maleinclude the meaning of male antonymy: small and large share the antonymy: small and large share the
meaning of size, but differ in degree.meaning of size, but differ in degree.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– These properties and relations can be These properties and relations can be
extended to sentences:extended to sentences:
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– These properties and relations can be These properties and relations can be
extended to sentences:extended to sentences:– Synonymy:Synonymy:
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– These properties and relations can be These properties and relations can be
extended to sentences:extended to sentences:– Synonymy:Synonymy:
His pants were too small.His pants were too small. His pants were not big enough.His pants were not big enough.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– These properties and relations can be These properties and relations can be
extended to sentences:extended to sentences:– Synonymy:Synonymy:
His pants were too small.His pants were too small. His pants were not big enough.His pants were not big enough.
– Ambiguity:Ambiguity:
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– These properties and relations can be These properties and relations can be
extended to sentences:extended to sentences:– Synonymy:Synonymy:
His pants were too small.His pants were too small. His pants were not big enough.His pants were not big enough.
– Ambiguity:Ambiguity: She visited a little girl’s school.She visited a little girl’s school.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have communicative Sentences also have communicative
potential.potential.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have communicative Sentences also have communicative
potential.potential. Declarative: The dog is mean.Declarative: The dog is mean.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have communicative Sentences also have communicative
potential.potential. Declarative: The dog is mean.Declarative: The dog is mean. Imperative: Kick the little mean dog!Imperative: Kick the little mean dog!
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have communicative Sentences also have communicative
potential.potential. Declarative: The dog is mean.Declarative: The dog is mean. Imperative: Kick the little mean dog!Imperative: Kick the little mean dog! Interrogative: Where is the little mean Interrogative: Where is the little mean
dog?dog?
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have truth properties Sentences also have truth properties
and relations...and relations...
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have truth properties Sentences also have truth properties
and relations…and relations… If a sentence contradicts itself, it is If a sentence contradicts itself, it is
understood to be falseunderstood to be false
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have truth properties Sentences also have truth properties
and relations…and relations… If a sentence contradicts itself, it is If a sentence contradicts itself, it is
understood to be falseunderstood to be false If John is sick and Mary is sick, John is not If John is sick and Mary is sick, John is not
sick.sick.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have truth properties Sentences also have truth properties
and relations…and relations… Sentences may have some Sentences may have some
presuppositionpresupposition
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have truth properties Sentences also have truth properties
and relations…and relations… Sentences may have some Sentences may have some
presuppositionpresupposition– The present king of France is bald.The present king of France is bald.– The present king of France is not baldThe present king of France is not bald
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have truth properties Sentences also have truth properties
and relations…and relations… Sentences may have some Sentences may have some
presuppositionpresupposition– The present king of France is bald.The present king of France is bald.– The present king of France is not baldThe present king of France is not bald– There is a present king of France.There is a present king of France.
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– What is the goal of semantic theory?What is the goal of semantic theory?
SemanticsSemantics
Meaning:Meaning:– What is the goal of semantic theory?What is the goal of semantic theory?
Essentially to prove and test meaning.Essentially to prove and test meaning.