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Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program
Mark A Kedzierski
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland
Building Energy Use is Large and Growing 40% of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption
72% of U.S. Electricity
55% of U.S. Natural Gas
The combined residential and commercial buildings sectors is the largest consumer of energy in the U.S.
Source: 2007 Buildings Energy Data Book. Tables 1.1.3, 1.2.3, 1.3.3
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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Qu
ads
Industrial
Transportation
Buildings Total
Buildings Is The Fastest Growing Sector
NIST’s Mission
To promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing
• measurement science,
• standards, and
• technology
In ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life
Article I, Section 8: The Congress shall have the power to…fix the standard of weights and measures
Because buildings are a controlling portion of our nation’s energy use, building energy research can significantly enhance economic security
and improve the quality of life
Current Building Energy Measurement Science Research
• Photovoltaic Measurements and Models
• Refrigerant Heat Transfer Enhancement
• HVAC Simulation Tools/Fault Detection
• Thermal Insulation Measurements
• Fuel Cell Performance/CHP Performance Ratings
• Sensors for Improved Building Monitoring
• Energy Efficient Ventilation Strategies
• Energy Efficiency of Appliances
• Net-Zero House
Photovoltaic Measurements and Models
Improvement/Validation of Simulation Models
Technology Comparisons
Objective: Improve current test methods and simulations in order to facilitate the use of PV in buildings
Advanced Building Energy Technologies
Improved Measurement Techniques
Long pulse solar simulator
Photovoltaic Measurements and Models (cont.)
Solar Tracker
Nanofluids Heat Transfer Measurements
Technical challenge: Nanolubricants offer the opportunity for cost-neutral performance improvement. The lack of refrigerant/nanolubricant boiling heat transfer measurements makes it very difficult to understand the fundamental mechanisms that govern the nanoparticle/bubble interaction.
Research tools and methods: Pool boiling test apparatus – pool boiling heat transfer Stabinger viscometer – nanolubricant viscosityDynamic light scattering apparatus – nanoparticle size
Findings: Al2O3 nanolubricants can significantly
enhance refrigerant pool boiling (on average, between 50 % and 150 %). The enhancement depends on the nanoparticle material, size, volume fraction, dispersion quality.Good dispersion quality is essential.
Simulation Tools for HVAC Equipment
REFLEAK predicts a composition shift of zeotropic refrigerant mixtures due to sequential leaking and recharging. Composition shifting typically results in degradation of efficiency.
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to characterize the air flow distribution through finned tube heat exchangers.
CYCLE_D evaluates refrigerant COP in the basic and advanced vapor-compression cycles.
Simulation of an entire air-conditioning system to estimate the effect of design changes upon efficiency.
NIST develops software tools
that facilitate designing
optimized equipment.
Goals:
Increased energy efficiency
Lower cost products
Faster time to market
Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics for Residential Heat Pumps
Indoor Unit
Outdoor Unit
Indoor Unit
Outdoor Unit
Goals:
Quality initial installations
Greater thermal comfort
Reduced refrigerant emissions
Increased energy efficiency
Reduced life-cycle operating costs
NIST is developing Fault Detection and Diagnostic methodologies for residential heat pump systems that will ensure a quality installation and sustained efficiency throughout the equipment’s life span.
System analysis and fault classifier
Residential split-system heat pump
HVAC Fault Detection and Diagnostics
NIST has pioneered the development of embedded measurement and analysis techniques to detect faults in HVAC equipment and controls
NIST Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed Facility – Used to conduct research in automated fault detection and other aspects of integrated building control systems
• APAR – Air Handler
Performance Assessment Rules• VPACC – VAV box Performance
Assessment Control Charts• Unique laboratory facilities to
emulate building systems • Collaboration with control system
manufacturers to test results in
commercial products
Thermal Insulation MeasurementsSince 1912, NIST has provided thermal resistance measurements to the thermal insulation industry.
•1016-mm Guarded Hot Plate (GHP) Apparatus•500 mm GHP designed to test from 90 K to 900 K•Vacuum Insulation Panels tested in calorimeter•NIST Standard Reference Database 81 (http://srdata.nist.gov/insulation/)
Thermal Insulation Measurements (cont.)
• 500 mm currently under evaluation
• Developed for industrial thermal insulation user community
• Design range:
– 90 K to 900 K
– 10-4 torr to 800 torr
• Collaboration with ASTM C16.30 Reference Materials Task Group underway to develop next the generation of high-temperature thermal insulation reference materials
NIST's High-Temperature Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
Sensors for Improved Building Monitoring
NIST is exploring novel sensor technology that could be used as part of monitoring systems to determine energy consumption in buildings:
• Non-invasive techniques to evaluate integrity of thermal envelopes
• Wireless sensors
• Energy monitoring systems
Energy Efficient Ventilation StrategiesNIST has been developing simulation methods, design guidance and tools, technology assessments of strategies, and standards to provide adequate ventilation in an energy efficient manner.
Displacement ventilation
Dedicated outdoor air systems
Natural and hybrid ventilation
Carbon dioxide based demand controlled ventilation
Fuel Cell/Cogeneration Performance Ratings
NIST is developing rating methodologies to help consumers gauge the performance of fuel cell systems and other combined heat and power (CHP) technologies for building applications .
•Residential Fuel Cell Units•Internal Combustion CHP•Stirling Engine CHP
Assists in finding data for the Federal Trade Commission’s Energy Guide appliance rating labels
Residential Appliance ProgramDevelops standardized test procedures for common household appliances such as dishwashers, water
heaters, refrigerators, mini-split AC, and pool heaters
Provides EPA and DOE with information for the Energy Star classification
Objective: Demonstrate Net-Zero Energy for a typical home and generate “real world” field data to validate/improve models
Net-Zero HouseUnique Features
Advanced framing
Fenestration units readily replaced
High-performance building envelope
Reconfigurable photovoltaic array (1.6 to 9.7 kW)
Variable collector size and storage tank capacity solar hot water system
Smart Grid Ready
Use of low emitting materials for improved indoor air quality
Multiple zoning capabilities (floor, register, perimeter versus central)
Small duct, high velocity air distribution system
Dedicated ductwork for humidification/dehumidiification heat recovery systems
Air-to-air central heat pump system
Multi-split heat pump system
Earth Coupled Heat Pump system with three distinct earth coupled fields
To be built on the NIST campus
Project Contacts
• Photovoltaic Measurements and Models: [email protected]
• Refrigerant Heat Transfer Enhancement: [email protected]
• HVAC Simulation Tools/Fault Detection: [email protected]
• Thermal Insulation Measurements: [email protected]
• Fuel Cell Performance/CHP Perf. Ratings: [email protected]
• Sensors for Improved Building Monitoring: [email protected]
• Energy Efficient Ventilation Strategies: [email protected]
• Energy Efficiency of Appliances: [email protected]
• Net-Zero House: [email protected]
