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Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

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Page 1: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program

Mark A Kedzierski

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, Maryland

Page 2: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Building Energy Use is Large and Growing 40% of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption

72% of U.S. Electricity

55% of U.S. Natural Gas

The combined residential and commercial buildings sectors is the largest consumer of energy in the U.S.

Source: 2007 Buildings Energy Data Book. Tables 1.1.3, 1.2.3, 1.3.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Qu

ads

Industrial

Transportation

Buildings Total

Buildings Is The Fastest Growing Sector

Page 3: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

NIST’s Mission

To promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing

• measurement science,

• standards, and

• technology

In ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life

Article I, Section 8: The Congress shall have the power to…fix the standard of weights and measures

Because buildings are a controlling portion of our nation’s energy use, building energy research can significantly enhance economic security

and improve the quality of life

Page 4: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Current Building Energy Measurement Science Research

• Photovoltaic Measurements and Models

• Refrigerant Heat Transfer Enhancement

• HVAC Simulation Tools/Fault Detection

• Thermal Insulation Measurements

• Fuel Cell Performance/CHP Performance Ratings

• Sensors for Improved Building Monitoring

• Energy Efficient Ventilation Strategies

• Energy Efficiency of Appliances

• Net-Zero House

Page 5: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Photovoltaic Measurements and Models

Improvement/Validation of Simulation Models

Technology Comparisons

Objective: Improve current test methods and simulations in order to facilitate the use of PV in buildings

Page 6: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Advanced Building Energy Technologies

Improved Measurement Techniques

Long pulse solar simulator

Photovoltaic Measurements and Models (cont.)

Solar Tracker

Page 7: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Nanofluids Heat Transfer Measurements

Technical challenge: Nanolubricants offer the opportunity for cost-neutral performance improvement. The lack of refrigerant/nanolubricant boiling heat transfer measurements makes it very difficult to understand the fundamental mechanisms that govern the nanoparticle/bubble interaction.

Research tools and methods: Pool boiling test apparatus – pool boiling heat transfer Stabinger viscometer – nanolubricant viscosityDynamic light scattering apparatus – nanoparticle size

Findings: Al2O3 nanolubricants can significantly

enhance refrigerant pool boiling (on average, between 50 % and 150 %). The enhancement depends on the nanoparticle material, size, volume fraction, dispersion quality.Good dispersion quality is essential.

Page 8: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Simulation Tools for HVAC Equipment

REFLEAK predicts a composition shift of zeotropic refrigerant mixtures due to sequential leaking and recharging. Composition shifting typically results in degradation of efficiency.

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to characterize the air flow distribution through finned tube heat exchangers.

CYCLE_D evaluates refrigerant COP in the basic and advanced vapor-compression cycles.

Simulation of an entire air-conditioning system to estimate the effect of design changes upon efficiency.

NIST develops software tools

that facilitate designing

optimized equipment.

Goals:

Increased energy efficiency

Lower cost products

Faster time to market

Page 9: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics for Residential Heat Pumps

Indoor Unit

Outdoor Unit

Indoor Unit

Outdoor Unit

Goals:

Quality initial installations

Greater thermal comfort

Reduced refrigerant emissions

Increased energy efficiency

Reduced life-cycle operating costs

NIST is developing Fault Detection and Diagnostic methodologies for residential heat pump systems that will ensure a quality installation and sustained efficiency throughout the equipment’s life span.

System analysis and fault classifier

Residential split-system heat pump

Page 10: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

HVAC Fault Detection and Diagnostics

NIST has pioneered the development of embedded measurement and analysis techniques to detect faults in HVAC equipment and controls

NIST Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed Facility – Used to conduct research in automated fault detection and other aspects of integrated building control systems

• APAR – Air Handler

Performance Assessment Rules• VPACC – VAV box Performance

Assessment Control Charts• Unique laboratory facilities to

emulate building systems • Collaboration with control system

manufacturers to test results in

commercial products

Page 11: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Thermal Insulation MeasurementsSince 1912, NIST has provided thermal resistance measurements to the thermal insulation industry.

•1016-mm Guarded Hot Plate (GHP) Apparatus•500 mm GHP designed to test from 90 K to 900 K•Vacuum Insulation Panels tested in calorimeter•NIST Standard Reference Database 81 (http://srdata.nist.gov/insulation/)

Page 12: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Thermal Insulation Measurements (cont.)

• 500 mm currently under evaluation

• Developed for industrial thermal insulation user community

• Design range:

– 90 K to 900 K

– 10-4 torr to 800 torr

• Collaboration with ASTM C16.30 Reference Materials Task Group underway to develop next the generation of high-temperature thermal insulation reference materials

NIST's High-Temperature Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

Page 13: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Sensors for Improved Building Monitoring

NIST is exploring novel sensor technology that could be used as part of monitoring systems to determine energy consumption in buildings:

• Non-invasive techniques to evaluate integrity of thermal envelopes

• Wireless sensors

• Energy monitoring systems

Page 14: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Energy Efficient Ventilation StrategiesNIST has been developing simulation methods, design guidance and tools, technology assessments of strategies, and standards to provide adequate ventilation in an energy efficient manner.

Displacement ventilation

Dedicated outdoor air systems

Natural and hybrid ventilation

Carbon dioxide based demand controlled ventilation

Page 15: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Fuel Cell/Cogeneration Performance Ratings

NIST is developing rating methodologies to help consumers gauge the performance of fuel cell systems and other combined heat and power (CHP) technologies for building applications .

•Residential Fuel Cell Units•Internal Combustion CHP•Stirling Engine CHP

Page 16: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Assists in finding data for the Federal Trade Commission’s Energy Guide appliance rating labels

Residential Appliance ProgramDevelops standardized test procedures for common household appliances such as dishwashers, water

heaters, refrigerators, mini-split AC, and pool heaters

Provides EPA and DOE with information for the Energy Star classification

Page 17: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Objective: Demonstrate Net-Zero Energy for a typical home and generate “real world” field data to validate/improve models

Net-Zero HouseUnique Features

Advanced framing

Fenestration units readily replaced

High-performance building envelope

Reconfigurable photovoltaic array (1.6 to 9.7 kW)

Variable collector size and storage tank capacity solar hot water system

Smart Grid Ready

Use of low emitting materials for improved indoor air quality

Multiple zoning capabilities (floor, register, perimeter versus central)

Small duct, high velocity air distribution system

Dedicated ductwork for humidification/dehumidiification heat recovery systems

Air-to-air central heat pump system

Multi-split heat pump system

Earth Coupled Heat Pump system with three distinct earth coupled fields

To be built on the NIST campus

Page 18: Overview of Some Projects in NIST’s Building Energy Research Program Mark A Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland

Project Contacts

• Photovoltaic Measurements and Models: [email protected]

• Refrigerant Heat Transfer Enhancement: [email protected]

• HVAC Simulation Tools/Fault Detection: [email protected]

• Thermal Insulation Measurements: [email protected]

• Fuel Cell Performance/CHP Perf. Ratings: [email protected]

• Sensors for Improved Building Monitoring: [email protected]

• Energy Efficient Ventilation Strategies: [email protected]

• Energy Efficiency of Appliances: [email protected]

• Net-Zero House: [email protected]