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I bull Overview of Pesticide Effects and I Pesticide Application in Virginia Agriculture
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I I I I I Ii
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Virginia Water Resources Research Center Special Report
I June 1988
I I I
Tamim M Younos
I Diana L Weigmann Virginia Water Resources Research Center
I Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
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I I I I I I I I I
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I I I
I I I I I I
Table of Contents
Pesticides In the Environment
Pesticides in Aquatic Environments middotPesticide Movement to Groundwater Determining Pesticide Leachability to Groundwater Establishing Toxicity Effects Pesticide Regulations Future Directions and Needs References
Pesticide Use in Virginia Agriculture
Pesticide Use Records and Amou nts Types of Pesticides Used on Major Crops Potentiatmiddot Water Pollution in Virginia
Brief Review of Pesticide Laws
Virginia Pesticide Laws Federal Laws
Bibliography
Page
1
middot
2 4 5 5 ~6
8 14
middot 15
15 17 20
~
~ 33 36
39
-ishy
I List of Tables I
Page
ITable 1 Typical Positive Results otPesticide Groundwater Monitoring in the US ~
Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides
Table 3 EPA Toxicology Data Requirements ~ It bullbullbullbullbullbull u
Table 4 Herbicides and Potential Water Pollution
Table 5 Insecticides and Potential Water-PoJ-lutionmiddot
Table 6 Fungicides and Potential Water Pollution
-iishy
middot 1middot0
~ 11
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddot bullbullbullbullbullbull 13
middot ~ 21
middot middot ~ 25
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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I I
Pesticides In the Environment - A Continuing Dilemma -
Tamlm M Younos Diana L Welgmann
I I They came in swarms and settled over the whole country They covered the ground until
it was black with them they ate everything including all the fruits on the trees Not a green thing was left on any tree or plant in all the land of Egypt (Exodus 10 14-15) The Old Testament describes the struggle between humans and pests as harsh from the beginning and catastrophic from time to time causing large-scale famines
I Many centuries ago sophisticated agricultural societies used some type of chemicals for
I pest ~ontrol For example sulphur was used for disease and insect control before 1000 BC and the use of arsenic for insect control was advocated about 79 AD i However the era of those modern synthetic organic chemicals known as pesticides began in the 1930s and was greatly advanced in the 1940s during and after World War II The beginning of this era was
I symbolizedmiddotby the use of the insecticide DDT a great success story By 1972 the lives of 15 billion peomiddotple were improved by the eradication of malaria in 37 countries and the reshyduction in the reported cases of malaria in 80 other countries2 The DDT success in extershyminating the mosquitoes which served as vectors of malaria prompted the formulation and widesmiddotpread use of other insecticides andmiddot that of two other categories of pesticides namely
I herbicides for weed control and fungicides for plant disease control
I These three major categories of pesticides have evolved at different rates The chemistry of insecticidal products has developed through four generations (1) organochlorines such as DDT chlordane aldrin and dieldrin (2) organophosphates such as parathion (3) carbashymates such as carbaryl and carbofuran and (4) pyrethroids such as permethrin and cypershy
I methrin
I Chemical classes of herbicides include phenoxy herbicides such as 24-D triazines such as atrazine and cyanazine benzoic acids such as dicamba acetanilides such as alachlor andmetolachlor and ureas such as linuron Several new classes of herbicides were regshy
I istered in 1986 The two most important of these are the imidazolinones and the sulfonylushyreas These herbicides are non-oncogenic and are effective at lower application rates than the conventional herbicides
I Fungicides registered in the 1-9505 and 1960s are still widely used These early fungicides are relatively inexpensive are effective against a broad range of plant pathogens areless likely to stimulate pest resistance and exhibit low acute toxicity In addition they are often important in integrated disease management programs These fungicides include captafol captan chlorothalonil folpetmancozet maneb o-phenylphenol peNS and zineb
I Today pesticides are used not only in agriculture but for many diverse purposes such as
II human and animal health protection pest control in forest and aquatic environments and protection of buUdings and other structures However more than 70 percent of all pesticides used in the United States is applied to agricultural lands In 1985 US farmers applied about 400 million kg of pesticides to agricultural lands3
I An edited version of this article will be published as a feature article in the Julymiddot1988 issue of the Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
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Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma I Page 2
IIncreased and continued use of pesticides is associated with increased risks to human health adverse effects on nontarget organisms and contamination of air soil and water Less than 01 percent of the applied pesticides are estimated to actually reach the targeted pests and therefore large amounts are entering the environment and contaminating soil and I water resQurces 4 The objective of this article is to review the current state of knowledge
about pesticides in environment current management guidelines and methods and future trends I
Fate of Pesticides In the Environment I Sources of pesticidesin the environment include those resulting from the direct application of pesticides for a specific purpose such as pesticides used for weed and insect control in aquatic environments and those entering indirectly from spray drift atmosphericprecipishy Itation runoff and erosion from agricultural lands effluent discharges from sewers and facshytories accidental spills and volatilization Once in the environment a pesticide follows a pathway determined by the pesticides characteristics and i~s encompassing environment II Water solubHlty adsorption characteristics half-life persistence and volatility are major chemical characteristics determining the fate of a pesticide in the environment The pestishycide formulation and method of application are also important For example granular forshymulations are usually the most persistent wettable powder and dust formulations are often I less persistent than emulsifiable formulations Application techniques whether aerial surshyface or subsurface introduce the pesticide into a different environmental compartment and result ina particular interaction with the environment I PestlcJdes In Aquatic Environments I Aquatic environments are rivers streams lakes reservoirs mars~es estuaries and oceshyanic waters The quantity of a pesticide moving with runoff and sediment to an aquatic enshyvironment depends on a number of factors These include topography intensity and Iduration of rainfall or irrigation soil erodibility land management and cropping practices Persistence of the pesticide in soil a variable factor depending on the soil environment is an important element that affects movement of a pesticide to the aquatic environment Pishy Icloram for example has been reported to effectively disappear from the soilinas short as 50 days or as long as 6 years but its persistence under moderate conditions is generally about 15 years5
I Some of the important properties of aquatic environments that affect the magnitude of polshylution include surface area and depth hydraulic properties and geographic location Alshythough severity of pesticide pollution in an aquatic system varies according to those factors
in general the hJghest pesticide residues are observed in rivers lower residues occur in I estuaries and the least is found in the oceans The magnitude of pollution in lakes and reservoirs depends on their location in an agricultural or industrial setting I When a pesticide enters an aquatic environment it may volatilize remain dissolved in the water stay in suspension as microcrystals adsorb onto particulate matter in the water be deposited in the bottom sediments or accumulate in living organisms Therefore in an Iaquatic system residue from pesticides may occur in water mud sedimentplankton and suspendedmiddotmaterial fish and other animals and plants The dynamics of pesticide Intershyaction in an aquatic environment are quite complex and are influenced by a combination of Iphysical chemical and btological processes
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Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 3
Physical processes include dilution and mixing of the pesticides concentration in an aquatic
I environment Dilution may be caused by the dispersion or diffusion of the pesticides in the
I water body its transport with water currents or eroded bottom sediments and its movement to the atmosphere through volatilization from the water surface Also large amounts of pesticides are transported or diluted physically by the migration of fish or drift of insects because these organisms accumulate and concentrate pesticides in their bodies
I Chemical processes within the aquatic environment include aqueous ionization hydrolysis
I chemical oxidation and photolysis The environmental behavior of some pesticides are substantially modified by ionization in aqueous solution and subsequent formation of bound residues Hydrolysis reactions are a major factor in the environmental degradation of some pesticides These are generally second-order reactions with the reaction rate highly deshy pendent upon pH Oxidation reactions occur through the interaction of substances that have naturally occurring free radicals in water Photolysis in an aquatic environment is a domishynantdegradative pathway for many pesticides The rate at which a pesticide is photodeshygraded is a function of the properties of the chemical and of the environment
I Biological processes in an aquatic environment include microbial transformations and bioshy
I accumulation Some pesticides are biodegraded by the action of heterotrophic microorganshyisms ubiquitous to aquatic environments Environmental conditions such as dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature influence the number of microorganisms and the
I rate of microbial degradation of pesticides in natural waters
I Many pesticides can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic animals and plants by direct uptake or bioconcentration Bioaccumulation is associated with the accumulation of the chemical
I in the organism through adsorption absorption and ingestion Environmental factors afshyfectingbioaccumutation are temperature dissolved oxygen concentration and food availshyability Organismic properties influencing bioaccumulation include size surface
I areavolume ratio lipid content growth rate and age The properties of a pesticide affecting bioaccumulation include the pesticides susceptibility to metabolic degradation and its relashytive affinity for lipids versus water which is estimated by octanofwaterpartitioningln general organochlorine-type compounds which are more hydrophobic bioaccumulate more than other pesticides
I Several fish species such as rainbow trout and fathead minnows and invertebrates such as rotifers and daphnids are used for bioaccumulation studies Bioaccumulation is considered an important tool for water quality monitoring in aquatic environments Data on pesticide
I residue in water tend to vary markedly with season the degree of water turbulence and the amount of suspended particulate matter Fish are often considered a better indicator of pesticide pollution than water samples because the residues in fish tissues are several orshy
I ders of magnitude higher and are much easier to analyze
In general highly water-soluble pesticides are more easily diluted and tend to be less pershysistent in water By contrast water insoluble pesticides are not readily leached into aquatic systemsbut once there they are rapidly bound to living or dead organic matter or fractionsI of the bottom sediment In terms of pesticide type persistence in the total aquatic system is greatestfororganochlorine insecticides intermediate for organophosphate and carbamate
I insecticides and least for herbicides However some soluble herbicides that reach surface
I water such as atrazine display a tendency to remain in solution for long periods But most herbicides are less likely to bioconcentrate and are less toxic to fish
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IPesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 4 I Pesticide Movement to Groundwater
The movement of pesticides fromiddotm the soil surface through the soil to the groundwater is a I complex proce-ss Factors which influence the movement of pesticides to groundwater inshyclude pesticide formulation pesticide chemical properties and method of application land forms (topography slope length drainage pattern) plant factors (type middotof crop stage of Igrowth root system) and seasonal groundwater elevation Pesticides move through the soil with infiltrating water and the amount of pesticide transported from the soil into groundwater is governed by pesticide retention transformation and volatilization I Retention refersmiddot to adsorption of pesticides within the soil system Adsorption is a reversshyible process involving attraction of a chemical to the soil particle surface and the retention of this chemical for a certain period of time The mechanism of pesticide adsorption is Icomplex but its intensity is generally correlated to the soil mineral and organic matter conshytent The extent of adsorption of pesticides to soils is usually determined by the ratio of distribution of the chemical between the soil water and soil solid phase and is expressed as Kd shyIPesticide transformation refers to changes in the chemical structure or composition of a pesticide due to degradation within the soil system The kinetics of pesticide degradation I are affected by the pesticides properties and its availability in soil water the presence of microorganisms or enzyme systems capable of degrading the pesticides the activity level of the microorganisms as affected by available nutrients for microbial growth and environshy Imental conditions such as temperature moisture aeration and various soil properties Biodegradation is most significant in the root zone because of the higher concentration of organisms in residence decrea~es below the root zone because of lower biological activity and occurs at a mJjch slower rate in the deeper unsaturated zone as well as in groundwater I However anaerobic decomposition may take place in deep soils and aquifers under approshypriate environmental conditions Degradation potential or rate of dissipation of pesticides from a soil-water system is expressed as the pesticides half-life the time required for half Iof the chemical to dissipate from a particular system Hydrolysis half-life is obtained under controlled conditions in the laboratory Soil half-life which represents field conditions inshycludes losses due to hydrolysis microbial activity volatilization and other factors As disshycussed later half-life values Kd values pesticide solubility and results from environmental I fate studies are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine leachability of pesticides to groundwater IA pesticides movement to groundwater is also influenced by its volatilization from the root zone Volatilization is a function of the vapor pressure of the pesticide and is affected by pesticide concentration soil-moisture content soil adsorption characteristics~ diffusion rate in soil temperature and air movement The volatilization of pesticides from the soil occurs I in two stages The first stage is the upward movement of dissolved or sol-uble pesticide in water with evaporation from the lower soil profile The second stage involves the escape of pesticides from the soil surface to the atmosphere I A 1986 EPA report lists 17 different pesticides detected in the groundwaters of 23 states (Table 1) The concentrations of these pesticides in groundwater range from trace amounts Ito several hundred parts per billion These detections of pesticides in groundwater can be attributed to advancements in monitoring and analytical techniques Although widespread contamination of groundwater by pesticides has not been observed the public is -concerned about potential groundwater contamination from the increased use of pesticides during the I past two decades Widespread public concern has led to increased support from governshy
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I I Pesticides in the Environment
A Continuing Dilemma Page 5
mental agencies and industry for initiating and implementing groundwater monitoring proshygrams and researching the fate of pesticides in the groundwater Measures to preventI
I contamination include evaluation of applications to register new pesticides for their potential impact on groundwater and re-evaluation of licenses for continued use of older pesticides during reregistration or when changes to approved use are requested Also techniques such as DRASTIC have been developed to identify the relationship between pesticide applishycation and groundwater vulnerability factors6
1 Determining Pesticide Leachability to Groundwater
The EPA requires all pesticide registrants to submit a data package containing information
I on pesticide properties (solubility Kd vapor pressure water-air ratio and octanol-water
I partition coefficient) and the results of environmental fate studies performed according to EPA guidelines In general a complete package of environmental fate studies requires data on hydrolysis and photolysis aerobic and anaerobic metabolism leaching properties field dissipation in soil sediment water and forests and accumulation in cropsand fish and other non-target aquatic organisms The environmental fate data required to determine a pesticides potential to reach groundwater include results on hydrolysis photolysis in water and soil aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in soil aquatic metabolism leaching and field
Imiddot
I dissipation A pesticide is categorized as having a potential to reach groundwater if based on a review of the environmental studies the pesticide meets at least one of the following criteria 78
1) Water solubility greater than 30 ppm 2) Kd lt5 3) hydrolysis half-life greater than about 25 weeks or 4) 5oil half-life (field) greater than about 2 or 3 weeks Designating a pesticide
I as a potential leacher based on only one criterion may appear to be an overly conservative
I approach However Creeger7 noted that EPAs criteria are based on extrenleconditions For example a chemical is subjected to a heavy rainfall or irrigation soon after its applicashytion causing its immediate leaching through the topsoil into the deeper soil layers where
I if may persist and become available for further leaching into groundwater Applying the above criteria EPA has banned or restricted the use of several pesticides such as DBCP EDS oxamyl and aldicarb
Establishing Toxicity Effects
I All pesticides are toxic and may adversely affect humans and other organisms Their degree of harmfulness to humans and other living organisms depends on the pesticide charactershyistics the amount or dosage of the pesticide and the duration of exposure or contact time
I Therefore a major question to be answered in establishing toxicity effects of a pesticide is
I what is the risk of receiving a particular dose of a pesticide over a given period of time These risk assessments are based on dose-response studies performed in the laboratory natural ecosystems and mesocosms (experimental pond and in situ enclosures) The ecoshynomic benefits from the use of a pesticide should not outweigh its potentially negative healthmiddot
il and middotecological effects Resu Its of environmental fate studies required by the EPA forpesti- cide registration include results for toxicological tests The two major categories of toxicoshylogical tests are 1) those that determine a pmiddotesticides toxic effects on mammals such as rabbits rats and dogs and these results are extrapolated to human beings and 2) those toxic effects estimated for various aquatic organisms such as fish and invertebrates
I Taximiddotcity tests on mammals provide a database that can be used to evaluate the hazards and assess the risks associated with the use of a pesticide Major categories of mammalian toxicity studies include acutechronic and mutagenicity tests
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Pesticides in the Environment I A Continuing Dilemma Page 6
I The purpose of acute toxicity tests is to establish the median lethal dose (LOso) the dose required toklH 5000 of the population of test animals LOso is expressed as mgkg of the animals body weight and is the most reproducible response that can be estim~ted with the I highest statistical confidence The smaller the LD60 value the more toxic the chemical For example pesticides with LDso values of 1 to 50 are highly toxic (dinoseb aldicarb carbofushyran demeton phorate endrin) and those with LOso values of greater than 15000 (ferbam) are considered relatively harmless (Table 2) The majority of pesticides are slightly to I moderately toxic Acute toxicity effects from ingestion inhalation and skin and eye contact are determined over a two to three week post-exposure observation period IChronic tests measure effects of long-term exposure to a pesticide The EPA requires that the highest dose tested in these studies must be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) orone that produces some toxic or pharmacological effect in the experimental animals A lower dose level which produces no evidence of toxicity also must be used This is called the I no observed effect level~ or the NOEL9 In practice NOEL determined from chronic studies of the most sensitive species is used as a criterion A safety factor of 100 is commonly used to extrapolate animal test results to a safe dose for human consumption However carcl I nogenic and mutagenic pesticides have no threshold dose or applicable safety factor In these cases mathematical models are used to estimate risks and the probability of tumor occurrence in humans9 1 The biological response of aquatic organisms to a chemical concentration is expressed as the median level concentration Leso the estimated concentration in water (mgI) which wiH kill or immobilize 5000 of the test organisms in a predetermined length of time The LCso is I expressed asthe length of time required to produce the desired response for example 96-hr LCso Smaller LCso values indicate higher toxicity The LCso value for DDT endrin and paraquat are 0002 00002 and 400 mgI respectively (Table 2) Usually rainbow trout or Ibluegill sunfish in static water tests are used as standard indices of fish toxicity Other fish species used in acute toxicity tests include goldfish killifish spot mullet harlequin fish catfish and fathead minnows I Three categories of toxicity tests are commonly used to predict the chronic effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic organisms 10 Life-cycle toxicity tests measure the effects of chronic chemical exposure on reproduction growth survival and other variables over one or more I generations of organisms The effects of chronic chemical exposure on the survival and growth of the toxicologically most sensitive life stages of a species such as the eggs and larvae of fishes represent the second category of toxicity test Functional tests the third Icatego~y measure the effects of chemicals on various physiological functions of individual aquatic organisms The data from all three categories of tests are used to estimate chronic toxicity threshold concentrations (Table 3) I
Pesticide Regulations
Federal regulation of pesticides began with the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 However Ithe actmiddot was only concerned with offenses such as adulterating a product and not with safety of pesticides In 1947 Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Funshygicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) This act authorized the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) ~o enforce all pesticide regulations but again the act only protected consumers from I ineffective products In 1970 jurisdiction of the FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed EPA In 1972 FIFRA was amended to change its focus from efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL middot91-516 provided the format for curshy I rent pesticide regulations and is still referred to as FIFRA The 1972 amendments introduc~d
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I Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma
I Page 7
I the concept of risk evaluation and required EPA to consider environmental risks beforemiddot regshyistering a product According to the amendments EPA must re-examine or reregister proshy
I ducts approved for registration before 1972 Pesticides that fail to meet EPAs standards or that pose unreasonable adverse effects are denied registration or cancelleda FIFRA requires EPA to consider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also economic social health
I and environmental benefits The most recent amendments of 1978 addressed EPAs probshylems with reregistering old pesticides These amendments allowed EPA to group_ the pestishycides by active ingredients and register them on a generic rather than individual product basis
FIFRA Reautmiddothorlzatlon Bill
I I Each year since 1980 Congress has considered legislation to revise the federal regulatory
program for pesticides The reauthorization bill would give EPA the legislative mandate and funding to accelerate and complete the reregistration of about 600 pesticide active ingredishyents in 10 years rather than 30 Other relatively non-controversial sections of the legislation
I would increase the penalties for violating FIFRA (the present maximum is $5000) allow mmiddotore public access to EPA information on pesticides provided by registrants and give the agency greater enforcement middotpower11 However acceptable sources of funding for the imshyplementation of reregistration program and reimbursements for cancelled pesticides are
major obstacles to pass the reauthorization bill
II I A number of interest groups have joined the reauthorization bill debate complicating the
situation The agricultural chemical industry environmental organizations labor unions consumer groups the farm bureau and smaller pesticide manufacturers are lobbying Conshygress to protect their diverse positions and interests Any compromise leading to the passhysage of the reauthorization bill will most probably not occur until after the 1988 elections
I Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal
I Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources the manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides the empty containers wastewater from rinsing cqmmercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which must be disposed of Numerous disshyposal and treatment technologies are applied to pesticide wastes These include land disshyposal incineration open burning physicalchemical treatment and biological treatment
I The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regu lated by the provisions of FI FRA and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 Section 19 state that The administrator shall establish procedures and regulations for disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registration of which is cancelled under Section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Another section
I of FIFRA that concerns pesticide waste disposal is the labeling requirement (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a)(2)(g)of FIFRA states that it is unlawful to use any pesticide in a manner inshyconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been determined to be part of the use process
I I Pesticide wastes are partially regulated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identified
as hazardous wastes Pesticide wastes are considered hazardous if they are solvent based and have a flash middotpoint of lt 60degC are aqueous and have a pH of lt20 or gt125 or release HeN or H2S upon contact with acids In fact toxicity characteristics of hazardous wastes defined by RCRA-(referred to as extraction procedures or EP toxicity) are based on threshold concentrations of six pesticides (24-D endrin lindane methoxychlor silvex toxaphene) and
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Pesticides in the Environment IAmiddot Continuing Dilemma Page 8
I eight metals Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the manufacture of nine pesticides (cacodylic acid chlordane creosote 24-0 disulfaton MSMA phorate245-T toxaphene) About one-fifth of the 375 substances listed as hazardshy I ous chemicals are pesticide activeingredients 12 The RCRA regulations also middotprovide stanshydards for construction and operation of certain disposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous pesticides musfbe permitted by either EPA I or an authorized state agency (40 CFR 264 165)
Future Directions and Needs I Since publication of Silent Spring in the early 70s muchmiddot attention has been focusedmiddot(ln the fate of pesticides in the environment Elaborate monitoring and research programsare initiated by state and federal agencies and industry to study the fate of pesticides in surface I and groundwaters Regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and disposal are more stringent than two decades ago While FIFRA and RCRA discussed in this paper are the two major laws regulating pesticides the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1976 and 1987 were Ipassed to control nonpoint source pollution and reduce pesticide input from agricultural fields to water bodies The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA and the states to restrict the use of certain pesticides in particular geographic areas to protect water from contamination The Safe Drinking Water Act and subsequent amendments of 1986 have I established standards for certain pesticide concentrations in drinking water Recently EPA proposed a pesticide strategy directing efforts toward preventing unacceptable contamshyination of current and potential drinking water supplies i3 In the proposed strategy the EPA I is using Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) the enforceable drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act as reference points to determine unacceptable levels of pesticides in underground sources of drinking water If an Mel for a particular pesticide is Inot yet available EPA will develop interim protection criteria for use as referencevaluesln pesticidemiddot management decisions These interim references will be based on EPAs stand~rd toxicological assessment procedures For pesticides that have a carcinogenic potential the interim reference value will be the concentration determined to pose a negligible risk I The EPAs definition of a negligible risk for a carcinogen is the pesticide concentration in drinking water that poses a one in a million (10-S
) increased chance of cancer occurrence middot1should an individual drink that water (10 liter per day by a 10-Kg child or 20 liters by a 70-Kg adult) over a life time (70 years) I Two other laws affect pesticide management The Endangered Species Act of 1973 restrictsmiddot the use of some pesticides on lands near the range of endangered species and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulates pesticide residues in human food and anishy Imal feed
Oespite the regulations many problems remain to be solved in the 1990sgtandduring the next century One major problem is the lack of a comprehensive database on pesticide use I that could be used for risk assessment studies A recent survey by ResQurcesFor the Fushyture (RFF)i4 reported that nine states including some major agricultural states have absoshylutely no records of pesticide use Nine other states have published reports onpesticidetlse I and applicationmiddot to agricu Itural crops but their data have not been updated regularly Acwshycording to the RFF report only the states of Hawaii Oregon Ohio and New Hampshire produce regular up-to-date reports All other remaining states have incomplete pesticide I use reports
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I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
I I I I I I I -9shy
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I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
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I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
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I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
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m
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bean
s P
ean
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T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
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ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
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T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
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hex
atin
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) P
lict
ran
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540
Li
Tre
es
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x W
at
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es
Sm
all
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its
N
0)
I
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zin
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(N
) S
pect
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W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
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Tob
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T
rees
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mal
l F
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elth
ane
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83
0-96
0 0
10
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esmiddot
Sm
all
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its
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om
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oybe
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es
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its
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ulf
oto
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A)
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imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
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04
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m
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hum
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obac
co
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bean
s P
eanu
ts
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middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
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e
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(A)
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ion
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)
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ath
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ason
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dom
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t
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ode
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Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
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)
30
208
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1375
250-
1000
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tI)
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1
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015
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U
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00
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se
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T
rees
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mal
l F
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s
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m
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Co
m
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Pea
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m
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Co
m
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ts
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bean
s
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n S
orgh
um
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T
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co
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
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P
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ts
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s
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ontin
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se
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icit
yP
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ant
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on N
ame
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ran
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rt M
ode
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es
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carb
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)
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l S
ed
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m
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nat
e S
ed
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9 C
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m
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obac
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es
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l F
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arat
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9 C
om
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at
82
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shyP
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l F
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etbr
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ush
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ed
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ate
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nle
t S
ed
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4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
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ts
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eans
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onQ
nued
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----
--
---
shyC
rop
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es
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all
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its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
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all
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nu
ts
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es
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all
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m
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rgh
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m
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ghum
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m
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T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
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salo
nemiddot (
A)
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smet
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spha
mid
on
Propargit~
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bufo
s (N
)
I I)
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Tox
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ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
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de N
ame
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lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
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ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
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S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
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nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
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nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
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ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
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I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
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Table of Contents
Pesticides In the Environment
Pesticides in Aquatic Environments middotPesticide Movement to Groundwater Determining Pesticide Leachability to Groundwater Establishing Toxicity Effects Pesticide Regulations Future Directions and Needs References
Pesticide Use in Virginia Agriculture
Pesticide Use Records and Amou nts Types of Pesticides Used on Major Crops Potentiatmiddot Water Pollution in Virginia
Brief Review of Pesticide Laws
Virginia Pesticide Laws Federal Laws
Bibliography
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2 4 5 5 ~6
8 14
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15 17 20
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39
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I List of Tables I
Page
ITable 1 Typical Positive Results otPesticide Groundwater Monitoring in the US ~
Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides
Table 3 EPA Toxicology Data Requirements ~ It bullbullbullbullbullbull u
Table 4 Herbicides and Potential Water Pollution
Table 5 Insecticides and Potential Water-PoJ-lutionmiddot
Table 6 Fungicides and Potential Water Pollution
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Pesticides In the Environment - A Continuing Dilemma -
Tamlm M Younos Diana L Welgmann
I I They came in swarms and settled over the whole country They covered the ground until
it was black with them they ate everything including all the fruits on the trees Not a green thing was left on any tree or plant in all the land of Egypt (Exodus 10 14-15) The Old Testament describes the struggle between humans and pests as harsh from the beginning and catastrophic from time to time causing large-scale famines
I Many centuries ago sophisticated agricultural societies used some type of chemicals for
I pest ~ontrol For example sulphur was used for disease and insect control before 1000 BC and the use of arsenic for insect control was advocated about 79 AD i However the era of those modern synthetic organic chemicals known as pesticides began in the 1930s and was greatly advanced in the 1940s during and after World War II The beginning of this era was
I symbolizedmiddotby the use of the insecticide DDT a great success story By 1972 the lives of 15 billion peomiddotple were improved by the eradication of malaria in 37 countries and the reshyduction in the reported cases of malaria in 80 other countries2 The DDT success in extershyminating the mosquitoes which served as vectors of malaria prompted the formulation and widesmiddotpread use of other insecticides andmiddot that of two other categories of pesticides namely
I herbicides for weed control and fungicides for plant disease control
I These three major categories of pesticides have evolved at different rates The chemistry of insecticidal products has developed through four generations (1) organochlorines such as DDT chlordane aldrin and dieldrin (2) organophosphates such as parathion (3) carbashymates such as carbaryl and carbofuran and (4) pyrethroids such as permethrin and cypershy
I methrin
I Chemical classes of herbicides include phenoxy herbicides such as 24-D triazines such as atrazine and cyanazine benzoic acids such as dicamba acetanilides such as alachlor andmetolachlor and ureas such as linuron Several new classes of herbicides were regshy
I istered in 1986 The two most important of these are the imidazolinones and the sulfonylushyreas These herbicides are non-oncogenic and are effective at lower application rates than the conventional herbicides
I Fungicides registered in the 1-9505 and 1960s are still widely used These early fungicides are relatively inexpensive are effective against a broad range of plant pathogens areless likely to stimulate pest resistance and exhibit low acute toxicity In addition they are often important in integrated disease management programs These fungicides include captafol captan chlorothalonil folpetmancozet maneb o-phenylphenol peNS and zineb
I Today pesticides are used not only in agriculture but for many diverse purposes such as
II human and animal health protection pest control in forest and aquatic environments and protection of buUdings and other structures However more than 70 percent of all pesticides used in the United States is applied to agricultural lands In 1985 US farmers applied about 400 million kg of pesticides to agricultural lands3
I An edited version of this article will be published as a feature article in the Julymiddot1988 issue of the Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
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Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma I Page 2
IIncreased and continued use of pesticides is associated with increased risks to human health adverse effects on nontarget organisms and contamination of air soil and water Less than 01 percent of the applied pesticides are estimated to actually reach the targeted pests and therefore large amounts are entering the environment and contaminating soil and I water resQurces 4 The objective of this article is to review the current state of knowledge
about pesticides in environment current management guidelines and methods and future trends I
Fate of Pesticides In the Environment I Sources of pesticidesin the environment include those resulting from the direct application of pesticides for a specific purpose such as pesticides used for weed and insect control in aquatic environments and those entering indirectly from spray drift atmosphericprecipishy Itation runoff and erosion from agricultural lands effluent discharges from sewers and facshytories accidental spills and volatilization Once in the environment a pesticide follows a pathway determined by the pesticides characteristics and i~s encompassing environment II Water solubHlty adsorption characteristics half-life persistence and volatility are major chemical characteristics determining the fate of a pesticide in the environment The pestishycide formulation and method of application are also important For example granular forshymulations are usually the most persistent wettable powder and dust formulations are often I less persistent than emulsifiable formulations Application techniques whether aerial surshyface or subsurface introduce the pesticide into a different environmental compartment and result ina particular interaction with the environment I PestlcJdes In Aquatic Environments I Aquatic environments are rivers streams lakes reservoirs mars~es estuaries and oceshyanic waters The quantity of a pesticide moving with runoff and sediment to an aquatic enshyvironment depends on a number of factors These include topography intensity and Iduration of rainfall or irrigation soil erodibility land management and cropping practices Persistence of the pesticide in soil a variable factor depending on the soil environment is an important element that affects movement of a pesticide to the aquatic environment Pishy Icloram for example has been reported to effectively disappear from the soilinas short as 50 days or as long as 6 years but its persistence under moderate conditions is generally about 15 years5
I Some of the important properties of aquatic environments that affect the magnitude of polshylution include surface area and depth hydraulic properties and geographic location Alshythough severity of pesticide pollution in an aquatic system varies according to those factors
in general the hJghest pesticide residues are observed in rivers lower residues occur in I estuaries and the least is found in the oceans The magnitude of pollution in lakes and reservoirs depends on their location in an agricultural or industrial setting I When a pesticide enters an aquatic environment it may volatilize remain dissolved in the water stay in suspension as microcrystals adsorb onto particulate matter in the water be deposited in the bottom sediments or accumulate in living organisms Therefore in an Iaquatic system residue from pesticides may occur in water mud sedimentplankton and suspendedmiddotmaterial fish and other animals and plants The dynamics of pesticide Intershyaction in an aquatic environment are quite complex and are influenced by a combination of Iphysical chemical and btological processes
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Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 3
Physical processes include dilution and mixing of the pesticides concentration in an aquatic
I environment Dilution may be caused by the dispersion or diffusion of the pesticides in the
I water body its transport with water currents or eroded bottom sediments and its movement to the atmosphere through volatilization from the water surface Also large amounts of pesticides are transported or diluted physically by the migration of fish or drift of insects because these organisms accumulate and concentrate pesticides in their bodies
I Chemical processes within the aquatic environment include aqueous ionization hydrolysis
I chemical oxidation and photolysis The environmental behavior of some pesticides are substantially modified by ionization in aqueous solution and subsequent formation of bound residues Hydrolysis reactions are a major factor in the environmental degradation of some pesticides These are generally second-order reactions with the reaction rate highly deshy pendent upon pH Oxidation reactions occur through the interaction of substances that have naturally occurring free radicals in water Photolysis in an aquatic environment is a domishynantdegradative pathway for many pesticides The rate at which a pesticide is photodeshygraded is a function of the properties of the chemical and of the environment
I Biological processes in an aquatic environment include microbial transformations and bioshy
I accumulation Some pesticides are biodegraded by the action of heterotrophic microorganshyisms ubiquitous to aquatic environments Environmental conditions such as dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature influence the number of microorganisms and the
I rate of microbial degradation of pesticides in natural waters
I Many pesticides can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic animals and plants by direct uptake or bioconcentration Bioaccumulation is associated with the accumulation of the chemical
I in the organism through adsorption absorption and ingestion Environmental factors afshyfectingbioaccumutation are temperature dissolved oxygen concentration and food availshyability Organismic properties influencing bioaccumulation include size surface
I areavolume ratio lipid content growth rate and age The properties of a pesticide affecting bioaccumulation include the pesticides susceptibility to metabolic degradation and its relashytive affinity for lipids versus water which is estimated by octanofwaterpartitioningln general organochlorine-type compounds which are more hydrophobic bioaccumulate more than other pesticides
I Several fish species such as rainbow trout and fathead minnows and invertebrates such as rotifers and daphnids are used for bioaccumulation studies Bioaccumulation is considered an important tool for water quality monitoring in aquatic environments Data on pesticide
I residue in water tend to vary markedly with season the degree of water turbulence and the amount of suspended particulate matter Fish are often considered a better indicator of pesticide pollution than water samples because the residues in fish tissues are several orshy
I ders of magnitude higher and are much easier to analyze
In general highly water-soluble pesticides are more easily diluted and tend to be less pershysistent in water By contrast water insoluble pesticides are not readily leached into aquatic systemsbut once there they are rapidly bound to living or dead organic matter or fractionsI of the bottom sediment In terms of pesticide type persistence in the total aquatic system is greatestfororganochlorine insecticides intermediate for organophosphate and carbamate
I insecticides and least for herbicides However some soluble herbicides that reach surface
I water such as atrazine display a tendency to remain in solution for long periods But most herbicides are less likely to bioconcentrate and are less toxic to fish
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IPesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 4 I Pesticide Movement to Groundwater
The movement of pesticides fromiddotm the soil surface through the soil to the groundwater is a I complex proce-ss Factors which influence the movement of pesticides to groundwater inshyclude pesticide formulation pesticide chemical properties and method of application land forms (topography slope length drainage pattern) plant factors (type middotof crop stage of Igrowth root system) and seasonal groundwater elevation Pesticides move through the soil with infiltrating water and the amount of pesticide transported from the soil into groundwater is governed by pesticide retention transformation and volatilization I Retention refersmiddot to adsorption of pesticides within the soil system Adsorption is a reversshyible process involving attraction of a chemical to the soil particle surface and the retention of this chemical for a certain period of time The mechanism of pesticide adsorption is Icomplex but its intensity is generally correlated to the soil mineral and organic matter conshytent The extent of adsorption of pesticides to soils is usually determined by the ratio of distribution of the chemical between the soil water and soil solid phase and is expressed as Kd shyIPesticide transformation refers to changes in the chemical structure or composition of a pesticide due to degradation within the soil system The kinetics of pesticide degradation I are affected by the pesticides properties and its availability in soil water the presence of microorganisms or enzyme systems capable of degrading the pesticides the activity level of the microorganisms as affected by available nutrients for microbial growth and environshy Imental conditions such as temperature moisture aeration and various soil properties Biodegradation is most significant in the root zone because of the higher concentration of organisms in residence decrea~es below the root zone because of lower biological activity and occurs at a mJjch slower rate in the deeper unsaturated zone as well as in groundwater I However anaerobic decomposition may take place in deep soils and aquifers under approshypriate environmental conditions Degradation potential or rate of dissipation of pesticides from a soil-water system is expressed as the pesticides half-life the time required for half Iof the chemical to dissipate from a particular system Hydrolysis half-life is obtained under controlled conditions in the laboratory Soil half-life which represents field conditions inshycludes losses due to hydrolysis microbial activity volatilization and other factors As disshycussed later half-life values Kd values pesticide solubility and results from environmental I fate studies are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine leachability of pesticides to groundwater IA pesticides movement to groundwater is also influenced by its volatilization from the root zone Volatilization is a function of the vapor pressure of the pesticide and is affected by pesticide concentration soil-moisture content soil adsorption characteristics~ diffusion rate in soil temperature and air movement The volatilization of pesticides from the soil occurs I in two stages The first stage is the upward movement of dissolved or sol-uble pesticide in water with evaporation from the lower soil profile The second stage involves the escape of pesticides from the soil surface to the atmosphere I A 1986 EPA report lists 17 different pesticides detected in the groundwaters of 23 states (Table 1) The concentrations of these pesticides in groundwater range from trace amounts Ito several hundred parts per billion These detections of pesticides in groundwater can be attributed to advancements in monitoring and analytical techniques Although widespread contamination of groundwater by pesticides has not been observed the public is -concerned about potential groundwater contamination from the increased use of pesticides during the I past two decades Widespread public concern has led to increased support from governshy
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I I Pesticides in the Environment
A Continuing Dilemma Page 5
mental agencies and industry for initiating and implementing groundwater monitoring proshygrams and researching the fate of pesticides in the groundwater Measures to preventI
I contamination include evaluation of applications to register new pesticides for their potential impact on groundwater and re-evaluation of licenses for continued use of older pesticides during reregistration or when changes to approved use are requested Also techniques such as DRASTIC have been developed to identify the relationship between pesticide applishycation and groundwater vulnerability factors6
1 Determining Pesticide Leachability to Groundwater
The EPA requires all pesticide registrants to submit a data package containing information
I on pesticide properties (solubility Kd vapor pressure water-air ratio and octanol-water
I partition coefficient) and the results of environmental fate studies performed according to EPA guidelines In general a complete package of environmental fate studies requires data on hydrolysis and photolysis aerobic and anaerobic metabolism leaching properties field dissipation in soil sediment water and forests and accumulation in cropsand fish and other non-target aquatic organisms The environmental fate data required to determine a pesticides potential to reach groundwater include results on hydrolysis photolysis in water and soil aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in soil aquatic metabolism leaching and field
Imiddot
I dissipation A pesticide is categorized as having a potential to reach groundwater if based on a review of the environmental studies the pesticide meets at least one of the following criteria 78
1) Water solubility greater than 30 ppm 2) Kd lt5 3) hydrolysis half-life greater than about 25 weeks or 4) 5oil half-life (field) greater than about 2 or 3 weeks Designating a pesticide
I as a potential leacher based on only one criterion may appear to be an overly conservative
I approach However Creeger7 noted that EPAs criteria are based on extrenleconditions For example a chemical is subjected to a heavy rainfall or irrigation soon after its applicashytion causing its immediate leaching through the topsoil into the deeper soil layers where
I if may persist and become available for further leaching into groundwater Applying the above criteria EPA has banned or restricted the use of several pesticides such as DBCP EDS oxamyl and aldicarb
Establishing Toxicity Effects
I All pesticides are toxic and may adversely affect humans and other organisms Their degree of harmfulness to humans and other living organisms depends on the pesticide charactershyistics the amount or dosage of the pesticide and the duration of exposure or contact time
I Therefore a major question to be answered in establishing toxicity effects of a pesticide is
I what is the risk of receiving a particular dose of a pesticide over a given period of time These risk assessments are based on dose-response studies performed in the laboratory natural ecosystems and mesocosms (experimental pond and in situ enclosures) The ecoshynomic benefits from the use of a pesticide should not outweigh its potentially negative healthmiddot
il and middotecological effects Resu Its of environmental fate studies required by the EPA forpesti- cide registration include results for toxicological tests The two major categories of toxicoshylogical tests are 1) those that determine a pmiddotesticides toxic effects on mammals such as rabbits rats and dogs and these results are extrapolated to human beings and 2) those toxic effects estimated for various aquatic organisms such as fish and invertebrates
I Taximiddotcity tests on mammals provide a database that can be used to evaluate the hazards and assess the risks associated with the use of a pesticide Major categories of mammalian toxicity studies include acutechronic and mutagenicity tests
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Pesticides in the Environment I A Continuing Dilemma Page 6
I The purpose of acute toxicity tests is to establish the median lethal dose (LOso) the dose required toklH 5000 of the population of test animals LOso is expressed as mgkg of the animals body weight and is the most reproducible response that can be estim~ted with the I highest statistical confidence The smaller the LD60 value the more toxic the chemical For example pesticides with LDso values of 1 to 50 are highly toxic (dinoseb aldicarb carbofushyran demeton phorate endrin) and those with LOso values of greater than 15000 (ferbam) are considered relatively harmless (Table 2) The majority of pesticides are slightly to I moderately toxic Acute toxicity effects from ingestion inhalation and skin and eye contact are determined over a two to three week post-exposure observation period IChronic tests measure effects of long-term exposure to a pesticide The EPA requires that the highest dose tested in these studies must be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) orone that produces some toxic or pharmacological effect in the experimental animals A lower dose level which produces no evidence of toxicity also must be used This is called the I no observed effect level~ or the NOEL9 In practice NOEL determined from chronic studies of the most sensitive species is used as a criterion A safety factor of 100 is commonly used to extrapolate animal test results to a safe dose for human consumption However carcl I nogenic and mutagenic pesticides have no threshold dose or applicable safety factor In these cases mathematical models are used to estimate risks and the probability of tumor occurrence in humans9 1 The biological response of aquatic organisms to a chemical concentration is expressed as the median level concentration Leso the estimated concentration in water (mgI) which wiH kill or immobilize 5000 of the test organisms in a predetermined length of time The LCso is I expressed asthe length of time required to produce the desired response for example 96-hr LCso Smaller LCso values indicate higher toxicity The LCso value for DDT endrin and paraquat are 0002 00002 and 400 mgI respectively (Table 2) Usually rainbow trout or Ibluegill sunfish in static water tests are used as standard indices of fish toxicity Other fish species used in acute toxicity tests include goldfish killifish spot mullet harlequin fish catfish and fathead minnows I Three categories of toxicity tests are commonly used to predict the chronic effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic organisms 10 Life-cycle toxicity tests measure the effects of chronic chemical exposure on reproduction growth survival and other variables over one or more I generations of organisms The effects of chronic chemical exposure on the survival and growth of the toxicologically most sensitive life stages of a species such as the eggs and larvae of fishes represent the second category of toxicity test Functional tests the third Icatego~y measure the effects of chemicals on various physiological functions of individual aquatic organisms The data from all three categories of tests are used to estimate chronic toxicity threshold concentrations (Table 3) I
Pesticide Regulations
Federal regulation of pesticides began with the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 However Ithe actmiddot was only concerned with offenses such as adulterating a product and not with safety of pesticides In 1947 Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Funshygicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) This act authorized the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) ~o enforce all pesticide regulations but again the act only protected consumers from I ineffective products In 1970 jurisdiction of the FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed EPA In 1972 FIFRA was amended to change its focus from efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL middot91-516 provided the format for curshy I rent pesticide regulations and is still referred to as FIFRA The 1972 amendments introduc~d
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I Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma
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I the concept of risk evaluation and required EPA to consider environmental risks beforemiddot regshyistering a product According to the amendments EPA must re-examine or reregister proshy
I ducts approved for registration before 1972 Pesticides that fail to meet EPAs standards or that pose unreasonable adverse effects are denied registration or cancelleda FIFRA requires EPA to consider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also economic social health
I and environmental benefits The most recent amendments of 1978 addressed EPAs probshylems with reregistering old pesticides These amendments allowed EPA to group_ the pestishycides by active ingredients and register them on a generic rather than individual product basis
FIFRA Reautmiddothorlzatlon Bill
I I Each year since 1980 Congress has considered legislation to revise the federal regulatory
program for pesticides The reauthorization bill would give EPA the legislative mandate and funding to accelerate and complete the reregistration of about 600 pesticide active ingredishyents in 10 years rather than 30 Other relatively non-controversial sections of the legislation
I would increase the penalties for violating FIFRA (the present maximum is $5000) allow mmiddotore public access to EPA information on pesticides provided by registrants and give the agency greater enforcement middotpower11 However acceptable sources of funding for the imshyplementation of reregistration program and reimbursements for cancelled pesticides are
major obstacles to pass the reauthorization bill
II I A number of interest groups have joined the reauthorization bill debate complicating the
situation The agricultural chemical industry environmental organizations labor unions consumer groups the farm bureau and smaller pesticide manufacturers are lobbying Conshygress to protect their diverse positions and interests Any compromise leading to the passhysage of the reauthorization bill will most probably not occur until after the 1988 elections
I Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal
I Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources the manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides the empty containers wastewater from rinsing cqmmercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which must be disposed of Numerous disshyposal and treatment technologies are applied to pesticide wastes These include land disshyposal incineration open burning physicalchemical treatment and biological treatment
I The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regu lated by the provisions of FI FRA and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 Section 19 state that The administrator shall establish procedures and regulations for disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registration of which is cancelled under Section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Another section
I of FIFRA that concerns pesticide waste disposal is the labeling requirement (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a)(2)(g)of FIFRA states that it is unlawful to use any pesticide in a manner inshyconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been determined to be part of the use process
I I Pesticide wastes are partially regulated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identified
as hazardous wastes Pesticide wastes are considered hazardous if they are solvent based and have a flash middotpoint of lt 60degC are aqueous and have a pH of lt20 or gt125 or release HeN or H2S upon contact with acids In fact toxicity characteristics of hazardous wastes defined by RCRA-(referred to as extraction procedures or EP toxicity) are based on threshold concentrations of six pesticides (24-D endrin lindane methoxychlor silvex toxaphene) and
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Pesticides in the Environment IAmiddot Continuing Dilemma Page 8
I eight metals Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the manufacture of nine pesticides (cacodylic acid chlordane creosote 24-0 disulfaton MSMA phorate245-T toxaphene) About one-fifth of the 375 substances listed as hazardshy I ous chemicals are pesticide activeingredients 12 The RCRA regulations also middotprovide stanshydards for construction and operation of certain disposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous pesticides musfbe permitted by either EPA I or an authorized state agency (40 CFR 264 165)
Future Directions and Needs I Since publication of Silent Spring in the early 70s muchmiddot attention has been focusedmiddot(ln the fate of pesticides in the environment Elaborate monitoring and research programsare initiated by state and federal agencies and industry to study the fate of pesticides in surface I and groundwaters Regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and disposal are more stringent than two decades ago While FIFRA and RCRA discussed in this paper are the two major laws regulating pesticides the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1976 and 1987 were Ipassed to control nonpoint source pollution and reduce pesticide input from agricultural fields to water bodies The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA and the states to restrict the use of certain pesticides in particular geographic areas to protect water from contamination The Safe Drinking Water Act and subsequent amendments of 1986 have I established standards for certain pesticide concentrations in drinking water Recently EPA proposed a pesticide strategy directing efforts toward preventing unacceptable contamshyination of current and potential drinking water supplies i3 In the proposed strategy the EPA I is using Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) the enforceable drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act as reference points to determine unacceptable levels of pesticides in underground sources of drinking water If an Mel for a particular pesticide is Inot yet available EPA will develop interim protection criteria for use as referencevaluesln pesticidemiddot management decisions These interim references will be based on EPAs stand~rd toxicological assessment procedures For pesticides that have a carcinogenic potential the interim reference value will be the concentration determined to pose a negligible risk I The EPAs definition of a negligible risk for a carcinogen is the pesticide concentration in drinking water that poses a one in a million (10-S
) increased chance of cancer occurrence middot1should an individual drink that water (10 liter per day by a 10-Kg child or 20 liters by a 70-Kg adult) over a life time (70 years) I Two other laws affect pesticide management The Endangered Species Act of 1973 restrictsmiddot the use of some pesticides on lands near the range of endangered species and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulates pesticide residues in human food and anishy Imal feed
Oespite the regulations many problems remain to be solved in the 1990sgtandduring the next century One major problem is the lack of a comprehensive database on pesticide use I that could be used for risk assessment studies A recent survey by ResQurcesFor the Fushyture (RFF)i4 reported that nine states including some major agricultural states have absoshylutely no records of pesticide use Nine other states have published reports onpesticidetlse I and applicationmiddot to agricu Itural crops but their data have not been updated regularly Acwshycording to the RFF report only the states of Hawaii Oregon Ohio and New Hampshire produce regular up-to-date reports All other remaining states have incomplete pesticide I use reports
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I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
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I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
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I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
-12shy I I
I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
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U
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k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
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mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
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d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
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flur
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agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
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min
al
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26
0 0
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tril
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00-5
431
middot42
40
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atep
lus
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iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
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p U
se
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m
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s
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nuts
S
org
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m
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nu
ts
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s
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m
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es
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es
Sm
all
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its
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m
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rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
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rn
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nu
ts
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m
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um
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rn
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bean
s C
om
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ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
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Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
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um
P
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res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
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W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
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Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
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mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
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t T
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ran
+
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3400
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19
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2000
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ph
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un
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at
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4320
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x
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C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
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tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
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mon
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e T
rade
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e P
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min
ant
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se
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n
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r+
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d
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LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
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00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
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(day
s)
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co
120
C
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um
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bean
s
U
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rn
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s
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200
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bean
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co
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all
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20-6
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s T
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S
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l F
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s T
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co
gt5
00
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om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
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nuts
T
obac
co
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bean
s
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tinu
ed
Com
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e T
rade
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e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
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App
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mat
e C
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Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
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Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
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m
+
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nam
ide
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pach
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Pro
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ne+
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Sim
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pmiddot+
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But
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ne
Wat
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U
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U
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Sed~
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W
at
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s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
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0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
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200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
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ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
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Smal
l F
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s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
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Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
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l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
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Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I List of Tables I
Page
ITable 1 Typical Positive Results otPesticide Groundwater Monitoring in the US ~
Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides
Table 3 EPA Toxicology Data Requirements ~ It bullbullbullbullbullbull u
Table 4 Herbicides and Potential Water Pollution
Table 5 Insecticides and Potential Water-PoJ-lutionmiddot
Table 6 Fungicides and Potential Water Pollution
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middot 1middot0
~ 11
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddot bullbullbullbullbullbull 13
middot ~ 21
middot middot ~ 25
~ 30
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I
I I
Pesticides In the Environment - A Continuing Dilemma -
Tamlm M Younos Diana L Welgmann
I I They came in swarms and settled over the whole country They covered the ground until
it was black with them they ate everything including all the fruits on the trees Not a green thing was left on any tree or plant in all the land of Egypt (Exodus 10 14-15) The Old Testament describes the struggle between humans and pests as harsh from the beginning and catastrophic from time to time causing large-scale famines
I Many centuries ago sophisticated agricultural societies used some type of chemicals for
I pest ~ontrol For example sulphur was used for disease and insect control before 1000 BC and the use of arsenic for insect control was advocated about 79 AD i However the era of those modern synthetic organic chemicals known as pesticides began in the 1930s and was greatly advanced in the 1940s during and after World War II The beginning of this era was
I symbolizedmiddotby the use of the insecticide DDT a great success story By 1972 the lives of 15 billion peomiddotple were improved by the eradication of malaria in 37 countries and the reshyduction in the reported cases of malaria in 80 other countries2 The DDT success in extershyminating the mosquitoes which served as vectors of malaria prompted the formulation and widesmiddotpread use of other insecticides andmiddot that of two other categories of pesticides namely
I herbicides for weed control and fungicides for plant disease control
I These three major categories of pesticides have evolved at different rates The chemistry of insecticidal products has developed through four generations (1) organochlorines such as DDT chlordane aldrin and dieldrin (2) organophosphates such as parathion (3) carbashymates such as carbaryl and carbofuran and (4) pyrethroids such as permethrin and cypershy
I methrin
I Chemical classes of herbicides include phenoxy herbicides such as 24-D triazines such as atrazine and cyanazine benzoic acids such as dicamba acetanilides such as alachlor andmetolachlor and ureas such as linuron Several new classes of herbicides were regshy
I istered in 1986 The two most important of these are the imidazolinones and the sulfonylushyreas These herbicides are non-oncogenic and are effective at lower application rates than the conventional herbicides
I Fungicides registered in the 1-9505 and 1960s are still widely used These early fungicides are relatively inexpensive are effective against a broad range of plant pathogens areless likely to stimulate pest resistance and exhibit low acute toxicity In addition they are often important in integrated disease management programs These fungicides include captafol captan chlorothalonil folpetmancozet maneb o-phenylphenol peNS and zineb
I Today pesticides are used not only in agriculture but for many diverse purposes such as
II human and animal health protection pest control in forest and aquatic environments and protection of buUdings and other structures However more than 70 percent of all pesticides used in the United States is applied to agricultural lands In 1985 US farmers applied about 400 million kg of pesticides to agricultural lands3
I An edited version of this article will be published as a feature article in the Julymiddot1988 issue of the Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
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Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma I Page 2
IIncreased and continued use of pesticides is associated with increased risks to human health adverse effects on nontarget organisms and contamination of air soil and water Less than 01 percent of the applied pesticides are estimated to actually reach the targeted pests and therefore large amounts are entering the environment and contaminating soil and I water resQurces 4 The objective of this article is to review the current state of knowledge
about pesticides in environment current management guidelines and methods and future trends I
Fate of Pesticides In the Environment I Sources of pesticidesin the environment include those resulting from the direct application of pesticides for a specific purpose such as pesticides used for weed and insect control in aquatic environments and those entering indirectly from spray drift atmosphericprecipishy Itation runoff and erosion from agricultural lands effluent discharges from sewers and facshytories accidental spills and volatilization Once in the environment a pesticide follows a pathway determined by the pesticides characteristics and i~s encompassing environment II Water solubHlty adsorption characteristics half-life persistence and volatility are major chemical characteristics determining the fate of a pesticide in the environment The pestishycide formulation and method of application are also important For example granular forshymulations are usually the most persistent wettable powder and dust formulations are often I less persistent than emulsifiable formulations Application techniques whether aerial surshyface or subsurface introduce the pesticide into a different environmental compartment and result ina particular interaction with the environment I PestlcJdes In Aquatic Environments I Aquatic environments are rivers streams lakes reservoirs mars~es estuaries and oceshyanic waters The quantity of a pesticide moving with runoff and sediment to an aquatic enshyvironment depends on a number of factors These include topography intensity and Iduration of rainfall or irrigation soil erodibility land management and cropping practices Persistence of the pesticide in soil a variable factor depending on the soil environment is an important element that affects movement of a pesticide to the aquatic environment Pishy Icloram for example has been reported to effectively disappear from the soilinas short as 50 days or as long as 6 years but its persistence under moderate conditions is generally about 15 years5
I Some of the important properties of aquatic environments that affect the magnitude of polshylution include surface area and depth hydraulic properties and geographic location Alshythough severity of pesticide pollution in an aquatic system varies according to those factors
in general the hJghest pesticide residues are observed in rivers lower residues occur in I estuaries and the least is found in the oceans The magnitude of pollution in lakes and reservoirs depends on their location in an agricultural or industrial setting I When a pesticide enters an aquatic environment it may volatilize remain dissolved in the water stay in suspension as microcrystals adsorb onto particulate matter in the water be deposited in the bottom sediments or accumulate in living organisms Therefore in an Iaquatic system residue from pesticides may occur in water mud sedimentplankton and suspendedmiddotmaterial fish and other animals and plants The dynamics of pesticide Intershyaction in an aquatic environment are quite complex and are influenced by a combination of Iphysical chemical and btological processes
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I I
Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 3
Physical processes include dilution and mixing of the pesticides concentration in an aquatic
I environment Dilution may be caused by the dispersion or diffusion of the pesticides in the
I water body its transport with water currents or eroded bottom sediments and its movement to the atmosphere through volatilization from the water surface Also large amounts of pesticides are transported or diluted physically by the migration of fish or drift of insects because these organisms accumulate and concentrate pesticides in their bodies
I Chemical processes within the aquatic environment include aqueous ionization hydrolysis
I chemical oxidation and photolysis The environmental behavior of some pesticides are substantially modified by ionization in aqueous solution and subsequent formation of bound residues Hydrolysis reactions are a major factor in the environmental degradation of some pesticides These are generally second-order reactions with the reaction rate highly deshy pendent upon pH Oxidation reactions occur through the interaction of substances that have naturally occurring free radicals in water Photolysis in an aquatic environment is a domishynantdegradative pathway for many pesticides The rate at which a pesticide is photodeshygraded is a function of the properties of the chemical and of the environment
I Biological processes in an aquatic environment include microbial transformations and bioshy
I accumulation Some pesticides are biodegraded by the action of heterotrophic microorganshyisms ubiquitous to aquatic environments Environmental conditions such as dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature influence the number of microorganisms and the
I rate of microbial degradation of pesticides in natural waters
I Many pesticides can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic animals and plants by direct uptake or bioconcentration Bioaccumulation is associated with the accumulation of the chemical
I in the organism through adsorption absorption and ingestion Environmental factors afshyfectingbioaccumutation are temperature dissolved oxygen concentration and food availshyability Organismic properties influencing bioaccumulation include size surface
I areavolume ratio lipid content growth rate and age The properties of a pesticide affecting bioaccumulation include the pesticides susceptibility to metabolic degradation and its relashytive affinity for lipids versus water which is estimated by octanofwaterpartitioningln general organochlorine-type compounds which are more hydrophobic bioaccumulate more than other pesticides
I Several fish species such as rainbow trout and fathead minnows and invertebrates such as rotifers and daphnids are used for bioaccumulation studies Bioaccumulation is considered an important tool for water quality monitoring in aquatic environments Data on pesticide
I residue in water tend to vary markedly with season the degree of water turbulence and the amount of suspended particulate matter Fish are often considered a better indicator of pesticide pollution than water samples because the residues in fish tissues are several orshy
I ders of magnitude higher and are much easier to analyze
In general highly water-soluble pesticides are more easily diluted and tend to be less pershysistent in water By contrast water insoluble pesticides are not readily leached into aquatic systemsbut once there they are rapidly bound to living or dead organic matter or fractionsI of the bottom sediment In terms of pesticide type persistence in the total aquatic system is greatestfororganochlorine insecticides intermediate for organophosphate and carbamate
I insecticides and least for herbicides However some soluble herbicides that reach surface
I water such as atrazine display a tendency to remain in solution for long periods But most herbicides are less likely to bioconcentrate and are less toxic to fish
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I
IPesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 4 I Pesticide Movement to Groundwater
The movement of pesticides fromiddotm the soil surface through the soil to the groundwater is a I complex proce-ss Factors which influence the movement of pesticides to groundwater inshyclude pesticide formulation pesticide chemical properties and method of application land forms (topography slope length drainage pattern) plant factors (type middotof crop stage of Igrowth root system) and seasonal groundwater elevation Pesticides move through the soil with infiltrating water and the amount of pesticide transported from the soil into groundwater is governed by pesticide retention transformation and volatilization I Retention refersmiddot to adsorption of pesticides within the soil system Adsorption is a reversshyible process involving attraction of a chemical to the soil particle surface and the retention of this chemical for a certain period of time The mechanism of pesticide adsorption is Icomplex but its intensity is generally correlated to the soil mineral and organic matter conshytent The extent of adsorption of pesticides to soils is usually determined by the ratio of distribution of the chemical between the soil water and soil solid phase and is expressed as Kd shyIPesticide transformation refers to changes in the chemical structure or composition of a pesticide due to degradation within the soil system The kinetics of pesticide degradation I are affected by the pesticides properties and its availability in soil water the presence of microorganisms or enzyme systems capable of degrading the pesticides the activity level of the microorganisms as affected by available nutrients for microbial growth and environshy Imental conditions such as temperature moisture aeration and various soil properties Biodegradation is most significant in the root zone because of the higher concentration of organisms in residence decrea~es below the root zone because of lower biological activity and occurs at a mJjch slower rate in the deeper unsaturated zone as well as in groundwater I However anaerobic decomposition may take place in deep soils and aquifers under approshypriate environmental conditions Degradation potential or rate of dissipation of pesticides from a soil-water system is expressed as the pesticides half-life the time required for half Iof the chemical to dissipate from a particular system Hydrolysis half-life is obtained under controlled conditions in the laboratory Soil half-life which represents field conditions inshycludes losses due to hydrolysis microbial activity volatilization and other factors As disshycussed later half-life values Kd values pesticide solubility and results from environmental I fate studies are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine leachability of pesticides to groundwater IA pesticides movement to groundwater is also influenced by its volatilization from the root zone Volatilization is a function of the vapor pressure of the pesticide and is affected by pesticide concentration soil-moisture content soil adsorption characteristics~ diffusion rate in soil temperature and air movement The volatilization of pesticides from the soil occurs I in two stages The first stage is the upward movement of dissolved or sol-uble pesticide in water with evaporation from the lower soil profile The second stage involves the escape of pesticides from the soil surface to the atmosphere I A 1986 EPA report lists 17 different pesticides detected in the groundwaters of 23 states (Table 1) The concentrations of these pesticides in groundwater range from trace amounts Ito several hundred parts per billion These detections of pesticides in groundwater can be attributed to advancements in monitoring and analytical techniques Although widespread contamination of groundwater by pesticides has not been observed the public is -concerned about potential groundwater contamination from the increased use of pesticides during the I past two decades Widespread public concern has led to increased support from governshy
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I I Pesticides in the Environment
A Continuing Dilemma Page 5
mental agencies and industry for initiating and implementing groundwater monitoring proshygrams and researching the fate of pesticides in the groundwater Measures to preventI
I contamination include evaluation of applications to register new pesticides for their potential impact on groundwater and re-evaluation of licenses for continued use of older pesticides during reregistration or when changes to approved use are requested Also techniques such as DRASTIC have been developed to identify the relationship between pesticide applishycation and groundwater vulnerability factors6
1 Determining Pesticide Leachability to Groundwater
The EPA requires all pesticide registrants to submit a data package containing information
I on pesticide properties (solubility Kd vapor pressure water-air ratio and octanol-water
I partition coefficient) and the results of environmental fate studies performed according to EPA guidelines In general a complete package of environmental fate studies requires data on hydrolysis and photolysis aerobic and anaerobic metabolism leaching properties field dissipation in soil sediment water and forests and accumulation in cropsand fish and other non-target aquatic organisms The environmental fate data required to determine a pesticides potential to reach groundwater include results on hydrolysis photolysis in water and soil aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in soil aquatic metabolism leaching and field
Imiddot
I dissipation A pesticide is categorized as having a potential to reach groundwater if based on a review of the environmental studies the pesticide meets at least one of the following criteria 78
1) Water solubility greater than 30 ppm 2) Kd lt5 3) hydrolysis half-life greater than about 25 weeks or 4) 5oil half-life (field) greater than about 2 or 3 weeks Designating a pesticide
I as a potential leacher based on only one criterion may appear to be an overly conservative
I approach However Creeger7 noted that EPAs criteria are based on extrenleconditions For example a chemical is subjected to a heavy rainfall or irrigation soon after its applicashytion causing its immediate leaching through the topsoil into the deeper soil layers where
I if may persist and become available for further leaching into groundwater Applying the above criteria EPA has banned or restricted the use of several pesticides such as DBCP EDS oxamyl and aldicarb
Establishing Toxicity Effects
I All pesticides are toxic and may adversely affect humans and other organisms Their degree of harmfulness to humans and other living organisms depends on the pesticide charactershyistics the amount or dosage of the pesticide and the duration of exposure or contact time
I Therefore a major question to be answered in establishing toxicity effects of a pesticide is
I what is the risk of receiving a particular dose of a pesticide over a given period of time These risk assessments are based on dose-response studies performed in the laboratory natural ecosystems and mesocosms (experimental pond and in situ enclosures) The ecoshynomic benefits from the use of a pesticide should not outweigh its potentially negative healthmiddot
il and middotecological effects Resu Its of environmental fate studies required by the EPA forpesti- cide registration include results for toxicological tests The two major categories of toxicoshylogical tests are 1) those that determine a pmiddotesticides toxic effects on mammals such as rabbits rats and dogs and these results are extrapolated to human beings and 2) those toxic effects estimated for various aquatic organisms such as fish and invertebrates
I Taximiddotcity tests on mammals provide a database that can be used to evaluate the hazards and assess the risks associated with the use of a pesticide Major categories of mammalian toxicity studies include acutechronic and mutagenicity tests
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Pesticides in the Environment I A Continuing Dilemma Page 6
I The purpose of acute toxicity tests is to establish the median lethal dose (LOso) the dose required toklH 5000 of the population of test animals LOso is expressed as mgkg of the animals body weight and is the most reproducible response that can be estim~ted with the I highest statistical confidence The smaller the LD60 value the more toxic the chemical For example pesticides with LDso values of 1 to 50 are highly toxic (dinoseb aldicarb carbofushyran demeton phorate endrin) and those with LOso values of greater than 15000 (ferbam) are considered relatively harmless (Table 2) The majority of pesticides are slightly to I moderately toxic Acute toxicity effects from ingestion inhalation and skin and eye contact are determined over a two to three week post-exposure observation period IChronic tests measure effects of long-term exposure to a pesticide The EPA requires that the highest dose tested in these studies must be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) orone that produces some toxic or pharmacological effect in the experimental animals A lower dose level which produces no evidence of toxicity also must be used This is called the I no observed effect level~ or the NOEL9 In practice NOEL determined from chronic studies of the most sensitive species is used as a criterion A safety factor of 100 is commonly used to extrapolate animal test results to a safe dose for human consumption However carcl I nogenic and mutagenic pesticides have no threshold dose or applicable safety factor In these cases mathematical models are used to estimate risks and the probability of tumor occurrence in humans9 1 The biological response of aquatic organisms to a chemical concentration is expressed as the median level concentration Leso the estimated concentration in water (mgI) which wiH kill or immobilize 5000 of the test organisms in a predetermined length of time The LCso is I expressed asthe length of time required to produce the desired response for example 96-hr LCso Smaller LCso values indicate higher toxicity The LCso value for DDT endrin and paraquat are 0002 00002 and 400 mgI respectively (Table 2) Usually rainbow trout or Ibluegill sunfish in static water tests are used as standard indices of fish toxicity Other fish species used in acute toxicity tests include goldfish killifish spot mullet harlequin fish catfish and fathead minnows I Three categories of toxicity tests are commonly used to predict the chronic effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic organisms 10 Life-cycle toxicity tests measure the effects of chronic chemical exposure on reproduction growth survival and other variables over one or more I generations of organisms The effects of chronic chemical exposure on the survival and growth of the toxicologically most sensitive life stages of a species such as the eggs and larvae of fishes represent the second category of toxicity test Functional tests the third Icatego~y measure the effects of chemicals on various physiological functions of individual aquatic organisms The data from all three categories of tests are used to estimate chronic toxicity threshold concentrations (Table 3) I
Pesticide Regulations
Federal regulation of pesticides began with the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 However Ithe actmiddot was only concerned with offenses such as adulterating a product and not with safety of pesticides In 1947 Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Funshygicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) This act authorized the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) ~o enforce all pesticide regulations but again the act only protected consumers from I ineffective products In 1970 jurisdiction of the FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed EPA In 1972 FIFRA was amended to change its focus from efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL middot91-516 provided the format for curshy I rent pesticide regulations and is still referred to as FIFRA The 1972 amendments introduc~d
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I Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma
I Page 7
I the concept of risk evaluation and required EPA to consider environmental risks beforemiddot regshyistering a product According to the amendments EPA must re-examine or reregister proshy
I ducts approved for registration before 1972 Pesticides that fail to meet EPAs standards or that pose unreasonable adverse effects are denied registration or cancelleda FIFRA requires EPA to consider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also economic social health
I and environmental benefits The most recent amendments of 1978 addressed EPAs probshylems with reregistering old pesticides These amendments allowed EPA to group_ the pestishycides by active ingredients and register them on a generic rather than individual product basis
FIFRA Reautmiddothorlzatlon Bill
I I Each year since 1980 Congress has considered legislation to revise the federal regulatory
program for pesticides The reauthorization bill would give EPA the legislative mandate and funding to accelerate and complete the reregistration of about 600 pesticide active ingredishyents in 10 years rather than 30 Other relatively non-controversial sections of the legislation
I would increase the penalties for violating FIFRA (the present maximum is $5000) allow mmiddotore public access to EPA information on pesticides provided by registrants and give the agency greater enforcement middotpower11 However acceptable sources of funding for the imshyplementation of reregistration program and reimbursements for cancelled pesticides are
major obstacles to pass the reauthorization bill
II I A number of interest groups have joined the reauthorization bill debate complicating the
situation The agricultural chemical industry environmental organizations labor unions consumer groups the farm bureau and smaller pesticide manufacturers are lobbying Conshygress to protect their diverse positions and interests Any compromise leading to the passhysage of the reauthorization bill will most probably not occur until after the 1988 elections
I Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal
I Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources the manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides the empty containers wastewater from rinsing cqmmercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which must be disposed of Numerous disshyposal and treatment technologies are applied to pesticide wastes These include land disshyposal incineration open burning physicalchemical treatment and biological treatment
I The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regu lated by the provisions of FI FRA and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 Section 19 state that The administrator shall establish procedures and regulations for disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registration of which is cancelled under Section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Another section
I of FIFRA that concerns pesticide waste disposal is the labeling requirement (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a)(2)(g)of FIFRA states that it is unlawful to use any pesticide in a manner inshyconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been determined to be part of the use process
I I Pesticide wastes are partially regulated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identified
as hazardous wastes Pesticide wastes are considered hazardous if they are solvent based and have a flash middotpoint of lt 60degC are aqueous and have a pH of lt20 or gt125 or release HeN or H2S upon contact with acids In fact toxicity characteristics of hazardous wastes defined by RCRA-(referred to as extraction procedures or EP toxicity) are based on threshold concentrations of six pesticides (24-D endrin lindane methoxychlor silvex toxaphene) and
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Pesticides in the Environment IAmiddot Continuing Dilemma Page 8
I eight metals Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the manufacture of nine pesticides (cacodylic acid chlordane creosote 24-0 disulfaton MSMA phorate245-T toxaphene) About one-fifth of the 375 substances listed as hazardshy I ous chemicals are pesticide activeingredients 12 The RCRA regulations also middotprovide stanshydards for construction and operation of certain disposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous pesticides musfbe permitted by either EPA I or an authorized state agency (40 CFR 264 165)
Future Directions and Needs I Since publication of Silent Spring in the early 70s muchmiddot attention has been focusedmiddot(ln the fate of pesticides in the environment Elaborate monitoring and research programsare initiated by state and federal agencies and industry to study the fate of pesticides in surface I and groundwaters Regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and disposal are more stringent than two decades ago While FIFRA and RCRA discussed in this paper are the two major laws regulating pesticides the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1976 and 1987 were Ipassed to control nonpoint source pollution and reduce pesticide input from agricultural fields to water bodies The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA and the states to restrict the use of certain pesticides in particular geographic areas to protect water from contamination The Safe Drinking Water Act and subsequent amendments of 1986 have I established standards for certain pesticide concentrations in drinking water Recently EPA proposed a pesticide strategy directing efforts toward preventing unacceptable contamshyination of current and potential drinking water supplies i3 In the proposed strategy the EPA I is using Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) the enforceable drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act as reference points to determine unacceptable levels of pesticides in underground sources of drinking water If an Mel for a particular pesticide is Inot yet available EPA will develop interim protection criteria for use as referencevaluesln pesticidemiddot management decisions These interim references will be based on EPAs stand~rd toxicological assessment procedures For pesticides that have a carcinogenic potential the interim reference value will be the concentration determined to pose a negligible risk I The EPAs definition of a negligible risk for a carcinogen is the pesticide concentration in drinking water that poses a one in a million (10-S
) increased chance of cancer occurrence middot1should an individual drink that water (10 liter per day by a 10-Kg child or 20 liters by a 70-Kg adult) over a life time (70 years) I Two other laws affect pesticide management The Endangered Species Act of 1973 restrictsmiddot the use of some pesticides on lands near the range of endangered species and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulates pesticide residues in human food and anishy Imal feed
Oespite the regulations many problems remain to be solved in the 1990sgtandduring the next century One major problem is the lack of a comprehensive database on pesticide use I that could be used for risk assessment studies A recent survey by ResQurcesFor the Fushyture (RFF)i4 reported that nine states including some major agricultural states have absoshylutely no records of pesticide use Nine other states have published reports onpesticidetlse I and applicationmiddot to agricu Itural crops but their data have not been updated regularly Acwshycording to the RFF report only the states of Hawaii Oregon Ohio and New Hampshire produce regular up-to-date reports All other remaining states have incomplete pesticide I use reports
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I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
I I I I I I I -9shy
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I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
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I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
-12shy I I
I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
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ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
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ns
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2451
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Sm
all
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its
Gly
ph
osa
te
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un
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p
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W
at
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4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
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amid
e ~
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m
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rflu
razo
n
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n
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at
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e
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rox
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l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
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nap
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ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
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mo
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ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
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I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
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I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
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I I
Pesticides In the Environment - A Continuing Dilemma -
Tamlm M Younos Diana L Welgmann
I I They came in swarms and settled over the whole country They covered the ground until
it was black with them they ate everything including all the fruits on the trees Not a green thing was left on any tree or plant in all the land of Egypt (Exodus 10 14-15) The Old Testament describes the struggle between humans and pests as harsh from the beginning and catastrophic from time to time causing large-scale famines
I Many centuries ago sophisticated agricultural societies used some type of chemicals for
I pest ~ontrol For example sulphur was used for disease and insect control before 1000 BC and the use of arsenic for insect control was advocated about 79 AD i However the era of those modern synthetic organic chemicals known as pesticides began in the 1930s and was greatly advanced in the 1940s during and after World War II The beginning of this era was
I symbolizedmiddotby the use of the insecticide DDT a great success story By 1972 the lives of 15 billion peomiddotple were improved by the eradication of malaria in 37 countries and the reshyduction in the reported cases of malaria in 80 other countries2 The DDT success in extershyminating the mosquitoes which served as vectors of malaria prompted the formulation and widesmiddotpread use of other insecticides andmiddot that of two other categories of pesticides namely
I herbicides for weed control and fungicides for plant disease control
I These three major categories of pesticides have evolved at different rates The chemistry of insecticidal products has developed through four generations (1) organochlorines such as DDT chlordane aldrin and dieldrin (2) organophosphates such as parathion (3) carbashymates such as carbaryl and carbofuran and (4) pyrethroids such as permethrin and cypershy
I methrin
I Chemical classes of herbicides include phenoxy herbicides such as 24-D triazines such as atrazine and cyanazine benzoic acids such as dicamba acetanilides such as alachlor andmetolachlor and ureas such as linuron Several new classes of herbicides were regshy
I istered in 1986 The two most important of these are the imidazolinones and the sulfonylushyreas These herbicides are non-oncogenic and are effective at lower application rates than the conventional herbicides
I Fungicides registered in the 1-9505 and 1960s are still widely used These early fungicides are relatively inexpensive are effective against a broad range of plant pathogens areless likely to stimulate pest resistance and exhibit low acute toxicity In addition they are often important in integrated disease management programs These fungicides include captafol captan chlorothalonil folpetmancozet maneb o-phenylphenol peNS and zineb
I Today pesticides are used not only in agriculture but for many diverse purposes such as
II human and animal health protection pest control in forest and aquatic environments and protection of buUdings and other structures However more than 70 percent of all pesticides used in the United States is applied to agricultural lands In 1985 US farmers applied about 400 million kg of pesticides to agricultural lands3
I An edited version of this article will be published as a feature article in the Julymiddot1988 issue of the Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
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Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma I Page 2
IIncreased and continued use of pesticides is associated with increased risks to human health adverse effects on nontarget organisms and contamination of air soil and water Less than 01 percent of the applied pesticides are estimated to actually reach the targeted pests and therefore large amounts are entering the environment and contaminating soil and I water resQurces 4 The objective of this article is to review the current state of knowledge
about pesticides in environment current management guidelines and methods and future trends I
Fate of Pesticides In the Environment I Sources of pesticidesin the environment include those resulting from the direct application of pesticides for a specific purpose such as pesticides used for weed and insect control in aquatic environments and those entering indirectly from spray drift atmosphericprecipishy Itation runoff and erosion from agricultural lands effluent discharges from sewers and facshytories accidental spills and volatilization Once in the environment a pesticide follows a pathway determined by the pesticides characteristics and i~s encompassing environment II Water solubHlty adsorption characteristics half-life persistence and volatility are major chemical characteristics determining the fate of a pesticide in the environment The pestishycide formulation and method of application are also important For example granular forshymulations are usually the most persistent wettable powder and dust formulations are often I less persistent than emulsifiable formulations Application techniques whether aerial surshyface or subsurface introduce the pesticide into a different environmental compartment and result ina particular interaction with the environment I PestlcJdes In Aquatic Environments I Aquatic environments are rivers streams lakes reservoirs mars~es estuaries and oceshyanic waters The quantity of a pesticide moving with runoff and sediment to an aquatic enshyvironment depends on a number of factors These include topography intensity and Iduration of rainfall or irrigation soil erodibility land management and cropping practices Persistence of the pesticide in soil a variable factor depending on the soil environment is an important element that affects movement of a pesticide to the aquatic environment Pishy Icloram for example has been reported to effectively disappear from the soilinas short as 50 days or as long as 6 years but its persistence under moderate conditions is generally about 15 years5
I Some of the important properties of aquatic environments that affect the magnitude of polshylution include surface area and depth hydraulic properties and geographic location Alshythough severity of pesticide pollution in an aquatic system varies according to those factors
in general the hJghest pesticide residues are observed in rivers lower residues occur in I estuaries and the least is found in the oceans The magnitude of pollution in lakes and reservoirs depends on their location in an agricultural or industrial setting I When a pesticide enters an aquatic environment it may volatilize remain dissolved in the water stay in suspension as microcrystals adsorb onto particulate matter in the water be deposited in the bottom sediments or accumulate in living organisms Therefore in an Iaquatic system residue from pesticides may occur in water mud sedimentplankton and suspendedmiddotmaterial fish and other animals and plants The dynamics of pesticide Intershyaction in an aquatic environment are quite complex and are influenced by a combination of Iphysical chemical and btological processes
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Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 3
Physical processes include dilution and mixing of the pesticides concentration in an aquatic
I environment Dilution may be caused by the dispersion or diffusion of the pesticides in the
I water body its transport with water currents or eroded bottom sediments and its movement to the atmosphere through volatilization from the water surface Also large amounts of pesticides are transported or diluted physically by the migration of fish or drift of insects because these organisms accumulate and concentrate pesticides in their bodies
I Chemical processes within the aquatic environment include aqueous ionization hydrolysis
I chemical oxidation and photolysis The environmental behavior of some pesticides are substantially modified by ionization in aqueous solution and subsequent formation of bound residues Hydrolysis reactions are a major factor in the environmental degradation of some pesticides These are generally second-order reactions with the reaction rate highly deshy pendent upon pH Oxidation reactions occur through the interaction of substances that have naturally occurring free radicals in water Photolysis in an aquatic environment is a domishynantdegradative pathway for many pesticides The rate at which a pesticide is photodeshygraded is a function of the properties of the chemical and of the environment
I Biological processes in an aquatic environment include microbial transformations and bioshy
I accumulation Some pesticides are biodegraded by the action of heterotrophic microorganshyisms ubiquitous to aquatic environments Environmental conditions such as dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature influence the number of microorganisms and the
I rate of microbial degradation of pesticides in natural waters
I Many pesticides can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic animals and plants by direct uptake or bioconcentration Bioaccumulation is associated with the accumulation of the chemical
I in the organism through adsorption absorption and ingestion Environmental factors afshyfectingbioaccumutation are temperature dissolved oxygen concentration and food availshyability Organismic properties influencing bioaccumulation include size surface
I areavolume ratio lipid content growth rate and age The properties of a pesticide affecting bioaccumulation include the pesticides susceptibility to metabolic degradation and its relashytive affinity for lipids versus water which is estimated by octanofwaterpartitioningln general organochlorine-type compounds which are more hydrophobic bioaccumulate more than other pesticides
I Several fish species such as rainbow trout and fathead minnows and invertebrates such as rotifers and daphnids are used for bioaccumulation studies Bioaccumulation is considered an important tool for water quality monitoring in aquatic environments Data on pesticide
I residue in water tend to vary markedly with season the degree of water turbulence and the amount of suspended particulate matter Fish are often considered a better indicator of pesticide pollution than water samples because the residues in fish tissues are several orshy
I ders of magnitude higher and are much easier to analyze
In general highly water-soluble pesticides are more easily diluted and tend to be less pershysistent in water By contrast water insoluble pesticides are not readily leached into aquatic systemsbut once there they are rapidly bound to living or dead organic matter or fractionsI of the bottom sediment In terms of pesticide type persistence in the total aquatic system is greatestfororganochlorine insecticides intermediate for organophosphate and carbamate
I insecticides and least for herbicides However some soluble herbicides that reach surface
I water such as atrazine display a tendency to remain in solution for long periods But most herbicides are less likely to bioconcentrate and are less toxic to fish
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IPesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 4 I Pesticide Movement to Groundwater
The movement of pesticides fromiddotm the soil surface through the soil to the groundwater is a I complex proce-ss Factors which influence the movement of pesticides to groundwater inshyclude pesticide formulation pesticide chemical properties and method of application land forms (topography slope length drainage pattern) plant factors (type middotof crop stage of Igrowth root system) and seasonal groundwater elevation Pesticides move through the soil with infiltrating water and the amount of pesticide transported from the soil into groundwater is governed by pesticide retention transformation and volatilization I Retention refersmiddot to adsorption of pesticides within the soil system Adsorption is a reversshyible process involving attraction of a chemical to the soil particle surface and the retention of this chemical for a certain period of time The mechanism of pesticide adsorption is Icomplex but its intensity is generally correlated to the soil mineral and organic matter conshytent The extent of adsorption of pesticides to soils is usually determined by the ratio of distribution of the chemical between the soil water and soil solid phase and is expressed as Kd shyIPesticide transformation refers to changes in the chemical structure or composition of a pesticide due to degradation within the soil system The kinetics of pesticide degradation I are affected by the pesticides properties and its availability in soil water the presence of microorganisms or enzyme systems capable of degrading the pesticides the activity level of the microorganisms as affected by available nutrients for microbial growth and environshy Imental conditions such as temperature moisture aeration and various soil properties Biodegradation is most significant in the root zone because of the higher concentration of organisms in residence decrea~es below the root zone because of lower biological activity and occurs at a mJjch slower rate in the deeper unsaturated zone as well as in groundwater I However anaerobic decomposition may take place in deep soils and aquifers under approshypriate environmental conditions Degradation potential or rate of dissipation of pesticides from a soil-water system is expressed as the pesticides half-life the time required for half Iof the chemical to dissipate from a particular system Hydrolysis half-life is obtained under controlled conditions in the laboratory Soil half-life which represents field conditions inshycludes losses due to hydrolysis microbial activity volatilization and other factors As disshycussed later half-life values Kd values pesticide solubility and results from environmental I fate studies are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine leachability of pesticides to groundwater IA pesticides movement to groundwater is also influenced by its volatilization from the root zone Volatilization is a function of the vapor pressure of the pesticide and is affected by pesticide concentration soil-moisture content soil adsorption characteristics~ diffusion rate in soil temperature and air movement The volatilization of pesticides from the soil occurs I in two stages The first stage is the upward movement of dissolved or sol-uble pesticide in water with evaporation from the lower soil profile The second stage involves the escape of pesticides from the soil surface to the atmosphere I A 1986 EPA report lists 17 different pesticides detected in the groundwaters of 23 states (Table 1) The concentrations of these pesticides in groundwater range from trace amounts Ito several hundred parts per billion These detections of pesticides in groundwater can be attributed to advancements in monitoring and analytical techniques Although widespread contamination of groundwater by pesticides has not been observed the public is -concerned about potential groundwater contamination from the increased use of pesticides during the I past two decades Widespread public concern has led to increased support from governshy
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I I Pesticides in the Environment
A Continuing Dilemma Page 5
mental agencies and industry for initiating and implementing groundwater monitoring proshygrams and researching the fate of pesticides in the groundwater Measures to preventI
I contamination include evaluation of applications to register new pesticides for their potential impact on groundwater and re-evaluation of licenses for continued use of older pesticides during reregistration or when changes to approved use are requested Also techniques such as DRASTIC have been developed to identify the relationship between pesticide applishycation and groundwater vulnerability factors6
1 Determining Pesticide Leachability to Groundwater
The EPA requires all pesticide registrants to submit a data package containing information
I on pesticide properties (solubility Kd vapor pressure water-air ratio and octanol-water
I partition coefficient) and the results of environmental fate studies performed according to EPA guidelines In general a complete package of environmental fate studies requires data on hydrolysis and photolysis aerobic and anaerobic metabolism leaching properties field dissipation in soil sediment water and forests and accumulation in cropsand fish and other non-target aquatic organisms The environmental fate data required to determine a pesticides potential to reach groundwater include results on hydrolysis photolysis in water and soil aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in soil aquatic metabolism leaching and field
Imiddot
I dissipation A pesticide is categorized as having a potential to reach groundwater if based on a review of the environmental studies the pesticide meets at least one of the following criteria 78
1) Water solubility greater than 30 ppm 2) Kd lt5 3) hydrolysis half-life greater than about 25 weeks or 4) 5oil half-life (field) greater than about 2 or 3 weeks Designating a pesticide
I as a potential leacher based on only one criterion may appear to be an overly conservative
I approach However Creeger7 noted that EPAs criteria are based on extrenleconditions For example a chemical is subjected to a heavy rainfall or irrigation soon after its applicashytion causing its immediate leaching through the topsoil into the deeper soil layers where
I if may persist and become available for further leaching into groundwater Applying the above criteria EPA has banned or restricted the use of several pesticides such as DBCP EDS oxamyl and aldicarb
Establishing Toxicity Effects
I All pesticides are toxic and may adversely affect humans and other organisms Their degree of harmfulness to humans and other living organisms depends on the pesticide charactershyistics the amount or dosage of the pesticide and the duration of exposure or contact time
I Therefore a major question to be answered in establishing toxicity effects of a pesticide is
I what is the risk of receiving a particular dose of a pesticide over a given period of time These risk assessments are based on dose-response studies performed in the laboratory natural ecosystems and mesocosms (experimental pond and in situ enclosures) The ecoshynomic benefits from the use of a pesticide should not outweigh its potentially negative healthmiddot
il and middotecological effects Resu Its of environmental fate studies required by the EPA forpesti- cide registration include results for toxicological tests The two major categories of toxicoshylogical tests are 1) those that determine a pmiddotesticides toxic effects on mammals such as rabbits rats and dogs and these results are extrapolated to human beings and 2) those toxic effects estimated for various aquatic organisms such as fish and invertebrates
I Taximiddotcity tests on mammals provide a database that can be used to evaluate the hazards and assess the risks associated with the use of a pesticide Major categories of mammalian toxicity studies include acutechronic and mutagenicity tests
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Pesticides in the Environment I A Continuing Dilemma Page 6
I The purpose of acute toxicity tests is to establish the median lethal dose (LOso) the dose required toklH 5000 of the population of test animals LOso is expressed as mgkg of the animals body weight and is the most reproducible response that can be estim~ted with the I highest statistical confidence The smaller the LD60 value the more toxic the chemical For example pesticides with LDso values of 1 to 50 are highly toxic (dinoseb aldicarb carbofushyran demeton phorate endrin) and those with LOso values of greater than 15000 (ferbam) are considered relatively harmless (Table 2) The majority of pesticides are slightly to I moderately toxic Acute toxicity effects from ingestion inhalation and skin and eye contact are determined over a two to three week post-exposure observation period IChronic tests measure effects of long-term exposure to a pesticide The EPA requires that the highest dose tested in these studies must be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) orone that produces some toxic or pharmacological effect in the experimental animals A lower dose level which produces no evidence of toxicity also must be used This is called the I no observed effect level~ or the NOEL9 In practice NOEL determined from chronic studies of the most sensitive species is used as a criterion A safety factor of 100 is commonly used to extrapolate animal test results to a safe dose for human consumption However carcl I nogenic and mutagenic pesticides have no threshold dose or applicable safety factor In these cases mathematical models are used to estimate risks and the probability of tumor occurrence in humans9 1 The biological response of aquatic organisms to a chemical concentration is expressed as the median level concentration Leso the estimated concentration in water (mgI) which wiH kill or immobilize 5000 of the test organisms in a predetermined length of time The LCso is I expressed asthe length of time required to produce the desired response for example 96-hr LCso Smaller LCso values indicate higher toxicity The LCso value for DDT endrin and paraquat are 0002 00002 and 400 mgI respectively (Table 2) Usually rainbow trout or Ibluegill sunfish in static water tests are used as standard indices of fish toxicity Other fish species used in acute toxicity tests include goldfish killifish spot mullet harlequin fish catfish and fathead minnows I Three categories of toxicity tests are commonly used to predict the chronic effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic organisms 10 Life-cycle toxicity tests measure the effects of chronic chemical exposure on reproduction growth survival and other variables over one or more I generations of organisms The effects of chronic chemical exposure on the survival and growth of the toxicologically most sensitive life stages of a species such as the eggs and larvae of fishes represent the second category of toxicity test Functional tests the third Icatego~y measure the effects of chemicals on various physiological functions of individual aquatic organisms The data from all three categories of tests are used to estimate chronic toxicity threshold concentrations (Table 3) I
Pesticide Regulations
Federal regulation of pesticides began with the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 However Ithe actmiddot was only concerned with offenses such as adulterating a product and not with safety of pesticides In 1947 Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Funshygicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) This act authorized the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) ~o enforce all pesticide regulations but again the act only protected consumers from I ineffective products In 1970 jurisdiction of the FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed EPA In 1972 FIFRA was amended to change its focus from efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL middot91-516 provided the format for curshy I rent pesticide regulations and is still referred to as FIFRA The 1972 amendments introduc~d
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I Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma
I Page 7
I the concept of risk evaluation and required EPA to consider environmental risks beforemiddot regshyistering a product According to the amendments EPA must re-examine or reregister proshy
I ducts approved for registration before 1972 Pesticides that fail to meet EPAs standards or that pose unreasonable adverse effects are denied registration or cancelleda FIFRA requires EPA to consider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also economic social health
I and environmental benefits The most recent amendments of 1978 addressed EPAs probshylems with reregistering old pesticides These amendments allowed EPA to group_ the pestishycides by active ingredients and register them on a generic rather than individual product basis
FIFRA Reautmiddothorlzatlon Bill
I I Each year since 1980 Congress has considered legislation to revise the federal regulatory
program for pesticides The reauthorization bill would give EPA the legislative mandate and funding to accelerate and complete the reregistration of about 600 pesticide active ingredishyents in 10 years rather than 30 Other relatively non-controversial sections of the legislation
I would increase the penalties for violating FIFRA (the present maximum is $5000) allow mmiddotore public access to EPA information on pesticides provided by registrants and give the agency greater enforcement middotpower11 However acceptable sources of funding for the imshyplementation of reregistration program and reimbursements for cancelled pesticides are
major obstacles to pass the reauthorization bill
II I A number of interest groups have joined the reauthorization bill debate complicating the
situation The agricultural chemical industry environmental organizations labor unions consumer groups the farm bureau and smaller pesticide manufacturers are lobbying Conshygress to protect their diverse positions and interests Any compromise leading to the passhysage of the reauthorization bill will most probably not occur until after the 1988 elections
I Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal
I Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources the manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides the empty containers wastewater from rinsing cqmmercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which must be disposed of Numerous disshyposal and treatment technologies are applied to pesticide wastes These include land disshyposal incineration open burning physicalchemical treatment and biological treatment
I The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regu lated by the provisions of FI FRA and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 Section 19 state that The administrator shall establish procedures and regulations for disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registration of which is cancelled under Section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Another section
I of FIFRA that concerns pesticide waste disposal is the labeling requirement (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a)(2)(g)of FIFRA states that it is unlawful to use any pesticide in a manner inshyconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been determined to be part of the use process
I I Pesticide wastes are partially regulated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identified
as hazardous wastes Pesticide wastes are considered hazardous if they are solvent based and have a flash middotpoint of lt 60degC are aqueous and have a pH of lt20 or gt125 or release HeN or H2S upon contact with acids In fact toxicity characteristics of hazardous wastes defined by RCRA-(referred to as extraction procedures or EP toxicity) are based on threshold concentrations of six pesticides (24-D endrin lindane methoxychlor silvex toxaphene) and
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Pesticides in the Environment IAmiddot Continuing Dilemma Page 8
I eight metals Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the manufacture of nine pesticides (cacodylic acid chlordane creosote 24-0 disulfaton MSMA phorate245-T toxaphene) About one-fifth of the 375 substances listed as hazardshy I ous chemicals are pesticide activeingredients 12 The RCRA regulations also middotprovide stanshydards for construction and operation of certain disposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous pesticides musfbe permitted by either EPA I or an authorized state agency (40 CFR 264 165)
Future Directions and Needs I Since publication of Silent Spring in the early 70s muchmiddot attention has been focusedmiddot(ln the fate of pesticides in the environment Elaborate monitoring and research programsare initiated by state and federal agencies and industry to study the fate of pesticides in surface I and groundwaters Regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and disposal are more stringent than two decades ago While FIFRA and RCRA discussed in this paper are the two major laws regulating pesticides the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1976 and 1987 were Ipassed to control nonpoint source pollution and reduce pesticide input from agricultural fields to water bodies The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA and the states to restrict the use of certain pesticides in particular geographic areas to protect water from contamination The Safe Drinking Water Act and subsequent amendments of 1986 have I established standards for certain pesticide concentrations in drinking water Recently EPA proposed a pesticide strategy directing efforts toward preventing unacceptable contamshyination of current and potential drinking water supplies i3 In the proposed strategy the EPA I is using Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) the enforceable drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act as reference points to determine unacceptable levels of pesticides in underground sources of drinking water If an Mel for a particular pesticide is Inot yet available EPA will develop interim protection criteria for use as referencevaluesln pesticidemiddot management decisions These interim references will be based on EPAs stand~rd toxicological assessment procedures For pesticides that have a carcinogenic potential the interim reference value will be the concentration determined to pose a negligible risk I The EPAs definition of a negligible risk for a carcinogen is the pesticide concentration in drinking water that poses a one in a million (10-S
) increased chance of cancer occurrence middot1should an individual drink that water (10 liter per day by a 10-Kg child or 20 liters by a 70-Kg adult) over a life time (70 years) I Two other laws affect pesticide management The Endangered Species Act of 1973 restrictsmiddot the use of some pesticides on lands near the range of endangered species and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulates pesticide residues in human food and anishy Imal feed
Oespite the regulations many problems remain to be solved in the 1990sgtandduring the next century One major problem is the lack of a comprehensive database on pesticide use I that could be used for risk assessment studies A recent survey by ResQurcesFor the Fushyture (RFF)i4 reported that nine states including some major agricultural states have absoshylutely no records of pesticide use Nine other states have published reports onpesticidetlse I and applicationmiddot to agricu Itural crops but their data have not been updated regularly Acwshycording to the RFF report only the states of Hawaii Oregon Ohio and New Hampshire produce regular up-to-date reports All other remaining states have incomplete pesticide I use reports
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I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
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I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
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I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
-12shy I I
I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
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mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
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Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
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26
0 0
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U
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tril
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ritt
ox
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on
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35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
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iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
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m
Soy
bean
s
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nuts
S
org
hu
m
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nu
ts
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bean
s
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m
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tato
es
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es
Sm
all
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its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
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rn
Pea
nu
ts
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m
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rgh
um
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rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
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um
P
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res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
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Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
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ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
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es
Sm
all
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its
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W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
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ts
EP
TC
E
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m
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W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
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70
U
U
middotCom
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chIo
rali
n
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U
15
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U
U
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all
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its
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ph
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un
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at
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4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
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min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
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ate
Cro
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se
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n
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r+
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rt M
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d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
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Sed
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LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
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co
120
C
orn
S
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um
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bean
s
U
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s
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200
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s
U
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co
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all
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all
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s T
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S
mal
l F
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s T
obac
co
gt5
00
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om
S
orgh
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150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
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nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
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e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
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App
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mat
e C
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Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
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nam
ide
+
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pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
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dim
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middotCmiddoth
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24
pmiddot+
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st
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40
Bll
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c shy
But
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ne
Wat
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U
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U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
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s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
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0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
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ci()
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middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
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Smal
l F
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s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
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I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
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I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma I Page 2
IIncreased and continued use of pesticides is associated with increased risks to human health adverse effects on nontarget organisms and contamination of air soil and water Less than 01 percent of the applied pesticides are estimated to actually reach the targeted pests and therefore large amounts are entering the environment and contaminating soil and I water resQurces 4 The objective of this article is to review the current state of knowledge
about pesticides in environment current management guidelines and methods and future trends I
Fate of Pesticides In the Environment I Sources of pesticidesin the environment include those resulting from the direct application of pesticides for a specific purpose such as pesticides used for weed and insect control in aquatic environments and those entering indirectly from spray drift atmosphericprecipishy Itation runoff and erosion from agricultural lands effluent discharges from sewers and facshytories accidental spills and volatilization Once in the environment a pesticide follows a pathway determined by the pesticides characteristics and i~s encompassing environment II Water solubHlty adsorption characteristics half-life persistence and volatility are major chemical characteristics determining the fate of a pesticide in the environment The pestishycide formulation and method of application are also important For example granular forshymulations are usually the most persistent wettable powder and dust formulations are often I less persistent than emulsifiable formulations Application techniques whether aerial surshyface or subsurface introduce the pesticide into a different environmental compartment and result ina particular interaction with the environment I PestlcJdes In Aquatic Environments I Aquatic environments are rivers streams lakes reservoirs mars~es estuaries and oceshyanic waters The quantity of a pesticide moving with runoff and sediment to an aquatic enshyvironment depends on a number of factors These include topography intensity and Iduration of rainfall or irrigation soil erodibility land management and cropping practices Persistence of the pesticide in soil a variable factor depending on the soil environment is an important element that affects movement of a pesticide to the aquatic environment Pishy Icloram for example has been reported to effectively disappear from the soilinas short as 50 days or as long as 6 years but its persistence under moderate conditions is generally about 15 years5
I Some of the important properties of aquatic environments that affect the magnitude of polshylution include surface area and depth hydraulic properties and geographic location Alshythough severity of pesticide pollution in an aquatic system varies according to those factors
in general the hJghest pesticide residues are observed in rivers lower residues occur in I estuaries and the least is found in the oceans The magnitude of pollution in lakes and reservoirs depends on their location in an agricultural or industrial setting I When a pesticide enters an aquatic environment it may volatilize remain dissolved in the water stay in suspension as microcrystals adsorb onto particulate matter in the water be deposited in the bottom sediments or accumulate in living organisms Therefore in an Iaquatic system residue from pesticides may occur in water mud sedimentplankton and suspendedmiddotmaterial fish and other animals and plants The dynamics of pesticide Intershyaction in an aquatic environment are quite complex and are influenced by a combination of Iphysical chemical and btological processes
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I I
Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 3
Physical processes include dilution and mixing of the pesticides concentration in an aquatic
I environment Dilution may be caused by the dispersion or diffusion of the pesticides in the
I water body its transport with water currents or eroded bottom sediments and its movement to the atmosphere through volatilization from the water surface Also large amounts of pesticides are transported or diluted physically by the migration of fish or drift of insects because these organisms accumulate and concentrate pesticides in their bodies
I Chemical processes within the aquatic environment include aqueous ionization hydrolysis
I chemical oxidation and photolysis The environmental behavior of some pesticides are substantially modified by ionization in aqueous solution and subsequent formation of bound residues Hydrolysis reactions are a major factor in the environmental degradation of some pesticides These are generally second-order reactions with the reaction rate highly deshy pendent upon pH Oxidation reactions occur through the interaction of substances that have naturally occurring free radicals in water Photolysis in an aquatic environment is a domishynantdegradative pathway for many pesticides The rate at which a pesticide is photodeshygraded is a function of the properties of the chemical and of the environment
I Biological processes in an aquatic environment include microbial transformations and bioshy
I accumulation Some pesticides are biodegraded by the action of heterotrophic microorganshyisms ubiquitous to aquatic environments Environmental conditions such as dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature influence the number of microorganisms and the
I rate of microbial degradation of pesticides in natural waters
I Many pesticides can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic animals and plants by direct uptake or bioconcentration Bioaccumulation is associated with the accumulation of the chemical
I in the organism through adsorption absorption and ingestion Environmental factors afshyfectingbioaccumutation are temperature dissolved oxygen concentration and food availshyability Organismic properties influencing bioaccumulation include size surface
I areavolume ratio lipid content growth rate and age The properties of a pesticide affecting bioaccumulation include the pesticides susceptibility to metabolic degradation and its relashytive affinity for lipids versus water which is estimated by octanofwaterpartitioningln general organochlorine-type compounds which are more hydrophobic bioaccumulate more than other pesticides
I Several fish species such as rainbow trout and fathead minnows and invertebrates such as rotifers and daphnids are used for bioaccumulation studies Bioaccumulation is considered an important tool for water quality monitoring in aquatic environments Data on pesticide
I residue in water tend to vary markedly with season the degree of water turbulence and the amount of suspended particulate matter Fish are often considered a better indicator of pesticide pollution than water samples because the residues in fish tissues are several orshy
I ders of magnitude higher and are much easier to analyze
In general highly water-soluble pesticides are more easily diluted and tend to be less pershysistent in water By contrast water insoluble pesticides are not readily leached into aquatic systemsbut once there they are rapidly bound to living or dead organic matter or fractionsI of the bottom sediment In terms of pesticide type persistence in the total aquatic system is greatestfororganochlorine insecticides intermediate for organophosphate and carbamate
I insecticides and least for herbicides However some soluble herbicides that reach surface
I water such as atrazine display a tendency to remain in solution for long periods But most herbicides are less likely to bioconcentrate and are less toxic to fish
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IPesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 4 I Pesticide Movement to Groundwater
The movement of pesticides fromiddotm the soil surface through the soil to the groundwater is a I complex proce-ss Factors which influence the movement of pesticides to groundwater inshyclude pesticide formulation pesticide chemical properties and method of application land forms (topography slope length drainage pattern) plant factors (type middotof crop stage of Igrowth root system) and seasonal groundwater elevation Pesticides move through the soil with infiltrating water and the amount of pesticide transported from the soil into groundwater is governed by pesticide retention transformation and volatilization I Retention refersmiddot to adsorption of pesticides within the soil system Adsorption is a reversshyible process involving attraction of a chemical to the soil particle surface and the retention of this chemical for a certain period of time The mechanism of pesticide adsorption is Icomplex but its intensity is generally correlated to the soil mineral and organic matter conshytent The extent of adsorption of pesticides to soils is usually determined by the ratio of distribution of the chemical between the soil water and soil solid phase and is expressed as Kd shyIPesticide transformation refers to changes in the chemical structure or composition of a pesticide due to degradation within the soil system The kinetics of pesticide degradation I are affected by the pesticides properties and its availability in soil water the presence of microorganisms or enzyme systems capable of degrading the pesticides the activity level of the microorganisms as affected by available nutrients for microbial growth and environshy Imental conditions such as temperature moisture aeration and various soil properties Biodegradation is most significant in the root zone because of the higher concentration of organisms in residence decrea~es below the root zone because of lower biological activity and occurs at a mJjch slower rate in the deeper unsaturated zone as well as in groundwater I However anaerobic decomposition may take place in deep soils and aquifers under approshypriate environmental conditions Degradation potential or rate of dissipation of pesticides from a soil-water system is expressed as the pesticides half-life the time required for half Iof the chemical to dissipate from a particular system Hydrolysis half-life is obtained under controlled conditions in the laboratory Soil half-life which represents field conditions inshycludes losses due to hydrolysis microbial activity volatilization and other factors As disshycussed later half-life values Kd values pesticide solubility and results from environmental I fate studies are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine leachability of pesticides to groundwater IA pesticides movement to groundwater is also influenced by its volatilization from the root zone Volatilization is a function of the vapor pressure of the pesticide and is affected by pesticide concentration soil-moisture content soil adsorption characteristics~ diffusion rate in soil temperature and air movement The volatilization of pesticides from the soil occurs I in two stages The first stage is the upward movement of dissolved or sol-uble pesticide in water with evaporation from the lower soil profile The second stage involves the escape of pesticides from the soil surface to the atmosphere I A 1986 EPA report lists 17 different pesticides detected in the groundwaters of 23 states (Table 1) The concentrations of these pesticides in groundwater range from trace amounts Ito several hundred parts per billion These detections of pesticides in groundwater can be attributed to advancements in monitoring and analytical techniques Although widespread contamination of groundwater by pesticides has not been observed the public is -concerned about potential groundwater contamination from the increased use of pesticides during the I past two decades Widespread public concern has led to increased support from governshy
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I I Pesticides in the Environment
A Continuing Dilemma Page 5
mental agencies and industry for initiating and implementing groundwater monitoring proshygrams and researching the fate of pesticides in the groundwater Measures to preventI
I contamination include evaluation of applications to register new pesticides for their potential impact on groundwater and re-evaluation of licenses for continued use of older pesticides during reregistration or when changes to approved use are requested Also techniques such as DRASTIC have been developed to identify the relationship between pesticide applishycation and groundwater vulnerability factors6
1 Determining Pesticide Leachability to Groundwater
The EPA requires all pesticide registrants to submit a data package containing information
I on pesticide properties (solubility Kd vapor pressure water-air ratio and octanol-water
I partition coefficient) and the results of environmental fate studies performed according to EPA guidelines In general a complete package of environmental fate studies requires data on hydrolysis and photolysis aerobic and anaerobic metabolism leaching properties field dissipation in soil sediment water and forests and accumulation in cropsand fish and other non-target aquatic organisms The environmental fate data required to determine a pesticides potential to reach groundwater include results on hydrolysis photolysis in water and soil aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in soil aquatic metabolism leaching and field
Imiddot
I dissipation A pesticide is categorized as having a potential to reach groundwater if based on a review of the environmental studies the pesticide meets at least one of the following criteria 78
1) Water solubility greater than 30 ppm 2) Kd lt5 3) hydrolysis half-life greater than about 25 weeks or 4) 5oil half-life (field) greater than about 2 or 3 weeks Designating a pesticide
I as a potential leacher based on only one criterion may appear to be an overly conservative
I approach However Creeger7 noted that EPAs criteria are based on extrenleconditions For example a chemical is subjected to a heavy rainfall or irrigation soon after its applicashytion causing its immediate leaching through the topsoil into the deeper soil layers where
I if may persist and become available for further leaching into groundwater Applying the above criteria EPA has banned or restricted the use of several pesticides such as DBCP EDS oxamyl and aldicarb
Establishing Toxicity Effects
I All pesticides are toxic and may adversely affect humans and other organisms Their degree of harmfulness to humans and other living organisms depends on the pesticide charactershyistics the amount or dosage of the pesticide and the duration of exposure or contact time
I Therefore a major question to be answered in establishing toxicity effects of a pesticide is
I what is the risk of receiving a particular dose of a pesticide over a given period of time These risk assessments are based on dose-response studies performed in the laboratory natural ecosystems and mesocosms (experimental pond and in situ enclosures) The ecoshynomic benefits from the use of a pesticide should not outweigh its potentially negative healthmiddot
il and middotecological effects Resu Its of environmental fate studies required by the EPA forpesti- cide registration include results for toxicological tests The two major categories of toxicoshylogical tests are 1) those that determine a pmiddotesticides toxic effects on mammals such as rabbits rats and dogs and these results are extrapolated to human beings and 2) those toxic effects estimated for various aquatic organisms such as fish and invertebrates
I Taximiddotcity tests on mammals provide a database that can be used to evaluate the hazards and assess the risks associated with the use of a pesticide Major categories of mammalian toxicity studies include acutechronic and mutagenicity tests
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Pesticides in the Environment I A Continuing Dilemma Page 6
I The purpose of acute toxicity tests is to establish the median lethal dose (LOso) the dose required toklH 5000 of the population of test animals LOso is expressed as mgkg of the animals body weight and is the most reproducible response that can be estim~ted with the I highest statistical confidence The smaller the LD60 value the more toxic the chemical For example pesticides with LDso values of 1 to 50 are highly toxic (dinoseb aldicarb carbofushyran demeton phorate endrin) and those with LOso values of greater than 15000 (ferbam) are considered relatively harmless (Table 2) The majority of pesticides are slightly to I moderately toxic Acute toxicity effects from ingestion inhalation and skin and eye contact are determined over a two to three week post-exposure observation period IChronic tests measure effects of long-term exposure to a pesticide The EPA requires that the highest dose tested in these studies must be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) orone that produces some toxic or pharmacological effect in the experimental animals A lower dose level which produces no evidence of toxicity also must be used This is called the I no observed effect level~ or the NOEL9 In practice NOEL determined from chronic studies of the most sensitive species is used as a criterion A safety factor of 100 is commonly used to extrapolate animal test results to a safe dose for human consumption However carcl I nogenic and mutagenic pesticides have no threshold dose or applicable safety factor In these cases mathematical models are used to estimate risks and the probability of tumor occurrence in humans9 1 The biological response of aquatic organisms to a chemical concentration is expressed as the median level concentration Leso the estimated concentration in water (mgI) which wiH kill or immobilize 5000 of the test organisms in a predetermined length of time The LCso is I expressed asthe length of time required to produce the desired response for example 96-hr LCso Smaller LCso values indicate higher toxicity The LCso value for DDT endrin and paraquat are 0002 00002 and 400 mgI respectively (Table 2) Usually rainbow trout or Ibluegill sunfish in static water tests are used as standard indices of fish toxicity Other fish species used in acute toxicity tests include goldfish killifish spot mullet harlequin fish catfish and fathead minnows I Three categories of toxicity tests are commonly used to predict the chronic effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic organisms 10 Life-cycle toxicity tests measure the effects of chronic chemical exposure on reproduction growth survival and other variables over one or more I generations of organisms The effects of chronic chemical exposure on the survival and growth of the toxicologically most sensitive life stages of a species such as the eggs and larvae of fishes represent the second category of toxicity test Functional tests the third Icatego~y measure the effects of chemicals on various physiological functions of individual aquatic organisms The data from all three categories of tests are used to estimate chronic toxicity threshold concentrations (Table 3) I
Pesticide Regulations
Federal regulation of pesticides began with the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 However Ithe actmiddot was only concerned with offenses such as adulterating a product and not with safety of pesticides In 1947 Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Funshygicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) This act authorized the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) ~o enforce all pesticide regulations but again the act only protected consumers from I ineffective products In 1970 jurisdiction of the FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed EPA In 1972 FIFRA was amended to change its focus from efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL middot91-516 provided the format for curshy I rent pesticide regulations and is still referred to as FIFRA The 1972 amendments introduc~d
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I Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma
I Page 7
I the concept of risk evaluation and required EPA to consider environmental risks beforemiddot regshyistering a product According to the amendments EPA must re-examine or reregister proshy
I ducts approved for registration before 1972 Pesticides that fail to meet EPAs standards or that pose unreasonable adverse effects are denied registration or cancelleda FIFRA requires EPA to consider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also economic social health
I and environmental benefits The most recent amendments of 1978 addressed EPAs probshylems with reregistering old pesticides These amendments allowed EPA to group_ the pestishycides by active ingredients and register them on a generic rather than individual product basis
FIFRA Reautmiddothorlzatlon Bill
I I Each year since 1980 Congress has considered legislation to revise the federal regulatory
program for pesticides The reauthorization bill would give EPA the legislative mandate and funding to accelerate and complete the reregistration of about 600 pesticide active ingredishyents in 10 years rather than 30 Other relatively non-controversial sections of the legislation
I would increase the penalties for violating FIFRA (the present maximum is $5000) allow mmiddotore public access to EPA information on pesticides provided by registrants and give the agency greater enforcement middotpower11 However acceptable sources of funding for the imshyplementation of reregistration program and reimbursements for cancelled pesticides are
major obstacles to pass the reauthorization bill
II I A number of interest groups have joined the reauthorization bill debate complicating the
situation The agricultural chemical industry environmental organizations labor unions consumer groups the farm bureau and smaller pesticide manufacturers are lobbying Conshygress to protect their diverse positions and interests Any compromise leading to the passhysage of the reauthorization bill will most probably not occur until after the 1988 elections
I Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal
I Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources the manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides the empty containers wastewater from rinsing cqmmercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which must be disposed of Numerous disshyposal and treatment technologies are applied to pesticide wastes These include land disshyposal incineration open burning physicalchemical treatment and biological treatment
I The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regu lated by the provisions of FI FRA and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 Section 19 state that The administrator shall establish procedures and regulations for disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registration of which is cancelled under Section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Another section
I of FIFRA that concerns pesticide waste disposal is the labeling requirement (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a)(2)(g)of FIFRA states that it is unlawful to use any pesticide in a manner inshyconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been determined to be part of the use process
I I Pesticide wastes are partially regulated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identified
as hazardous wastes Pesticide wastes are considered hazardous if they are solvent based and have a flash middotpoint of lt 60degC are aqueous and have a pH of lt20 or gt125 or release HeN or H2S upon contact with acids In fact toxicity characteristics of hazardous wastes defined by RCRA-(referred to as extraction procedures or EP toxicity) are based on threshold concentrations of six pesticides (24-D endrin lindane methoxychlor silvex toxaphene) and
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Pesticides in the Environment IAmiddot Continuing Dilemma Page 8
I eight metals Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the manufacture of nine pesticides (cacodylic acid chlordane creosote 24-0 disulfaton MSMA phorate245-T toxaphene) About one-fifth of the 375 substances listed as hazardshy I ous chemicals are pesticide activeingredients 12 The RCRA regulations also middotprovide stanshydards for construction and operation of certain disposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous pesticides musfbe permitted by either EPA I or an authorized state agency (40 CFR 264 165)
Future Directions and Needs I Since publication of Silent Spring in the early 70s muchmiddot attention has been focusedmiddot(ln the fate of pesticides in the environment Elaborate monitoring and research programsare initiated by state and federal agencies and industry to study the fate of pesticides in surface I and groundwaters Regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and disposal are more stringent than two decades ago While FIFRA and RCRA discussed in this paper are the two major laws regulating pesticides the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1976 and 1987 were Ipassed to control nonpoint source pollution and reduce pesticide input from agricultural fields to water bodies The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA and the states to restrict the use of certain pesticides in particular geographic areas to protect water from contamination The Safe Drinking Water Act and subsequent amendments of 1986 have I established standards for certain pesticide concentrations in drinking water Recently EPA proposed a pesticide strategy directing efforts toward preventing unacceptable contamshyination of current and potential drinking water supplies i3 In the proposed strategy the EPA I is using Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) the enforceable drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act as reference points to determine unacceptable levels of pesticides in underground sources of drinking water If an Mel for a particular pesticide is Inot yet available EPA will develop interim protection criteria for use as referencevaluesln pesticidemiddot management decisions These interim references will be based on EPAs stand~rd toxicological assessment procedures For pesticides that have a carcinogenic potential the interim reference value will be the concentration determined to pose a negligible risk I The EPAs definition of a negligible risk for a carcinogen is the pesticide concentration in drinking water that poses a one in a million (10-S
) increased chance of cancer occurrence middot1should an individual drink that water (10 liter per day by a 10-Kg child or 20 liters by a 70-Kg adult) over a life time (70 years) I Two other laws affect pesticide management The Endangered Species Act of 1973 restrictsmiddot the use of some pesticides on lands near the range of endangered species and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulates pesticide residues in human food and anishy Imal feed
Oespite the regulations many problems remain to be solved in the 1990sgtandduring the next century One major problem is the lack of a comprehensive database on pesticide use I that could be used for risk assessment studies A recent survey by ResQurcesFor the Fushyture (RFF)i4 reported that nine states including some major agricultural states have absoshylutely no records of pesticide use Nine other states have published reports onpesticidetlse I and applicationmiddot to agricu Itural crops but their data have not been updated regularly Acwshycording to the RFF report only the states of Hawaii Oregon Ohio and New Hampshire produce regular up-to-date reports All other remaining states have incomplete pesticide I use reports
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I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
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I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
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I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
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I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
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I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
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x W
at
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es
Sm
all
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its
N
0)
I
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zin
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) S
pect
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de
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W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
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mal
l F
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elth
ane
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83
0-96
0 0
10
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all
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its
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eth
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e (A
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om
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es
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all
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its
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ulf
oto
n (
A)
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imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
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04
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m
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hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
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tinu
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middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
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mon
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e
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(A)
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ion
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)
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ason
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dom
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t
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rt M
ode
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t
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t
Tox
icit
y L
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)
30
208
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5
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1375
250-
1000
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so
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tI)
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1
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U
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00
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se
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T
rees
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mal
l F
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m
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Co
m
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co
Pea
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m
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T
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co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
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ts
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bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
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nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
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s
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ontin
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p U
se
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icit
yP
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min
ant
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eC
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on N
ame
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ran
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rt M
ode
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es
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all
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)
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ed
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ed
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9 C
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arat
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om
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ush
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ate
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nle
t S
ed
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4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
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ts
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eans
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onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
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es
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all
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its
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
Tre
es
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all
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its
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ts
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es
Sm
all
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m
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rgh
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m
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ghum
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m
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rgh
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co
Com
mon
Nam
e
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salo
nemiddot (
A)
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smet
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mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
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bufo
s (N
)
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Tox
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ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
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de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
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Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
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ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
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nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
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nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
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ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
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lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I
Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 3
Physical processes include dilution and mixing of the pesticides concentration in an aquatic
I environment Dilution may be caused by the dispersion or diffusion of the pesticides in the
I water body its transport with water currents or eroded bottom sediments and its movement to the atmosphere through volatilization from the water surface Also large amounts of pesticides are transported or diluted physically by the migration of fish or drift of insects because these organisms accumulate and concentrate pesticides in their bodies
I Chemical processes within the aquatic environment include aqueous ionization hydrolysis
I chemical oxidation and photolysis The environmental behavior of some pesticides are substantially modified by ionization in aqueous solution and subsequent formation of bound residues Hydrolysis reactions are a major factor in the environmental degradation of some pesticides These are generally second-order reactions with the reaction rate highly deshy pendent upon pH Oxidation reactions occur through the interaction of substances that have naturally occurring free radicals in water Photolysis in an aquatic environment is a domishynantdegradative pathway for many pesticides The rate at which a pesticide is photodeshygraded is a function of the properties of the chemical and of the environment
I Biological processes in an aquatic environment include microbial transformations and bioshy
I accumulation Some pesticides are biodegraded by the action of heterotrophic microorganshyisms ubiquitous to aquatic environments Environmental conditions such as dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature influence the number of microorganisms and the
I rate of microbial degradation of pesticides in natural waters
I Many pesticides can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic animals and plants by direct uptake or bioconcentration Bioaccumulation is associated with the accumulation of the chemical
I in the organism through adsorption absorption and ingestion Environmental factors afshyfectingbioaccumutation are temperature dissolved oxygen concentration and food availshyability Organismic properties influencing bioaccumulation include size surface
I areavolume ratio lipid content growth rate and age The properties of a pesticide affecting bioaccumulation include the pesticides susceptibility to metabolic degradation and its relashytive affinity for lipids versus water which is estimated by octanofwaterpartitioningln general organochlorine-type compounds which are more hydrophobic bioaccumulate more than other pesticides
I Several fish species such as rainbow trout and fathead minnows and invertebrates such as rotifers and daphnids are used for bioaccumulation studies Bioaccumulation is considered an important tool for water quality monitoring in aquatic environments Data on pesticide
I residue in water tend to vary markedly with season the degree of water turbulence and the amount of suspended particulate matter Fish are often considered a better indicator of pesticide pollution than water samples because the residues in fish tissues are several orshy
I ders of magnitude higher and are much easier to analyze
In general highly water-soluble pesticides are more easily diluted and tend to be less pershysistent in water By contrast water insoluble pesticides are not readily leached into aquatic systemsbut once there they are rapidly bound to living or dead organic matter or fractionsI of the bottom sediment In terms of pesticide type persistence in the total aquatic system is greatestfororganochlorine insecticides intermediate for organophosphate and carbamate
I insecticides and least for herbicides However some soluble herbicides that reach surface
I water such as atrazine display a tendency to remain in solution for long periods But most herbicides are less likely to bioconcentrate and are less toxic to fish
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I
IPesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 4 I Pesticide Movement to Groundwater
The movement of pesticides fromiddotm the soil surface through the soil to the groundwater is a I complex proce-ss Factors which influence the movement of pesticides to groundwater inshyclude pesticide formulation pesticide chemical properties and method of application land forms (topography slope length drainage pattern) plant factors (type middotof crop stage of Igrowth root system) and seasonal groundwater elevation Pesticides move through the soil with infiltrating water and the amount of pesticide transported from the soil into groundwater is governed by pesticide retention transformation and volatilization I Retention refersmiddot to adsorption of pesticides within the soil system Adsorption is a reversshyible process involving attraction of a chemical to the soil particle surface and the retention of this chemical for a certain period of time The mechanism of pesticide adsorption is Icomplex but its intensity is generally correlated to the soil mineral and organic matter conshytent The extent of adsorption of pesticides to soils is usually determined by the ratio of distribution of the chemical between the soil water and soil solid phase and is expressed as Kd shyIPesticide transformation refers to changes in the chemical structure or composition of a pesticide due to degradation within the soil system The kinetics of pesticide degradation I are affected by the pesticides properties and its availability in soil water the presence of microorganisms or enzyme systems capable of degrading the pesticides the activity level of the microorganisms as affected by available nutrients for microbial growth and environshy Imental conditions such as temperature moisture aeration and various soil properties Biodegradation is most significant in the root zone because of the higher concentration of organisms in residence decrea~es below the root zone because of lower biological activity and occurs at a mJjch slower rate in the deeper unsaturated zone as well as in groundwater I However anaerobic decomposition may take place in deep soils and aquifers under approshypriate environmental conditions Degradation potential or rate of dissipation of pesticides from a soil-water system is expressed as the pesticides half-life the time required for half Iof the chemical to dissipate from a particular system Hydrolysis half-life is obtained under controlled conditions in the laboratory Soil half-life which represents field conditions inshycludes losses due to hydrolysis microbial activity volatilization and other factors As disshycussed later half-life values Kd values pesticide solubility and results from environmental I fate studies are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine leachability of pesticides to groundwater IA pesticides movement to groundwater is also influenced by its volatilization from the root zone Volatilization is a function of the vapor pressure of the pesticide and is affected by pesticide concentration soil-moisture content soil adsorption characteristics~ diffusion rate in soil temperature and air movement The volatilization of pesticides from the soil occurs I in two stages The first stage is the upward movement of dissolved or sol-uble pesticide in water with evaporation from the lower soil profile The second stage involves the escape of pesticides from the soil surface to the atmosphere I A 1986 EPA report lists 17 different pesticides detected in the groundwaters of 23 states (Table 1) The concentrations of these pesticides in groundwater range from trace amounts Ito several hundred parts per billion These detections of pesticides in groundwater can be attributed to advancements in monitoring and analytical techniques Although widespread contamination of groundwater by pesticides has not been observed the public is -concerned about potential groundwater contamination from the increased use of pesticides during the I past two decades Widespread public concern has led to increased support from governshy
-4shy 1 I
I I Pesticides in the Environment
A Continuing Dilemma Page 5
mental agencies and industry for initiating and implementing groundwater monitoring proshygrams and researching the fate of pesticides in the groundwater Measures to preventI
I contamination include evaluation of applications to register new pesticides for their potential impact on groundwater and re-evaluation of licenses for continued use of older pesticides during reregistration or when changes to approved use are requested Also techniques such as DRASTIC have been developed to identify the relationship between pesticide applishycation and groundwater vulnerability factors6
1 Determining Pesticide Leachability to Groundwater
The EPA requires all pesticide registrants to submit a data package containing information
I on pesticide properties (solubility Kd vapor pressure water-air ratio and octanol-water
I partition coefficient) and the results of environmental fate studies performed according to EPA guidelines In general a complete package of environmental fate studies requires data on hydrolysis and photolysis aerobic and anaerobic metabolism leaching properties field dissipation in soil sediment water and forests and accumulation in cropsand fish and other non-target aquatic organisms The environmental fate data required to determine a pesticides potential to reach groundwater include results on hydrolysis photolysis in water and soil aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in soil aquatic metabolism leaching and field
Imiddot
I dissipation A pesticide is categorized as having a potential to reach groundwater if based on a review of the environmental studies the pesticide meets at least one of the following criteria 78
1) Water solubility greater than 30 ppm 2) Kd lt5 3) hydrolysis half-life greater than about 25 weeks or 4) 5oil half-life (field) greater than about 2 or 3 weeks Designating a pesticide
I as a potential leacher based on only one criterion may appear to be an overly conservative
I approach However Creeger7 noted that EPAs criteria are based on extrenleconditions For example a chemical is subjected to a heavy rainfall or irrigation soon after its applicashytion causing its immediate leaching through the topsoil into the deeper soil layers where
I if may persist and become available for further leaching into groundwater Applying the above criteria EPA has banned or restricted the use of several pesticides such as DBCP EDS oxamyl and aldicarb
Establishing Toxicity Effects
I All pesticides are toxic and may adversely affect humans and other organisms Their degree of harmfulness to humans and other living organisms depends on the pesticide charactershyistics the amount or dosage of the pesticide and the duration of exposure or contact time
I Therefore a major question to be answered in establishing toxicity effects of a pesticide is
I what is the risk of receiving a particular dose of a pesticide over a given period of time These risk assessments are based on dose-response studies performed in the laboratory natural ecosystems and mesocosms (experimental pond and in situ enclosures) The ecoshynomic benefits from the use of a pesticide should not outweigh its potentially negative healthmiddot
il and middotecological effects Resu Its of environmental fate studies required by the EPA forpesti- cide registration include results for toxicological tests The two major categories of toxicoshylogical tests are 1) those that determine a pmiddotesticides toxic effects on mammals such as rabbits rats and dogs and these results are extrapolated to human beings and 2) those toxic effects estimated for various aquatic organisms such as fish and invertebrates
I Taximiddotcity tests on mammals provide a database that can be used to evaluate the hazards and assess the risks associated with the use of a pesticide Major categories of mammalian toxicity studies include acutechronic and mutagenicity tests
I -5shy
I
Pesticides in the Environment I A Continuing Dilemma Page 6
I The purpose of acute toxicity tests is to establish the median lethal dose (LOso) the dose required toklH 5000 of the population of test animals LOso is expressed as mgkg of the animals body weight and is the most reproducible response that can be estim~ted with the I highest statistical confidence The smaller the LD60 value the more toxic the chemical For example pesticides with LDso values of 1 to 50 are highly toxic (dinoseb aldicarb carbofushyran demeton phorate endrin) and those with LOso values of greater than 15000 (ferbam) are considered relatively harmless (Table 2) The majority of pesticides are slightly to I moderately toxic Acute toxicity effects from ingestion inhalation and skin and eye contact are determined over a two to three week post-exposure observation period IChronic tests measure effects of long-term exposure to a pesticide The EPA requires that the highest dose tested in these studies must be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) orone that produces some toxic or pharmacological effect in the experimental animals A lower dose level which produces no evidence of toxicity also must be used This is called the I no observed effect level~ or the NOEL9 In practice NOEL determined from chronic studies of the most sensitive species is used as a criterion A safety factor of 100 is commonly used to extrapolate animal test results to a safe dose for human consumption However carcl I nogenic and mutagenic pesticides have no threshold dose or applicable safety factor In these cases mathematical models are used to estimate risks and the probability of tumor occurrence in humans9 1 The biological response of aquatic organisms to a chemical concentration is expressed as the median level concentration Leso the estimated concentration in water (mgI) which wiH kill or immobilize 5000 of the test organisms in a predetermined length of time The LCso is I expressed asthe length of time required to produce the desired response for example 96-hr LCso Smaller LCso values indicate higher toxicity The LCso value for DDT endrin and paraquat are 0002 00002 and 400 mgI respectively (Table 2) Usually rainbow trout or Ibluegill sunfish in static water tests are used as standard indices of fish toxicity Other fish species used in acute toxicity tests include goldfish killifish spot mullet harlequin fish catfish and fathead minnows I Three categories of toxicity tests are commonly used to predict the chronic effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic organisms 10 Life-cycle toxicity tests measure the effects of chronic chemical exposure on reproduction growth survival and other variables over one or more I generations of organisms The effects of chronic chemical exposure on the survival and growth of the toxicologically most sensitive life stages of a species such as the eggs and larvae of fishes represent the second category of toxicity test Functional tests the third Icatego~y measure the effects of chemicals on various physiological functions of individual aquatic organisms The data from all three categories of tests are used to estimate chronic toxicity threshold concentrations (Table 3) I
Pesticide Regulations
Federal regulation of pesticides began with the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 However Ithe actmiddot was only concerned with offenses such as adulterating a product and not with safety of pesticides In 1947 Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Funshygicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) This act authorized the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) ~o enforce all pesticide regulations but again the act only protected consumers from I ineffective products In 1970 jurisdiction of the FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed EPA In 1972 FIFRA was amended to change its focus from efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL middot91-516 provided the format for curshy I rent pesticide regulations and is still referred to as FIFRA The 1972 amendments introduc~d
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I Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma
I Page 7
I the concept of risk evaluation and required EPA to consider environmental risks beforemiddot regshyistering a product According to the amendments EPA must re-examine or reregister proshy
I ducts approved for registration before 1972 Pesticides that fail to meet EPAs standards or that pose unreasonable adverse effects are denied registration or cancelleda FIFRA requires EPA to consider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also economic social health
I and environmental benefits The most recent amendments of 1978 addressed EPAs probshylems with reregistering old pesticides These amendments allowed EPA to group_ the pestishycides by active ingredients and register them on a generic rather than individual product basis
FIFRA Reautmiddothorlzatlon Bill
I I Each year since 1980 Congress has considered legislation to revise the federal regulatory
program for pesticides The reauthorization bill would give EPA the legislative mandate and funding to accelerate and complete the reregistration of about 600 pesticide active ingredishyents in 10 years rather than 30 Other relatively non-controversial sections of the legislation
I would increase the penalties for violating FIFRA (the present maximum is $5000) allow mmiddotore public access to EPA information on pesticides provided by registrants and give the agency greater enforcement middotpower11 However acceptable sources of funding for the imshyplementation of reregistration program and reimbursements for cancelled pesticides are
major obstacles to pass the reauthorization bill
II I A number of interest groups have joined the reauthorization bill debate complicating the
situation The agricultural chemical industry environmental organizations labor unions consumer groups the farm bureau and smaller pesticide manufacturers are lobbying Conshygress to protect their diverse positions and interests Any compromise leading to the passhysage of the reauthorization bill will most probably not occur until after the 1988 elections
I Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal
I Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources the manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides the empty containers wastewater from rinsing cqmmercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which must be disposed of Numerous disshyposal and treatment technologies are applied to pesticide wastes These include land disshyposal incineration open burning physicalchemical treatment and biological treatment
I The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regu lated by the provisions of FI FRA and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 Section 19 state that The administrator shall establish procedures and regulations for disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registration of which is cancelled under Section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Another section
I of FIFRA that concerns pesticide waste disposal is the labeling requirement (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a)(2)(g)of FIFRA states that it is unlawful to use any pesticide in a manner inshyconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been determined to be part of the use process
I I Pesticide wastes are partially regulated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identified
as hazardous wastes Pesticide wastes are considered hazardous if they are solvent based and have a flash middotpoint of lt 60degC are aqueous and have a pH of lt20 or gt125 or release HeN or H2S upon contact with acids In fact toxicity characteristics of hazardous wastes defined by RCRA-(referred to as extraction procedures or EP toxicity) are based on threshold concentrations of six pesticides (24-D endrin lindane methoxychlor silvex toxaphene) and
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Pesticides in the Environment IAmiddot Continuing Dilemma Page 8
I eight metals Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the manufacture of nine pesticides (cacodylic acid chlordane creosote 24-0 disulfaton MSMA phorate245-T toxaphene) About one-fifth of the 375 substances listed as hazardshy I ous chemicals are pesticide activeingredients 12 The RCRA regulations also middotprovide stanshydards for construction and operation of certain disposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous pesticides musfbe permitted by either EPA I or an authorized state agency (40 CFR 264 165)
Future Directions and Needs I Since publication of Silent Spring in the early 70s muchmiddot attention has been focusedmiddot(ln the fate of pesticides in the environment Elaborate monitoring and research programsare initiated by state and federal agencies and industry to study the fate of pesticides in surface I and groundwaters Regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and disposal are more stringent than two decades ago While FIFRA and RCRA discussed in this paper are the two major laws regulating pesticides the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1976 and 1987 were Ipassed to control nonpoint source pollution and reduce pesticide input from agricultural fields to water bodies The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA and the states to restrict the use of certain pesticides in particular geographic areas to protect water from contamination The Safe Drinking Water Act and subsequent amendments of 1986 have I established standards for certain pesticide concentrations in drinking water Recently EPA proposed a pesticide strategy directing efforts toward preventing unacceptable contamshyination of current and potential drinking water supplies i3 In the proposed strategy the EPA I is using Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) the enforceable drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act as reference points to determine unacceptable levels of pesticides in underground sources of drinking water If an Mel for a particular pesticide is Inot yet available EPA will develop interim protection criteria for use as referencevaluesln pesticidemiddot management decisions These interim references will be based on EPAs stand~rd toxicological assessment procedures For pesticides that have a carcinogenic potential the interim reference value will be the concentration determined to pose a negligible risk I The EPAs definition of a negligible risk for a carcinogen is the pesticide concentration in drinking water that poses a one in a million (10-S
) increased chance of cancer occurrence middot1should an individual drink that water (10 liter per day by a 10-Kg child or 20 liters by a 70-Kg adult) over a life time (70 years) I Two other laws affect pesticide management The Endangered Species Act of 1973 restrictsmiddot the use of some pesticides on lands near the range of endangered species and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulates pesticide residues in human food and anishy Imal feed
Oespite the regulations many problems remain to be solved in the 1990sgtandduring the next century One major problem is the lack of a comprehensive database on pesticide use I that could be used for risk assessment studies A recent survey by ResQurcesFor the Fushyture (RFF)i4 reported that nine states including some major agricultural states have absoshylutely no records of pesticide use Nine other states have published reports onpesticidetlse I and applicationmiddot to agricu Itural crops but their data have not been updated regularly Acwshycording to the RFF report only the states of Hawaii Oregon Ohio and New Hampshire produce regular up-to-date reports All other remaining states have incomplete pesticide I use reports
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I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
I I I I I I I -9shy
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I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
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I
I
I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
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I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
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I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
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I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
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CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
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05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
IPesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma Page 4 I Pesticide Movement to Groundwater
The movement of pesticides fromiddotm the soil surface through the soil to the groundwater is a I complex proce-ss Factors which influence the movement of pesticides to groundwater inshyclude pesticide formulation pesticide chemical properties and method of application land forms (topography slope length drainage pattern) plant factors (type middotof crop stage of Igrowth root system) and seasonal groundwater elevation Pesticides move through the soil with infiltrating water and the amount of pesticide transported from the soil into groundwater is governed by pesticide retention transformation and volatilization I Retention refersmiddot to adsorption of pesticides within the soil system Adsorption is a reversshyible process involving attraction of a chemical to the soil particle surface and the retention of this chemical for a certain period of time The mechanism of pesticide adsorption is Icomplex but its intensity is generally correlated to the soil mineral and organic matter conshytent The extent of adsorption of pesticides to soils is usually determined by the ratio of distribution of the chemical between the soil water and soil solid phase and is expressed as Kd shyIPesticide transformation refers to changes in the chemical structure or composition of a pesticide due to degradation within the soil system The kinetics of pesticide degradation I are affected by the pesticides properties and its availability in soil water the presence of microorganisms or enzyme systems capable of degrading the pesticides the activity level of the microorganisms as affected by available nutrients for microbial growth and environshy Imental conditions such as temperature moisture aeration and various soil properties Biodegradation is most significant in the root zone because of the higher concentration of organisms in residence decrea~es below the root zone because of lower biological activity and occurs at a mJjch slower rate in the deeper unsaturated zone as well as in groundwater I However anaerobic decomposition may take place in deep soils and aquifers under approshypriate environmental conditions Degradation potential or rate of dissipation of pesticides from a soil-water system is expressed as the pesticides half-life the time required for half Iof the chemical to dissipate from a particular system Hydrolysis half-life is obtained under controlled conditions in the laboratory Soil half-life which represents field conditions inshycludes losses due to hydrolysis microbial activity volatilization and other factors As disshycussed later half-life values Kd values pesticide solubility and results from environmental I fate studies are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine leachability of pesticides to groundwater IA pesticides movement to groundwater is also influenced by its volatilization from the root zone Volatilization is a function of the vapor pressure of the pesticide and is affected by pesticide concentration soil-moisture content soil adsorption characteristics~ diffusion rate in soil temperature and air movement The volatilization of pesticides from the soil occurs I in two stages The first stage is the upward movement of dissolved or sol-uble pesticide in water with evaporation from the lower soil profile The second stage involves the escape of pesticides from the soil surface to the atmosphere I A 1986 EPA report lists 17 different pesticides detected in the groundwaters of 23 states (Table 1) The concentrations of these pesticides in groundwater range from trace amounts Ito several hundred parts per billion These detections of pesticides in groundwater can be attributed to advancements in monitoring and analytical techniques Although widespread contamination of groundwater by pesticides has not been observed the public is -concerned about potential groundwater contamination from the increased use of pesticides during the I past two decades Widespread public concern has led to increased support from governshy
-4shy 1 I
I I Pesticides in the Environment
A Continuing Dilemma Page 5
mental agencies and industry for initiating and implementing groundwater monitoring proshygrams and researching the fate of pesticides in the groundwater Measures to preventI
I contamination include evaluation of applications to register new pesticides for their potential impact on groundwater and re-evaluation of licenses for continued use of older pesticides during reregistration or when changes to approved use are requested Also techniques such as DRASTIC have been developed to identify the relationship between pesticide applishycation and groundwater vulnerability factors6
1 Determining Pesticide Leachability to Groundwater
The EPA requires all pesticide registrants to submit a data package containing information
I on pesticide properties (solubility Kd vapor pressure water-air ratio and octanol-water
I partition coefficient) and the results of environmental fate studies performed according to EPA guidelines In general a complete package of environmental fate studies requires data on hydrolysis and photolysis aerobic and anaerobic metabolism leaching properties field dissipation in soil sediment water and forests and accumulation in cropsand fish and other non-target aquatic organisms The environmental fate data required to determine a pesticides potential to reach groundwater include results on hydrolysis photolysis in water and soil aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in soil aquatic metabolism leaching and field
Imiddot
I dissipation A pesticide is categorized as having a potential to reach groundwater if based on a review of the environmental studies the pesticide meets at least one of the following criteria 78
1) Water solubility greater than 30 ppm 2) Kd lt5 3) hydrolysis half-life greater than about 25 weeks or 4) 5oil half-life (field) greater than about 2 or 3 weeks Designating a pesticide
I as a potential leacher based on only one criterion may appear to be an overly conservative
I approach However Creeger7 noted that EPAs criteria are based on extrenleconditions For example a chemical is subjected to a heavy rainfall or irrigation soon after its applicashytion causing its immediate leaching through the topsoil into the deeper soil layers where
I if may persist and become available for further leaching into groundwater Applying the above criteria EPA has banned or restricted the use of several pesticides such as DBCP EDS oxamyl and aldicarb
Establishing Toxicity Effects
I All pesticides are toxic and may adversely affect humans and other organisms Their degree of harmfulness to humans and other living organisms depends on the pesticide charactershyistics the amount or dosage of the pesticide and the duration of exposure or contact time
I Therefore a major question to be answered in establishing toxicity effects of a pesticide is
I what is the risk of receiving a particular dose of a pesticide over a given period of time These risk assessments are based on dose-response studies performed in the laboratory natural ecosystems and mesocosms (experimental pond and in situ enclosures) The ecoshynomic benefits from the use of a pesticide should not outweigh its potentially negative healthmiddot
il and middotecological effects Resu Its of environmental fate studies required by the EPA forpesti- cide registration include results for toxicological tests The two major categories of toxicoshylogical tests are 1) those that determine a pmiddotesticides toxic effects on mammals such as rabbits rats and dogs and these results are extrapolated to human beings and 2) those toxic effects estimated for various aquatic organisms such as fish and invertebrates
I Taximiddotcity tests on mammals provide a database that can be used to evaluate the hazards and assess the risks associated with the use of a pesticide Major categories of mammalian toxicity studies include acutechronic and mutagenicity tests
I -5shy
I
Pesticides in the Environment I A Continuing Dilemma Page 6
I The purpose of acute toxicity tests is to establish the median lethal dose (LOso) the dose required toklH 5000 of the population of test animals LOso is expressed as mgkg of the animals body weight and is the most reproducible response that can be estim~ted with the I highest statistical confidence The smaller the LD60 value the more toxic the chemical For example pesticides with LDso values of 1 to 50 are highly toxic (dinoseb aldicarb carbofushyran demeton phorate endrin) and those with LOso values of greater than 15000 (ferbam) are considered relatively harmless (Table 2) The majority of pesticides are slightly to I moderately toxic Acute toxicity effects from ingestion inhalation and skin and eye contact are determined over a two to three week post-exposure observation period IChronic tests measure effects of long-term exposure to a pesticide The EPA requires that the highest dose tested in these studies must be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) orone that produces some toxic or pharmacological effect in the experimental animals A lower dose level which produces no evidence of toxicity also must be used This is called the I no observed effect level~ or the NOEL9 In practice NOEL determined from chronic studies of the most sensitive species is used as a criterion A safety factor of 100 is commonly used to extrapolate animal test results to a safe dose for human consumption However carcl I nogenic and mutagenic pesticides have no threshold dose or applicable safety factor In these cases mathematical models are used to estimate risks and the probability of tumor occurrence in humans9 1 The biological response of aquatic organisms to a chemical concentration is expressed as the median level concentration Leso the estimated concentration in water (mgI) which wiH kill or immobilize 5000 of the test organisms in a predetermined length of time The LCso is I expressed asthe length of time required to produce the desired response for example 96-hr LCso Smaller LCso values indicate higher toxicity The LCso value for DDT endrin and paraquat are 0002 00002 and 400 mgI respectively (Table 2) Usually rainbow trout or Ibluegill sunfish in static water tests are used as standard indices of fish toxicity Other fish species used in acute toxicity tests include goldfish killifish spot mullet harlequin fish catfish and fathead minnows I Three categories of toxicity tests are commonly used to predict the chronic effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic organisms 10 Life-cycle toxicity tests measure the effects of chronic chemical exposure on reproduction growth survival and other variables over one or more I generations of organisms The effects of chronic chemical exposure on the survival and growth of the toxicologically most sensitive life stages of a species such as the eggs and larvae of fishes represent the second category of toxicity test Functional tests the third Icatego~y measure the effects of chemicals on various physiological functions of individual aquatic organisms The data from all three categories of tests are used to estimate chronic toxicity threshold concentrations (Table 3) I
Pesticide Regulations
Federal regulation of pesticides began with the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 However Ithe actmiddot was only concerned with offenses such as adulterating a product and not with safety of pesticides In 1947 Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Funshygicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) This act authorized the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) ~o enforce all pesticide regulations but again the act only protected consumers from I ineffective products In 1970 jurisdiction of the FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed EPA In 1972 FIFRA was amended to change its focus from efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL middot91-516 provided the format for curshy I rent pesticide regulations and is still referred to as FIFRA The 1972 amendments introduc~d
-6shy I I
I Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma
I Page 7
I the concept of risk evaluation and required EPA to consider environmental risks beforemiddot regshyistering a product According to the amendments EPA must re-examine or reregister proshy
I ducts approved for registration before 1972 Pesticides that fail to meet EPAs standards or that pose unreasonable adverse effects are denied registration or cancelleda FIFRA requires EPA to consider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also economic social health
I and environmental benefits The most recent amendments of 1978 addressed EPAs probshylems with reregistering old pesticides These amendments allowed EPA to group_ the pestishycides by active ingredients and register them on a generic rather than individual product basis
FIFRA Reautmiddothorlzatlon Bill
I I Each year since 1980 Congress has considered legislation to revise the federal regulatory
program for pesticides The reauthorization bill would give EPA the legislative mandate and funding to accelerate and complete the reregistration of about 600 pesticide active ingredishyents in 10 years rather than 30 Other relatively non-controversial sections of the legislation
I would increase the penalties for violating FIFRA (the present maximum is $5000) allow mmiddotore public access to EPA information on pesticides provided by registrants and give the agency greater enforcement middotpower11 However acceptable sources of funding for the imshyplementation of reregistration program and reimbursements for cancelled pesticides are
major obstacles to pass the reauthorization bill
II I A number of interest groups have joined the reauthorization bill debate complicating the
situation The agricultural chemical industry environmental organizations labor unions consumer groups the farm bureau and smaller pesticide manufacturers are lobbying Conshygress to protect their diverse positions and interests Any compromise leading to the passhysage of the reauthorization bill will most probably not occur until after the 1988 elections
I Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal
I Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources the manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides the empty containers wastewater from rinsing cqmmercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which must be disposed of Numerous disshyposal and treatment technologies are applied to pesticide wastes These include land disshyposal incineration open burning physicalchemical treatment and biological treatment
I The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regu lated by the provisions of FI FRA and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 Section 19 state that The administrator shall establish procedures and regulations for disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registration of which is cancelled under Section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Another section
I of FIFRA that concerns pesticide waste disposal is the labeling requirement (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a)(2)(g)of FIFRA states that it is unlawful to use any pesticide in a manner inshyconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been determined to be part of the use process
I I Pesticide wastes are partially regulated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identified
as hazardous wastes Pesticide wastes are considered hazardous if they are solvent based and have a flash middotpoint of lt 60degC are aqueous and have a pH of lt20 or gt125 or release HeN or H2S upon contact with acids In fact toxicity characteristics of hazardous wastes defined by RCRA-(referred to as extraction procedures or EP toxicity) are based on threshold concentrations of six pesticides (24-D endrin lindane methoxychlor silvex toxaphene) and
I -7shy
I
Pesticides in the Environment IAmiddot Continuing Dilemma Page 8
I eight metals Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the manufacture of nine pesticides (cacodylic acid chlordane creosote 24-0 disulfaton MSMA phorate245-T toxaphene) About one-fifth of the 375 substances listed as hazardshy I ous chemicals are pesticide activeingredients 12 The RCRA regulations also middotprovide stanshydards for construction and operation of certain disposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous pesticides musfbe permitted by either EPA I or an authorized state agency (40 CFR 264 165)
Future Directions and Needs I Since publication of Silent Spring in the early 70s muchmiddot attention has been focusedmiddot(ln the fate of pesticides in the environment Elaborate monitoring and research programsare initiated by state and federal agencies and industry to study the fate of pesticides in surface I and groundwaters Regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and disposal are more stringent than two decades ago While FIFRA and RCRA discussed in this paper are the two major laws regulating pesticides the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1976 and 1987 were Ipassed to control nonpoint source pollution and reduce pesticide input from agricultural fields to water bodies The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA and the states to restrict the use of certain pesticides in particular geographic areas to protect water from contamination The Safe Drinking Water Act and subsequent amendments of 1986 have I established standards for certain pesticide concentrations in drinking water Recently EPA proposed a pesticide strategy directing efforts toward preventing unacceptable contamshyination of current and potential drinking water supplies i3 In the proposed strategy the EPA I is using Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) the enforceable drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act as reference points to determine unacceptable levels of pesticides in underground sources of drinking water If an Mel for a particular pesticide is Inot yet available EPA will develop interim protection criteria for use as referencevaluesln pesticidemiddot management decisions These interim references will be based on EPAs stand~rd toxicological assessment procedures For pesticides that have a carcinogenic potential the interim reference value will be the concentration determined to pose a negligible risk I The EPAs definition of a negligible risk for a carcinogen is the pesticide concentration in drinking water that poses a one in a million (10-S
) increased chance of cancer occurrence middot1should an individual drink that water (10 liter per day by a 10-Kg child or 20 liters by a 70-Kg adult) over a life time (70 years) I Two other laws affect pesticide management The Endangered Species Act of 1973 restrictsmiddot the use of some pesticides on lands near the range of endangered species and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulates pesticide residues in human food and anishy Imal feed
Oespite the regulations many problems remain to be solved in the 1990sgtandduring the next century One major problem is the lack of a comprehensive database on pesticide use I that could be used for risk assessment studies A recent survey by ResQurcesFor the Fushyture (RFF)i4 reported that nine states including some major agricultural states have absoshylutely no records of pesticide use Nine other states have published reports onpesticidetlse I and applicationmiddot to agricu Itural crops but their data have not been updated regularly Acwshycording to the RFF report only the states of Hawaii Oregon Ohio and New Hampshire produce regular up-to-date reports All other remaining states have incomplete pesticide I use reports
-8shy I I
I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
I I I I I I I -9shy
I
I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
I -10- I
I
I
I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
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I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
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I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
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I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Pesticides in the Environment
A Continuing Dilemma Page 5
mental agencies and industry for initiating and implementing groundwater monitoring proshygrams and researching the fate of pesticides in the groundwater Measures to preventI
I contamination include evaluation of applications to register new pesticides for their potential impact on groundwater and re-evaluation of licenses for continued use of older pesticides during reregistration or when changes to approved use are requested Also techniques such as DRASTIC have been developed to identify the relationship between pesticide applishycation and groundwater vulnerability factors6
1 Determining Pesticide Leachability to Groundwater
The EPA requires all pesticide registrants to submit a data package containing information
I on pesticide properties (solubility Kd vapor pressure water-air ratio and octanol-water
I partition coefficient) and the results of environmental fate studies performed according to EPA guidelines In general a complete package of environmental fate studies requires data on hydrolysis and photolysis aerobic and anaerobic metabolism leaching properties field dissipation in soil sediment water and forests and accumulation in cropsand fish and other non-target aquatic organisms The environmental fate data required to determine a pesticides potential to reach groundwater include results on hydrolysis photolysis in water and soil aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in soil aquatic metabolism leaching and field
Imiddot
I dissipation A pesticide is categorized as having a potential to reach groundwater if based on a review of the environmental studies the pesticide meets at least one of the following criteria 78
1) Water solubility greater than 30 ppm 2) Kd lt5 3) hydrolysis half-life greater than about 25 weeks or 4) 5oil half-life (field) greater than about 2 or 3 weeks Designating a pesticide
I as a potential leacher based on only one criterion may appear to be an overly conservative
I approach However Creeger7 noted that EPAs criteria are based on extrenleconditions For example a chemical is subjected to a heavy rainfall or irrigation soon after its applicashytion causing its immediate leaching through the topsoil into the deeper soil layers where
I if may persist and become available for further leaching into groundwater Applying the above criteria EPA has banned or restricted the use of several pesticides such as DBCP EDS oxamyl and aldicarb
Establishing Toxicity Effects
I All pesticides are toxic and may adversely affect humans and other organisms Their degree of harmfulness to humans and other living organisms depends on the pesticide charactershyistics the amount or dosage of the pesticide and the duration of exposure or contact time
I Therefore a major question to be answered in establishing toxicity effects of a pesticide is
I what is the risk of receiving a particular dose of a pesticide over a given period of time These risk assessments are based on dose-response studies performed in the laboratory natural ecosystems and mesocosms (experimental pond and in situ enclosures) The ecoshynomic benefits from the use of a pesticide should not outweigh its potentially negative healthmiddot
il and middotecological effects Resu Its of environmental fate studies required by the EPA forpesti- cide registration include results for toxicological tests The two major categories of toxicoshylogical tests are 1) those that determine a pmiddotesticides toxic effects on mammals such as rabbits rats and dogs and these results are extrapolated to human beings and 2) those toxic effects estimated for various aquatic organisms such as fish and invertebrates
I Taximiddotcity tests on mammals provide a database that can be used to evaluate the hazards and assess the risks associated with the use of a pesticide Major categories of mammalian toxicity studies include acutechronic and mutagenicity tests
I -5shy
I
Pesticides in the Environment I A Continuing Dilemma Page 6
I The purpose of acute toxicity tests is to establish the median lethal dose (LOso) the dose required toklH 5000 of the population of test animals LOso is expressed as mgkg of the animals body weight and is the most reproducible response that can be estim~ted with the I highest statistical confidence The smaller the LD60 value the more toxic the chemical For example pesticides with LDso values of 1 to 50 are highly toxic (dinoseb aldicarb carbofushyran demeton phorate endrin) and those with LOso values of greater than 15000 (ferbam) are considered relatively harmless (Table 2) The majority of pesticides are slightly to I moderately toxic Acute toxicity effects from ingestion inhalation and skin and eye contact are determined over a two to three week post-exposure observation period IChronic tests measure effects of long-term exposure to a pesticide The EPA requires that the highest dose tested in these studies must be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) orone that produces some toxic or pharmacological effect in the experimental animals A lower dose level which produces no evidence of toxicity also must be used This is called the I no observed effect level~ or the NOEL9 In practice NOEL determined from chronic studies of the most sensitive species is used as a criterion A safety factor of 100 is commonly used to extrapolate animal test results to a safe dose for human consumption However carcl I nogenic and mutagenic pesticides have no threshold dose or applicable safety factor In these cases mathematical models are used to estimate risks and the probability of tumor occurrence in humans9 1 The biological response of aquatic organisms to a chemical concentration is expressed as the median level concentration Leso the estimated concentration in water (mgI) which wiH kill or immobilize 5000 of the test organisms in a predetermined length of time The LCso is I expressed asthe length of time required to produce the desired response for example 96-hr LCso Smaller LCso values indicate higher toxicity The LCso value for DDT endrin and paraquat are 0002 00002 and 400 mgI respectively (Table 2) Usually rainbow trout or Ibluegill sunfish in static water tests are used as standard indices of fish toxicity Other fish species used in acute toxicity tests include goldfish killifish spot mullet harlequin fish catfish and fathead minnows I Three categories of toxicity tests are commonly used to predict the chronic effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic organisms 10 Life-cycle toxicity tests measure the effects of chronic chemical exposure on reproduction growth survival and other variables over one or more I generations of organisms The effects of chronic chemical exposure on the survival and growth of the toxicologically most sensitive life stages of a species such as the eggs and larvae of fishes represent the second category of toxicity test Functional tests the third Icatego~y measure the effects of chemicals on various physiological functions of individual aquatic organisms The data from all three categories of tests are used to estimate chronic toxicity threshold concentrations (Table 3) I
Pesticide Regulations
Federal regulation of pesticides began with the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 However Ithe actmiddot was only concerned with offenses such as adulterating a product and not with safety of pesticides In 1947 Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Funshygicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) This act authorized the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) ~o enforce all pesticide regulations but again the act only protected consumers from I ineffective products In 1970 jurisdiction of the FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed EPA In 1972 FIFRA was amended to change its focus from efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL middot91-516 provided the format for curshy I rent pesticide regulations and is still referred to as FIFRA The 1972 amendments introduc~d
-6shy I I
I Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma
I Page 7
I the concept of risk evaluation and required EPA to consider environmental risks beforemiddot regshyistering a product According to the amendments EPA must re-examine or reregister proshy
I ducts approved for registration before 1972 Pesticides that fail to meet EPAs standards or that pose unreasonable adverse effects are denied registration or cancelleda FIFRA requires EPA to consider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also economic social health
I and environmental benefits The most recent amendments of 1978 addressed EPAs probshylems with reregistering old pesticides These amendments allowed EPA to group_ the pestishycides by active ingredients and register them on a generic rather than individual product basis
FIFRA Reautmiddothorlzatlon Bill
I I Each year since 1980 Congress has considered legislation to revise the federal regulatory
program for pesticides The reauthorization bill would give EPA the legislative mandate and funding to accelerate and complete the reregistration of about 600 pesticide active ingredishyents in 10 years rather than 30 Other relatively non-controversial sections of the legislation
I would increase the penalties for violating FIFRA (the present maximum is $5000) allow mmiddotore public access to EPA information on pesticides provided by registrants and give the agency greater enforcement middotpower11 However acceptable sources of funding for the imshyplementation of reregistration program and reimbursements for cancelled pesticides are
major obstacles to pass the reauthorization bill
II I A number of interest groups have joined the reauthorization bill debate complicating the
situation The agricultural chemical industry environmental organizations labor unions consumer groups the farm bureau and smaller pesticide manufacturers are lobbying Conshygress to protect their diverse positions and interests Any compromise leading to the passhysage of the reauthorization bill will most probably not occur until after the 1988 elections
I Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal
I Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources the manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides the empty containers wastewater from rinsing cqmmercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which must be disposed of Numerous disshyposal and treatment technologies are applied to pesticide wastes These include land disshyposal incineration open burning physicalchemical treatment and biological treatment
I The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regu lated by the provisions of FI FRA and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 Section 19 state that The administrator shall establish procedures and regulations for disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registration of which is cancelled under Section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Another section
I of FIFRA that concerns pesticide waste disposal is the labeling requirement (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a)(2)(g)of FIFRA states that it is unlawful to use any pesticide in a manner inshyconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been determined to be part of the use process
I I Pesticide wastes are partially regulated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identified
as hazardous wastes Pesticide wastes are considered hazardous if they are solvent based and have a flash middotpoint of lt 60degC are aqueous and have a pH of lt20 or gt125 or release HeN or H2S upon contact with acids In fact toxicity characteristics of hazardous wastes defined by RCRA-(referred to as extraction procedures or EP toxicity) are based on threshold concentrations of six pesticides (24-D endrin lindane methoxychlor silvex toxaphene) and
I -7shy
I
Pesticides in the Environment IAmiddot Continuing Dilemma Page 8
I eight metals Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the manufacture of nine pesticides (cacodylic acid chlordane creosote 24-0 disulfaton MSMA phorate245-T toxaphene) About one-fifth of the 375 substances listed as hazardshy I ous chemicals are pesticide activeingredients 12 The RCRA regulations also middotprovide stanshydards for construction and operation of certain disposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous pesticides musfbe permitted by either EPA I or an authorized state agency (40 CFR 264 165)
Future Directions and Needs I Since publication of Silent Spring in the early 70s muchmiddot attention has been focusedmiddot(ln the fate of pesticides in the environment Elaborate monitoring and research programsare initiated by state and federal agencies and industry to study the fate of pesticides in surface I and groundwaters Regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and disposal are more stringent than two decades ago While FIFRA and RCRA discussed in this paper are the two major laws regulating pesticides the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1976 and 1987 were Ipassed to control nonpoint source pollution and reduce pesticide input from agricultural fields to water bodies The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA and the states to restrict the use of certain pesticides in particular geographic areas to protect water from contamination The Safe Drinking Water Act and subsequent amendments of 1986 have I established standards for certain pesticide concentrations in drinking water Recently EPA proposed a pesticide strategy directing efforts toward preventing unacceptable contamshyination of current and potential drinking water supplies i3 In the proposed strategy the EPA I is using Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) the enforceable drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act as reference points to determine unacceptable levels of pesticides in underground sources of drinking water If an Mel for a particular pesticide is Inot yet available EPA will develop interim protection criteria for use as referencevaluesln pesticidemiddot management decisions These interim references will be based on EPAs stand~rd toxicological assessment procedures For pesticides that have a carcinogenic potential the interim reference value will be the concentration determined to pose a negligible risk I The EPAs definition of a negligible risk for a carcinogen is the pesticide concentration in drinking water that poses a one in a million (10-S
) increased chance of cancer occurrence middot1should an individual drink that water (10 liter per day by a 10-Kg child or 20 liters by a 70-Kg adult) over a life time (70 years) I Two other laws affect pesticide management The Endangered Species Act of 1973 restrictsmiddot the use of some pesticides on lands near the range of endangered species and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulates pesticide residues in human food and anishy Imal feed
Oespite the regulations many problems remain to be solved in the 1990sgtandduring the next century One major problem is the lack of a comprehensive database on pesticide use I that could be used for risk assessment studies A recent survey by ResQurcesFor the Fushyture (RFF)i4 reported that nine states including some major agricultural states have absoshylutely no records of pesticide use Nine other states have published reports onpesticidetlse I and applicationmiddot to agricu Itural crops but their data have not been updated regularly Acwshycording to the RFF report only the states of Hawaii Oregon Ohio and New Hampshire produce regular up-to-date reports All other remaining states have incomplete pesticide I use reports
-8shy I I
I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
I I I I I I I -9shy
I
I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
I -10- I
I
I
I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
-12shy I I
I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
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mon
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e
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chlo
r+
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Ben
tazo
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mox
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oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
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s an
d W
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luti
on P
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tial
Tra
de N
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dom
inan
t
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A
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LD
so
LC
so
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in S
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(m
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) (m
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(d
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so
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800
23
40~70
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13
00
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d W
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1750
lo
w to
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3900
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A
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ate
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1780
12
6
300-
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120-
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n W
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3 19
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Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
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l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
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sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
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all
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Wat
17
07
35
U
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31
60
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s
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rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Pesticides in the Environment I A Continuing Dilemma Page 6
I The purpose of acute toxicity tests is to establish the median lethal dose (LOso) the dose required toklH 5000 of the population of test animals LOso is expressed as mgkg of the animals body weight and is the most reproducible response that can be estim~ted with the I highest statistical confidence The smaller the LD60 value the more toxic the chemical For example pesticides with LDso values of 1 to 50 are highly toxic (dinoseb aldicarb carbofushyran demeton phorate endrin) and those with LOso values of greater than 15000 (ferbam) are considered relatively harmless (Table 2) The majority of pesticides are slightly to I moderately toxic Acute toxicity effects from ingestion inhalation and skin and eye contact are determined over a two to three week post-exposure observation period IChronic tests measure effects of long-term exposure to a pesticide The EPA requires that the highest dose tested in these studies must be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) orone that produces some toxic or pharmacological effect in the experimental animals A lower dose level which produces no evidence of toxicity also must be used This is called the I no observed effect level~ or the NOEL9 In practice NOEL determined from chronic studies of the most sensitive species is used as a criterion A safety factor of 100 is commonly used to extrapolate animal test results to a safe dose for human consumption However carcl I nogenic and mutagenic pesticides have no threshold dose or applicable safety factor In these cases mathematical models are used to estimate risks and the probability of tumor occurrence in humans9 1 The biological response of aquatic organisms to a chemical concentration is expressed as the median level concentration Leso the estimated concentration in water (mgI) which wiH kill or immobilize 5000 of the test organisms in a predetermined length of time The LCso is I expressed asthe length of time required to produce the desired response for example 96-hr LCso Smaller LCso values indicate higher toxicity The LCso value for DDT endrin and paraquat are 0002 00002 and 400 mgI respectively (Table 2) Usually rainbow trout or Ibluegill sunfish in static water tests are used as standard indices of fish toxicity Other fish species used in acute toxicity tests include goldfish killifish spot mullet harlequin fish catfish and fathead minnows I Three categories of toxicity tests are commonly used to predict the chronic effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic organisms 10 Life-cycle toxicity tests measure the effects of chronic chemical exposure on reproduction growth survival and other variables over one or more I generations of organisms The effects of chronic chemical exposure on the survival and growth of the toxicologically most sensitive life stages of a species such as the eggs and larvae of fishes represent the second category of toxicity test Functional tests the third Icatego~y measure the effects of chemicals on various physiological functions of individual aquatic organisms The data from all three categories of tests are used to estimate chronic toxicity threshold concentrations (Table 3) I
Pesticide Regulations
Federal regulation of pesticides began with the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 However Ithe actmiddot was only concerned with offenses such as adulterating a product and not with safety of pesticides In 1947 Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Funshygicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) This act authorized the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) ~o enforce all pesticide regulations but again the act only protected consumers from I ineffective products In 1970 jurisdiction of the FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed EPA In 1972 FIFRA was amended to change its focus from efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL middot91-516 provided the format for curshy I rent pesticide regulations and is still referred to as FIFRA The 1972 amendments introduc~d
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I Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma
I Page 7
I the concept of risk evaluation and required EPA to consider environmental risks beforemiddot regshyistering a product According to the amendments EPA must re-examine or reregister proshy
I ducts approved for registration before 1972 Pesticides that fail to meet EPAs standards or that pose unreasonable adverse effects are denied registration or cancelleda FIFRA requires EPA to consider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also economic social health
I and environmental benefits The most recent amendments of 1978 addressed EPAs probshylems with reregistering old pesticides These amendments allowed EPA to group_ the pestishycides by active ingredients and register them on a generic rather than individual product basis
FIFRA Reautmiddothorlzatlon Bill
I I Each year since 1980 Congress has considered legislation to revise the federal regulatory
program for pesticides The reauthorization bill would give EPA the legislative mandate and funding to accelerate and complete the reregistration of about 600 pesticide active ingredishyents in 10 years rather than 30 Other relatively non-controversial sections of the legislation
I would increase the penalties for violating FIFRA (the present maximum is $5000) allow mmiddotore public access to EPA information on pesticides provided by registrants and give the agency greater enforcement middotpower11 However acceptable sources of funding for the imshyplementation of reregistration program and reimbursements for cancelled pesticides are
major obstacles to pass the reauthorization bill
II I A number of interest groups have joined the reauthorization bill debate complicating the
situation The agricultural chemical industry environmental organizations labor unions consumer groups the farm bureau and smaller pesticide manufacturers are lobbying Conshygress to protect their diverse positions and interests Any compromise leading to the passhysage of the reauthorization bill will most probably not occur until after the 1988 elections
I Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal
I Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources the manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides the empty containers wastewater from rinsing cqmmercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which must be disposed of Numerous disshyposal and treatment technologies are applied to pesticide wastes These include land disshyposal incineration open burning physicalchemical treatment and biological treatment
I The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regu lated by the provisions of FI FRA and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 Section 19 state that The administrator shall establish procedures and regulations for disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registration of which is cancelled under Section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Another section
I of FIFRA that concerns pesticide waste disposal is the labeling requirement (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a)(2)(g)of FIFRA states that it is unlawful to use any pesticide in a manner inshyconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been determined to be part of the use process
I I Pesticide wastes are partially regulated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identified
as hazardous wastes Pesticide wastes are considered hazardous if they are solvent based and have a flash middotpoint of lt 60degC are aqueous and have a pH of lt20 or gt125 or release HeN or H2S upon contact with acids In fact toxicity characteristics of hazardous wastes defined by RCRA-(referred to as extraction procedures or EP toxicity) are based on threshold concentrations of six pesticides (24-D endrin lindane methoxychlor silvex toxaphene) and
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Pesticides in the Environment IAmiddot Continuing Dilemma Page 8
I eight metals Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the manufacture of nine pesticides (cacodylic acid chlordane creosote 24-0 disulfaton MSMA phorate245-T toxaphene) About one-fifth of the 375 substances listed as hazardshy I ous chemicals are pesticide activeingredients 12 The RCRA regulations also middotprovide stanshydards for construction and operation of certain disposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous pesticides musfbe permitted by either EPA I or an authorized state agency (40 CFR 264 165)
Future Directions and Needs I Since publication of Silent Spring in the early 70s muchmiddot attention has been focusedmiddot(ln the fate of pesticides in the environment Elaborate monitoring and research programsare initiated by state and federal agencies and industry to study the fate of pesticides in surface I and groundwaters Regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and disposal are more stringent than two decades ago While FIFRA and RCRA discussed in this paper are the two major laws regulating pesticides the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1976 and 1987 were Ipassed to control nonpoint source pollution and reduce pesticide input from agricultural fields to water bodies The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA and the states to restrict the use of certain pesticides in particular geographic areas to protect water from contamination The Safe Drinking Water Act and subsequent amendments of 1986 have I established standards for certain pesticide concentrations in drinking water Recently EPA proposed a pesticide strategy directing efforts toward preventing unacceptable contamshyination of current and potential drinking water supplies i3 In the proposed strategy the EPA I is using Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) the enforceable drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act as reference points to determine unacceptable levels of pesticides in underground sources of drinking water If an Mel for a particular pesticide is Inot yet available EPA will develop interim protection criteria for use as referencevaluesln pesticidemiddot management decisions These interim references will be based on EPAs stand~rd toxicological assessment procedures For pesticides that have a carcinogenic potential the interim reference value will be the concentration determined to pose a negligible risk I The EPAs definition of a negligible risk for a carcinogen is the pesticide concentration in drinking water that poses a one in a million (10-S
) increased chance of cancer occurrence middot1should an individual drink that water (10 liter per day by a 10-Kg child or 20 liters by a 70-Kg adult) over a life time (70 years) I Two other laws affect pesticide management The Endangered Species Act of 1973 restrictsmiddot the use of some pesticides on lands near the range of endangered species and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulates pesticide residues in human food and anishy Imal feed
Oespite the regulations many problems remain to be solved in the 1990sgtandduring the next century One major problem is the lack of a comprehensive database on pesticide use I that could be used for risk assessment studies A recent survey by ResQurcesFor the Fushyture (RFF)i4 reported that nine states including some major agricultural states have absoshylutely no records of pesticide use Nine other states have published reports onpesticidetlse I and applicationmiddot to agricu Itural crops but their data have not been updated regularly Acwshycording to the RFF report only the states of Hawaii Oregon Ohio and New Hampshire produce regular up-to-date reports All other remaining states have incomplete pesticide I use reports
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I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
I I I I I I I -9shy
I
I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
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I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
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I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
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I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
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I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
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CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I Pesticides in the Environment A Continuing Dilemma
I Page 7
I the concept of risk evaluation and required EPA to consider environmental risks beforemiddot regshyistering a product According to the amendments EPA must re-examine or reregister proshy
I ducts approved for registration before 1972 Pesticides that fail to meet EPAs standards or that pose unreasonable adverse effects are denied registration or cancelleda FIFRA requires EPA to consider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also economic social health
I and environmental benefits The most recent amendments of 1978 addressed EPAs probshylems with reregistering old pesticides These amendments allowed EPA to group_ the pestishycides by active ingredients and register them on a generic rather than individual product basis
FIFRA Reautmiddothorlzatlon Bill
I I Each year since 1980 Congress has considered legislation to revise the federal regulatory
program for pesticides The reauthorization bill would give EPA the legislative mandate and funding to accelerate and complete the reregistration of about 600 pesticide active ingredishyents in 10 years rather than 30 Other relatively non-controversial sections of the legislation
I would increase the penalties for violating FIFRA (the present maximum is $5000) allow mmiddotore public access to EPA information on pesticides provided by registrants and give the agency greater enforcement middotpower11 However acceptable sources of funding for the imshyplementation of reregistration program and reimbursements for cancelled pesticides are
major obstacles to pass the reauthorization bill
II I A number of interest groups have joined the reauthorization bill debate complicating the
situation The agricultural chemical industry environmental organizations labor unions consumer groups the farm bureau and smaller pesticide manufacturers are lobbying Conshygress to protect their diverse positions and interests Any compromise leading to the passhysage of the reauthorization bill will most probably not occur until after the 1988 elections
I Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal
I Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources the manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides the empty containers wastewater from rinsing cqmmercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which must be disposed of Numerous disshyposal and treatment technologies are applied to pesticide wastes These include land disshyposal incineration open burning physicalchemical treatment and biological treatment
I The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regu lated by the provisions of FI FRA and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 Section 19 state that The administrator shall establish procedures and regulations for disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registration of which is cancelled under Section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Another section
I of FIFRA that concerns pesticide waste disposal is the labeling requirement (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a)(2)(g)of FIFRA states that it is unlawful to use any pesticide in a manner inshyconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been determined to be part of the use process
I I Pesticide wastes are partially regulated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identified
as hazardous wastes Pesticide wastes are considered hazardous if they are solvent based and have a flash middotpoint of lt 60degC are aqueous and have a pH of lt20 or gt125 or release HeN or H2S upon contact with acids In fact toxicity characteristics of hazardous wastes defined by RCRA-(referred to as extraction procedures or EP toxicity) are based on threshold concentrations of six pesticides (24-D endrin lindane methoxychlor silvex toxaphene) and
I -7shy
I
Pesticides in the Environment IAmiddot Continuing Dilemma Page 8
I eight metals Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the manufacture of nine pesticides (cacodylic acid chlordane creosote 24-0 disulfaton MSMA phorate245-T toxaphene) About one-fifth of the 375 substances listed as hazardshy I ous chemicals are pesticide activeingredients 12 The RCRA regulations also middotprovide stanshydards for construction and operation of certain disposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous pesticides musfbe permitted by either EPA I or an authorized state agency (40 CFR 264 165)
Future Directions and Needs I Since publication of Silent Spring in the early 70s muchmiddot attention has been focusedmiddot(ln the fate of pesticides in the environment Elaborate monitoring and research programsare initiated by state and federal agencies and industry to study the fate of pesticides in surface I and groundwaters Regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and disposal are more stringent than two decades ago While FIFRA and RCRA discussed in this paper are the two major laws regulating pesticides the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1976 and 1987 were Ipassed to control nonpoint source pollution and reduce pesticide input from agricultural fields to water bodies The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA and the states to restrict the use of certain pesticides in particular geographic areas to protect water from contamination The Safe Drinking Water Act and subsequent amendments of 1986 have I established standards for certain pesticide concentrations in drinking water Recently EPA proposed a pesticide strategy directing efforts toward preventing unacceptable contamshyination of current and potential drinking water supplies i3 In the proposed strategy the EPA I is using Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) the enforceable drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act as reference points to determine unacceptable levels of pesticides in underground sources of drinking water If an Mel for a particular pesticide is Inot yet available EPA will develop interim protection criteria for use as referencevaluesln pesticidemiddot management decisions These interim references will be based on EPAs stand~rd toxicological assessment procedures For pesticides that have a carcinogenic potential the interim reference value will be the concentration determined to pose a negligible risk I The EPAs definition of a negligible risk for a carcinogen is the pesticide concentration in drinking water that poses a one in a million (10-S
) increased chance of cancer occurrence middot1should an individual drink that water (10 liter per day by a 10-Kg child or 20 liters by a 70-Kg adult) over a life time (70 years) I Two other laws affect pesticide management The Endangered Species Act of 1973 restrictsmiddot the use of some pesticides on lands near the range of endangered species and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulates pesticide residues in human food and anishy Imal feed
Oespite the regulations many problems remain to be solved in the 1990sgtandduring the next century One major problem is the lack of a comprehensive database on pesticide use I that could be used for risk assessment studies A recent survey by ResQurcesFor the Fushyture (RFF)i4 reported that nine states including some major agricultural states have absoshylutely no records of pesticide use Nine other states have published reports onpesticidetlse I and applicationmiddot to agricu Itural crops but their data have not been updated regularly Acwshycording to the RFF report only the states of Hawaii Oregon Ohio and New Hampshire produce regular up-to-date reports All other remaining states have incomplete pesticide I use reports
-8shy I I
I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
I I I I I I I -9shy
I
I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
I -10- I
I
I
I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
-12shy I I
I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
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mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
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AM
S
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azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
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U
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k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
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mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
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S
ulfo
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A
mm
ate
AA
trex
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d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
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Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
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Wat
26
0 0
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431
middot42
40
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s
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s
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T
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s C
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tinu
ed
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Nam
e T
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ame
Pre
dom
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t
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icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
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Wat
17
07
35
U
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m
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um
P
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Dic
hlob
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C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
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S
mal
l F
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s
Din
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+
Pre
mer
ge
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W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
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bean
s P
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i N
N I
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amid
+ _E
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1000
2
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90-1
80
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+
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3400
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60
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2000
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d
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LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
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00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
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16
0
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gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
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co
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C
orn
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um
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bean
s
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rn
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s
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200
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all
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eanu
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all
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bean
s T
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l F
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obac
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gt5
00
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om
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orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
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e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
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App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
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lora
m
+
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nam
ide
+
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pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
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dim
Sim
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e
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I ~
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middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Pesticides in the Environment IAmiddot Continuing Dilemma Page 8
I eight metals Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the manufacture of nine pesticides (cacodylic acid chlordane creosote 24-0 disulfaton MSMA phorate245-T toxaphene) About one-fifth of the 375 substances listed as hazardshy I ous chemicals are pesticide activeingredients 12 The RCRA regulations also middotprovide stanshydards for construction and operation of certain disposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous pesticides musfbe permitted by either EPA I or an authorized state agency (40 CFR 264 165)
Future Directions and Needs I Since publication of Silent Spring in the early 70s muchmiddot attention has been focusedmiddot(ln the fate of pesticides in the environment Elaborate monitoring and research programsare initiated by state and federal agencies and industry to study the fate of pesticides in surface I and groundwaters Regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and disposal are more stringent than two decades ago While FIFRA and RCRA discussed in this paper are the two major laws regulating pesticides the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1976 and 1987 were Ipassed to control nonpoint source pollution and reduce pesticide input from agricultural fields to water bodies The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorizes the EPA and the states to restrict the use of certain pesticides in particular geographic areas to protect water from contamination The Safe Drinking Water Act and subsequent amendments of 1986 have I established standards for certain pesticide concentrations in drinking water Recently EPA proposed a pesticide strategy directing efforts toward preventing unacceptable contamshyination of current and potential drinking water supplies i3 In the proposed strategy the EPA I is using Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) the enforceable drinking water standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act as reference points to determine unacceptable levels of pesticides in underground sources of drinking water If an Mel for a particular pesticide is Inot yet available EPA will develop interim protection criteria for use as referencevaluesln pesticidemiddot management decisions These interim references will be based on EPAs stand~rd toxicological assessment procedures For pesticides that have a carcinogenic potential the interim reference value will be the concentration determined to pose a negligible risk I The EPAs definition of a negligible risk for a carcinogen is the pesticide concentration in drinking water that poses a one in a million (10-S
) increased chance of cancer occurrence middot1should an individual drink that water (10 liter per day by a 10-Kg child or 20 liters by a 70-Kg adult) over a life time (70 years) I Two other laws affect pesticide management The Endangered Species Act of 1973 restrictsmiddot the use of some pesticides on lands near the range of endangered species and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulates pesticide residues in human food and anishy Imal feed
Oespite the regulations many problems remain to be solved in the 1990sgtandduring the next century One major problem is the lack of a comprehensive database on pesticide use I that could be used for risk assessment studies A recent survey by ResQurcesFor the Fushyture (RFF)i4 reported that nine states including some major agricultural states have absoshylutely no records of pesticide use Nine other states have published reports onpesticidetlse I and applicationmiddot to agricu Itural crops but their data have not been updated regularly Acwshycording to the RFF report only the states of Hawaii Oregon Ohio and New Hampshire produce regular up-to-date reports All other remaining states have incomplete pesticide I use reports
-8shy I I
I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
I I I I I I I -9shy
I
I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
I -10- I
I
I
I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
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I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
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I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
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iram
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05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I Pesticides in the Environment
I Amiddot Continuing DiJemma Page 9
I Despite some progress the reregistration of old pesticides is behind schedule and of the 600 individual active ingredients under review only a few have been cancelled voluntarily or
I have been suspended by EPA The FIFRA reauthorization bill aimed at accelerating the reshyregistration process is blocked by lobbying of interest groups and is not expected to beshymiddotcomelaw in the near future
MeanwhHe over one million kg of pesticides are introduced each day into agricultural envishy
I ronments of the United States Specialized monoculture farming systems have caused tarshyget organisms to become resistant to pesticides Increased populations of secondary
I pests have resulted in development and use of more new pesticides to combat the situshy
middotatlon In 1984 447 species of insects and mites 100 species of plant pathogens 55 species of weeds 2species of nematodes and 5 species of rodents were known to be resistant in some location to one or more pesticides used for their control 15
I In spite of advances in risk assessment the chronic health effects of pesticide use are still uncertain Because of advances in biotechnology the new generation of pesticides may prove to be less toxic non-oncogenic and less persistent in the environment However older generations of pastieides will tend to remain in the environment and their total impact
I will be known only with the passage of time
I The development of alternative and innovative technologies to shift complete reliance from pesticides to other methods of pest control is one answer to the continued dilemma of pesshyticide pollution For example Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines various nonshychemical techniques with judicious chemical applications Advances in genetic engineering biological control and plant breeding also may result in ultimately reducing the use of farm chemicals However at present legal and regulatory issues have significantly slowed deshyI velopment a~d testing of genetically engineered biological control agents Intensive reshysearch and education programs and funds to support such programs are needed for new
I technologies to become available and consequently result in reduced andor environshymentally safe pesticide use
I I I I I I I -9shy
I
I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
I -10- I
I
I
I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
-12shy I I
I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I Table 1 Typical Positive Results of Pesticide Groundwater
Monitoring In the US+ I(Cohen et al 1986)
Pesticide Usemiddot state(s) Typical Positive ppb
Alachlor H Md lA NE PA 01-10
Aldicarb (su Ifoxide) amp sulfone)
IN AR AZ CA FL MA ME NC NJ NY OR RI TX VAWA WI
1-50
Atrazine H PA IANE WI MD 03-3
Bromacil H FL 300
Carbofuran IN NY WIMD 1-50
Cyanazine H lA PA 01-10
DSCP N AZ CA HIMD SC 002-20
DCPA (and acid products) H NY 50-700
12-Dichloroshypropane
N CA MD NY WA 1-50
Dinoseb H NY 1-5
Dyfonate I IA 01
EDB N CA FL GA SC WA AZ MA CT 005-20
Metolachlor H lA PA 01-04
Metribuzin H IA 10-43
Oxamyl IN NY RI 5-65
Simazine H CA PA MD 02-30
123-Trich lorshyopropane
N (impurity) CA HI 01-50
I I I I I I I I I I
+Total of 17 different pesticides in a total of 23 different states
11 H = herbicide II = insecticide N = nematicide
I This EPA finding is from a 1984 survey and shows 17 pesticides in groundwaters of 23 states as a result of normal agricultural practices An update has not been published at this time However according to the USEPA Office of the National Pesticide Survey probably asmiddot many Ias 50 pesticides are detected in groundwaters of 30 states (personal communicationNashytional Pesticide Survey)
I -10- I
I
I
I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
-12shy I I
I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
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3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
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min
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Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
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L
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(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
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enla
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013
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shyU
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shy-
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Com
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e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
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t T
ran
spor
tMod
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ity
LDso
(mgl
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LC
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(mg
l)
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p (
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980
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ine
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rex
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156
I v)
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I
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Dit
han
e M
-22
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00
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coze
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anza
te
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han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
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omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
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pmiddotU
semiddot
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all
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itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
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allmiddot
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mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
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nu
ts
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acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
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iop
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ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
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acco
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rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I
I Table 2 Toxicities of Pesticides bull Contlnued I
TOXICITY--__-_-_ __shy
Rat Acute Fish1
Common Name Type of Pesticide Oral LOso MgKg LCsomiddotMgll
Phosmet I 147 0034 IToxaphene I 69 0003-
Benomyl F gt9590 05 Captafol F 500 003-1 Captan F 9000 O~t3 I Carboxin F 3200 22 Dinocap F 980 014 Dodine F 1000 09 Ferbam F gt17000 126middot I Maneb F 6750 10 Metiram F 6400middot gt42 Thiram F 375 079 IZieneb F gt5200 05middot Ziram F 1400 10
Ibull H Herbicide bull I Insecticide bull N Nematicide bull F Fungicide I 148 or 96-hour LCso for bluegHls or rainbow trout unless otherwise specified 2LC100 for goldfish 3For spot I 4For Killifish
Source Control of Water Pollution from Cropland EPA-6002-75-026a I I I I I I I
-12shy I I
I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
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tril
B
ritt
ox
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on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
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nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
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bean
s
Co
m
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tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
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ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
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ns
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2451
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all
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its
Gly
ph
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te
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un
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p
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W
at
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4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
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min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
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ate
Cro
p U
se
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n
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uro
n
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chlo
r+
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zin
+
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n
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n
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cor
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nap
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ial
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flan
D
irim
al
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mo
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ne
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nspo
rt M
ode
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Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Table 3 EmiddotPmiddotA Toxicology Data Requirements (Cardona 1987)
I Test Exposure Duration Species
J Acute
middotOralDermallnhalation 2 to 3 weeks Rat Rabbit bull PrimaryEyelDermal Irritation Rabbit bull DermaISensitization Guinea Pig bull Delayed Neurotoxicity1 middotHmiddoten
I Subchronic bull 90 Day Feeding 90 days Rat and Dog - 90 DermalInhalation Rat
I bull 90 Day Neurotoxicity1 Hen
Chronic
I bull Ocogenicity2 2 yrs (rats) 18 mos (mice) Rat and Mouse Chronic Feeding 2 yr-s (rats) 1 yr (dogs) Rat and Dog bull Teratogenicity3
I Gestation (organic development) 6 to 15 days (rats) Rat and Rabbit
6 to t8 days (rabbits) Pamiddotrturition (process of giving bIrth) 21 days (rats)
32 days (rabbits) - Reproduction2-Generation Rat
I Mutagenicity
I eGeneMutatlon -Chromosome Aberration -DNA Oamage and Repair
I Special Tests
-Me1amiddotbolism5 Rat bull DermalPen~etration6 Rat
I 1Neuroto)(lci~y lest is middotremiddotquired only middotif the pesticidmiddote is used on food and is an organophosphate
2This test assemiddotsses the potential ofthe test agent to produce malignant and benign tumors
I This middottestevaluates the potential fetotoxicUy orbimiddotrth defects in offspring
I This testdeterminesif the pesticide affects genettccomponents in the nucleus of the mammalian -cell Theseassays aremiddotmiddotalso used losmiddotcreen for middotpotentialcarcinogens
5This test det-ermlnes the -transformation absorption and distribution of pesticides in ramiddottsandexcretion from rats
I 6This testimiddotsneededforpestlcides with serious toxic effects
I I I -13shy
I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
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uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I References I
1 Cremlyn R Pesticides Preparation and Mode of Action John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY (1978) I
2 McEwen FL~ and GR Stephenson The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons New York NY (1979) I
3 Kinsinger AE Project on Agricultural Conservation and Tax Policy - A Fund for Susshytainable Agriculture Natural Resources Defense Council Washington DC (1987) I4 Young AL Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview In Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJKuhr (Eds) ACS middotSymp Ser 336 AmerChem Soc Washington DC (1987) I
5 USEPA Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vol II - An Overview EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC (1975)
6 Nielsen EG and LK Lee The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination I from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Econ Rep 576 (1987)
7 Creeger SM Considering Pesticide Potential for Reaching Groundwater in the Regisshy Itration of Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et aL (Eds) ACS Symp Ser315 Amer Chern SocWashington DC (1986)
8 Cohen SZ and SM Creeger Potential Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater from I Agricultural Uses In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (cds) ACS Symp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984)
9 Cardona RA Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In I Pesticides-Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Ser~ 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1987) a10 Southworth GR et aI The Risk of Chemicals to Aquatic Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RA Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold Environ Eng Ser NY (1982) I
11 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of Nat Afshyfairs Inc Rockville MD (1987)
I12 Ferguson TL and RR Wilkinson Incineration of Pesticide Wastes In Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes RF Krueger and JN Seiber (Eds) ACSSymp Ser 259 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC (1984) I13 Fed Reg 533858~O (1988)
14 Gianessi LP Lack of Data Stymies Informed DecisJons on AgriculturalmiddotPesticides Resources (RFF) 89 1 (1987) I
15 National Research Council Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management Nmiddotational Academy Press Washington DC (1986) I
16 Cohen SZ et at Monitoring Groundwater for Pesticides In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner et al (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC (1986) I
-14shy I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
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50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Pesticide Use In Virginia
I Purpose of Pesticide Use
I In the State of Virginia pesticides are used or recommended for thefollowing purposes (Ref Virginia Pesticide Law) 1) Agricultural pest control which includes pesticides usedon agrishycultural crops and domestic animals 2) forest pest control 3) ornamental and tl)rf pest conshy
I trol 4) seed treatment 5) aquatic pest control 6) right-of-way pest contraJ for highways and wmiddotaterways 7) public health pest control 8) regulatory pest control such as pesticides used for quarantine and emergencY measures 9) demonstration and research pest control anci
I
10) industrial institutional structural and health related pest controls (lncludlng gmiddoteneral pest control in households churches offices warehouses schools and factories for the protection of people clothing fabrics paper pets and stored foods in private residences control of wood-infesting organisms including termites wood-destroying beetles and ants
I fungal control for the preservation and protection of fences materials utility poles buildings and other structJres food processing pest control in food manufacturing middotand processing plants and warehouses food handling establishments canneries mills dairies restaurants grain elevators bakeries ships vehicles meat packing plants cafeterias rest homes and hospital food preparation areas)
I Pest Management Guides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service- 19861987) lists 111 hershybicides 107 insecticides and 50 fungicides recommended for use in Virginia These includemiddot pesticides used for corn sorghum soybeans tobacco peanuts trees and small fruits home
I vegetable gardens forests Christmas trees aquatic and non-crop areasrecreatlonand household areas nursery ornamentals floral crops turfgrass home fruit production home
ornamental plants and insecticides for livestock pest managementmiddot
I Pesticide Use Records and Amounts
Virginia is one of the few states which does not record statewide pesticide use Therefore
I the actual amounts of pesticides used in Virginia are unknown However Resources for the
I Future (RFF 1986 1987) recently prepared a national database which included estimates of pesticide use in Virginia agriculture According to RFFs estimations agricultural lands in Virginia receive about 5001991 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year RFFsin- formation was extr~polated from known information of pesticide use for similar crops in ad~
jacent states and assumed uniform pesticide application patterns throughout the states Following the national trend if agricultural pesticide use in Virginia corresponds to 70 00 of
I total pesticide use then the total pesticide use in Virginia will amount to 6502588 pounds of active pesticide ingredients per year
I Pesticide Use In Virginia Agriculture
I About 65 percent of the more than 5 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients (RFF 1986 1987) applied to Virginias farmlands are applied to agricultural fields within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Thirteen counties in Virginia receive more than 100000 pounds peryear
I These cou nties are as follows
I I -15shy
I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
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e ~
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tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
CQ~nty
middotSmiddotouthantptomiddotn~ IslE ofWight Suffomiddotk bullmiddot ~
Pesticide Applicationmiddot Ibsyr Active Ingredient
middotmiddotbull351120 bull ~ bull we bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 194~048
middot 176300 Rockingha~m bullbull~middot bull-172606
LOJdmiddoton ~ ~ bullmiddot ~ 154259 Sussmiddotexmiddot ~ ~bullbullbull ~ bull ~ bullbull149803
Frederick~ Aricomack
middotGreenviHebull ~ Fauquier Augusta ~ ~ -Essex bull
ir bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 141698 bullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 126905
~ u bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 117941 ~ 112369
middot 10middot8345 107022
middotPittmiddotsylvanimiddotabullbullbullbullmiddot 103t 922
middotS~ven counties in Virginia apply between 1000 to 5OOOpou nds of pesticides per yearqn middotamiddotgrmiddoticulturallandThese counties are Alleghany Bath Giles Highland Warren Wise and
York Tw() counties namely Buchanan and Dickenson received the lowest amount of pesshy ficidesonmiddotthelr agti~lJlturaIJanmiddotdmiddotlaquo 1OOOlbsyr)
AccordingtomiddotmiddotPestManagementGuides for Virginia (Virginia Extension Service-19861987) middotmiddotamiddottotamiddotlof46herbicldes 39 insecticides and 22 fungicidesare used or recommended for use onmaJor cropsirtVirgini~These maJor crops include cotn sorghum soybeans peanuts tobaccomiddottreesmiddotang small fruits Variomiddotus pesticides used In Virginia agriculture according to crop needsmiddot are summarizedbelowCommonnames are followed middotby trade names in pa~middot remiddotnthe~ses
-16shy
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
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mon
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e
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r+
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ben
+
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le 4
H
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ater
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Tra
de N
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inan
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A
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so
LC
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(m
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(d
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Mod
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gtk
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so
(mg
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l (d
ays)
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ne+
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28
8 4
9 U
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sfap
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at
970
gt10
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-30
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at
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G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
I Corn and Sorghum Herbicides
Alachlor (Lasso) Ametryn (Evik) Atrazine(AAtrex)Bmiddotentazon (Basargan) Bromoxynil (Bromi~al) Butylate (Sutan) Chloshyramben (Amiben) Cyanazine (Bladex) Dicamba (Banvel) EPTC (Eptam) Eradicane Glyophosate (Roundup) Linuronmiddot (Lorox) Metalachlor (Dual) Paraquat (Gramoxone) Pendimeshy
I thalin(Prowl) Propachlor (Ramord) Propazine (Milograd) Simazine (Princep) Sodiumchlorate (Atlacide) 24-0 (Oeshycamine)
I Corn only Sorghum only
I Insecticides
I Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbufuren (Furadan) Carbophenothion (Trishythion) Chlorpyrifes (Brodan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dimetshyhoate (Cygon) Disulfotan (Di-Syston) Ethion(Fosmite)
I Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulfothion (Dasanit) Fenvalernate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methiocarb (Mesurol) Methomhyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Pennshycap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet) Terbufos (Counter) Toxaphene (Attac) Trichlofofon (Dylax)
I Fu n9 icides Captan (Orthocide) Carboxin (Vitavax) Thiram (Arasan)
I I Soybeans Herbicides
middotAlachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen (Blazer) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) Dyanap (Ancrack) FluchloraHn (Basashy
I line) Linuron (Lorox) Metholachlor (Dual) Metribuzin (Lexshyone) Oryzalin (Surflan) Pendimethalin (Prowl) Tribluralin (Treflan) Vernolate (Vernan)
1nsecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temlk) Azinphos-Methyl(Gushythion) Carbarly (Sevin) Carbophenothion (Trithion) ChlorpyshyI
I rifos (Brodan) Dimethoate (Cygan) Disulfaton (Di-Syston) Fenvalerate (Pydrin) Methomyl (Lan nate) Methyl Parathion (Penncap-M) Permethrin (Ambush) Phorate (Thimet)
Fungicides Benomyl (8enlate) Carbaxin (Vitavax) Chlo-rothalonil(Bravo)
I Metalaxyl (Apron) PCNS (Folosan) middotThiophanate (Topsin M)
I I I -17shy
I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
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eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
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eFen
d
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2
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6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
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m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
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e
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osul
fan
(A)
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ion
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N)
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sulf
othi
on (
N)
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vale
rate
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ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
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ath
ion
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e
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de N
ame
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odan
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mit
e
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rin
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n
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onat
e
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zol
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hion
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elth
ionmiddot
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ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
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nspo
rt M
ode
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Sed
Sed
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Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
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m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
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bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
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eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
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(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
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ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
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hio
carb
(A
)
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uro
l S
ed
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C
om
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m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
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n
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nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
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l F
ruit
s
~
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hy
l P
arat
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n
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M
Sed
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at
9-25
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9 C
om
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ghum
T
ob
acco
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oybe
ans
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no
cro
top
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s (A
) Az
odrin
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at
82
3 7
0
shyP
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ts
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amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
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ath
ion
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dat
e
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dan
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middot
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54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
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Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
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etbr
in
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mb
ush
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ou
nce
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ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
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beam
Phor
ate
1shy
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nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
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nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
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nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I Types of Pesticide I
middotPeanuts Herbicides Alachlor (Lasso) Acifluorfen(Blazen) Benefin (Balan) Bentashyzon (Basagran) Chloramben (Amiben) Dinoseb (Premerge) IDiphenamid (Enide) Dyanap (Ancrack) Fluchloralin (Basalin) Metolachlor (Dual) Naptalam (Alanap) PendimethaJin (Prowl) Vernolate (Vernam) 24-DB (Butoxone) I
Insecticides Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Disulfoton (Di-Syshy Iston) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenvalevate (Pydrin) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Methomyl (Lannate) Monoshycrotophos (Azodrin) Phorate (Thimet) Propargite (Comite) I
Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) Captan (Orthocide) Captafol (Difolatan) Carboxin (Vitavax) Chlorothalonil (Bravo) Dichloran (DCNA) I Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) PCNS (Floson) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram (AAtack)
I Tobacco Herbicides
Benefin (Balan)Dipehnamid (Enide) Isopropalin (Paarlan) INapropamide (Devrinol) Orzalin (Surflan) Pebulate (Tillam) Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Insecticides I Acephate (Orthene) Aldicarb (Temik) Azinphos-Methyl (Gushythion) Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bactur) Carbaryl (Sevin) Carshybufuren (Furadan) Diazinon (Spectracide) Disulfoton I(Di-Syston) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fensulshyfothion (Dasanit) Fonofos (Dyfonate) Malathion (Cythion) Metaldehyde (Metason) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Methyl Parathion (Penncep-M) Monocrotophos I (Azodrin) Oxamyl (Vydate) Trichlorfon (Dylox)
Fungicides I Ferbam (Carbamate) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Metalaxyl (Apron)
I Herbicides
IDicamba (Banvel) Picloram (Tordan)24-D (Decamine)
I I
-18shy I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Crops Types of Pesticide
Trees amp Small Fruits
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Herbicides AMS (Ammate) Dalapon (Dowpon) Oichlobenil (Casoron) Dishyuran (Karmex) Flauzifop-butyl (Fusilade) Glyphosate (Roundup) Napropamide (Devrinol) Norflurazon (Zarial) Dryshyzalin (Surflan) Pronamide (Kerb) Sethoxydim (Poast) Simishyzane (Princep) Terbacil (Sinbar) 2-40 (Oecamine)
Insecticides Azinphos-Methyl (Guthion) Chlorphyrifos (Brodan) Cyhexatin (Plictran) Demeton (Systox) Diazinon (Spectracide) Dicofol (Kelthane) Dimethoate (Cygon) Endosulfan (Thiodan) Formetanate (Carzol) Methidathion (Supracide) Methomyl (Lannate) Parathion (Bladan) Phosalone (Zolone) Phosmet (lmidan) Phosphamidon (Dimecron) Propargite (Comite)
Fu n9 icides Benomyl (Benlate)Captan (Orthocide) Dikar Dinocap (Karashythan) Dodine (Cyprex) Ferbam (Carbamate) Folpet (Phaltan) Maneb (Dithane M-22) Mancozeb (Manzate) Metiram (Polyshyram) Thiophanate (Topsin M) Thiram(Arasan) Triadimefon (Bayleton) Triforin (Funginex) Zineb (DithaneZ-78)
-19shy
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I Pesticides and Potential Water Pollution In Virginia I Herbicides insecticides and fungicides commonly used on Virginia croplands and propershyties of these pesticides that relate to water pollution and health hazards are provided in Tashyble 4 5 and 6 I Key to Tables
Iproduction discontinued restricted pesticide + leachers - there is a high probability that these pesticides willleach
to groundwater according to the criteria established by EPA I Denotes those pesticidesthat will most likely move primarily with sediment IWat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move primarily with water
sed Wat denotes those pesticides that will most likely move in appreciable proportion with both sediment and water The transport mode is unknown I
(A) arcaricide (N) nematicide I
I I ISources of Information documented in Tables 4 5 and 6
1 Farm Chemical Handbook 87 Meister Pub Co OH 2 Pest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia Cooperative I
Extension Service Publ 456-001 3 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland Vot 1 EPA-60012-75-026a
Washington DC I4 The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-AER Report No 576 1987
I
I I I
-20shy I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
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onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
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middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
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n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
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n
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M
Sed
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at
9-25
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9 C
om
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T
ob
acco
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oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
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rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
~~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ala
chlo
r+
Aci
fluo
rfen
+
Ametryn~
AM
S
I I)
~
I
Atr
azin
e+
Ben
efm
Ben
tazo
n+
Bro
mox
ynil
But
ylat
e+
Chl
oram
ben
+
Tab
le 4
H
erbi
cide
s an
d W
ater
Pol
luti
on P
oten
tial
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icity
A
ppro
xim
ate
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
LD
so
LC
so
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(m
gq
) (m
gI)
(d
ays)
Las
so
Sed
Wat
12
00-1
800
23
40~70
Bla
zer
Sed
Wat
13
00
U
U
Evi
k Se
d W
at
1750
lo
w to
x
30-9
0
Am
mon
ium
W
att
3900
U
U
S
ulfo
nate
A
mm
ate
AA
trex
Se
d W
att
1780
12
6
300-
500
Bal
an
Sed
gt
1000
0 0
03
120-
150
Ben
flur
alin
Bas
agra
n W
att
1100
-206
3 19
0 U
Bro
min
al
Sed
Wat
26
0 0
05
U
Buc
tril
B
ritt
ox
Sut
on
Sed
35
00-5
431
middot42
40
-80
Gen
atep
lus
Am
iben
W
att
5620
7
0 40
-60
Cro
p U
se
Co
m
Soy
bean
s
Pea
nuts
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Co
m
Po
tato
es
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Co
rn
Pea
nu
ts
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
rn
Soy
bean
s C
om
P
ean
uts
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
Soi
l (d
ays)
Cya
nazi
ne+
B
lade
x S
ed
Wat
28
8 4
9 U
C
om
Dal
apo
n+
D
ow
po
n
Bu
sfap
on
W
at
970
gt10
0 15
-30
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dic
amb
a+
Ban
vel
Wat
17
07
35
U
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
astu
res
Dic
hlob
enil
C
asor
on
Sed
31
60
10-2
0 60
-180
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Din
oseb
+
Pre
mer
ge
Sed
W
at
40-6
0 0
4 15
-30
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
i N
N I
Dip
hen
amid
+ _E
nide
or
Dy
mid
W
at
1000
2
50
90-1
80
Pea
nu
t T
ob
acco
Diu
ran
+
Kar
mex
S
ed
3400
gt
60
20
0-50
0
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dy
anap
A
ncr
ack
W
at
high
toxmiddot
U
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
EP
TC
E
pta
m
Sed
W
at
1630
19
0
30
C
om
Era
diea
ne
U
2000
-28
70
U
U
middotCom
Flu
chIo
rali
n
Bas
alin
U
15
50
U
U
So
ybea
ns
Pean
uts
Flu
azif
op-b
utyl
F
usil
ade
U
2451
U
U
Tr
ees
Sm
all
Fru
its
Gly
ph
osa
te
shy
Ro
un
du
p
Sed
W
at
--shy
4320
lo
w ta
x
150
C-o
rn
Sar
ghll
mT
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Con
tin-u
ed
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Is
opro
pali
n
Lin
uro
n
Me
tola
chlo
r+
Met
ribu
zin
+
Nap
rop
amid
e ~
Nap
tala
m
N o
rflu
razo
n
Ory
zali
n
Par
aqu
at
Peb
ulat
e
Pen
dim
etha
lin
Paa
rlan
Lo
rox
Dua
l
Bic
ep
Lex
one
or
Sen
cor
Dev
rino
l
Ala
nap
Zor
ial
Sur
flan
D
irim
al
Gra
mo
xo
ne
Til
lam
Pro
wl
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Wat
Se
d
Wat
U
Wat
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
Sed
LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
0
U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
O
T
obac
co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
bean
s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rad
e N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tox
icit
y A
ppro
xim
ate
Cro
p U
se
Tra
nsp
ort
Mod
e L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
LC
so
(mg
tl)
Per
sist
ance
in
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l (d
ays)
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ne+
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ed
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om
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17
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U
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m
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31
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-180
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l F
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s
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+
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mer
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at
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0 0
4 15
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s P
ean
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+ _E
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at
1000
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at
1630
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om
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--shy
4320
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150
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S
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l Fru
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_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
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e P
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ant
Tox
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se
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s o
(ntg
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00
4000
2780
1100
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0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
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00
00
150
921-
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1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
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16
0
U
gt1
00
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U
gt1
80
U
low
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400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
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(day
s)
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120
C
orn
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s
U
Co
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P
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ts
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150-
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s
U
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all
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20-6
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U
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es
Sm
all
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s T
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l F
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gt5
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C
om
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Tob
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U
Co
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nuts
T
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co
Soy
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s
Con
tinu
ed
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mon
-Nam
e T
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e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
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y
App
roxi
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e C
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Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
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oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
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lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
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Sim
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e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
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24
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24~DB
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n
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st
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40
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But
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Wat
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8200
8350
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5000
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0
3200
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0
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4450
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0
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00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
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To-
xic
86
middot01
96
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550
60~270
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200-
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700
120~lj80
ci()
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Pas
ture
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es
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l F
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s
SQ
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m
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Sm
all
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middotCom
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S
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l F
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s
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ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
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s
middot So
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ns
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bean
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ts
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i S
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l
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s T
tees
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all
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-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
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s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
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2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
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ic
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Dip
el
Sev
m
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W
at
246-
283
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Fu
rad
an
Wat
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0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
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9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
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co
Soy
bean
s T
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co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
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Tob
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Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
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co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
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os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
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ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
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s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
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Dim
eth
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e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
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ans
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es
Sm
all
Fru
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Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
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ath
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e
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rin
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n
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e
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ason
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dom
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t
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rt M
ode
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t
U
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t
Wat
t
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t
Tox
icit
y L
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)
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208
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5
20
1375
250-
1000
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so
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tI)
000
1
023
10
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U
001
9
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00
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p U
se
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rees
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l F
ruit
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m
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m
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m
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m
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ts
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s
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n S
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um
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T
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co
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es
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all
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n S
orgh
um
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ts
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s
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ontin
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se
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yP
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min
ant
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de
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eC
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on N
ame
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ran
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rt M
ode
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) (m
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)
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u
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m
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ed
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9 C
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m
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s P
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es
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l F
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s (A
) Az
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at
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ts
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XA
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e
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l F
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ush
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nce
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ed
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so
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ate
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nle
t S
ed
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006
middotC
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org
hu
m
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onQ
nued
_
----
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shyC
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Use
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es
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all
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es
Sm
all
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its
Tre
es
Sm
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ts
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Sm
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Com
mon
Nam
e
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A)
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Propargit~
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)
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lon
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ite
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on
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ac
Mat
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Pre
dom
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ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
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ts
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ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
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170
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l2~6
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lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
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han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
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itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
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acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
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Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
_
--
--
-
-
-
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
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e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y A
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xim
ate
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se
Is
opro
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n
Lin
uro
n
Me
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r+
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+
Nap
rop
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N o
rflu
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Peb
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e
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lin
Paa
rlan
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ep
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Dev
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Zor
ial
Sur
flan
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irim
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wl
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rt M
ode
Sed
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Wat
Se
d
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U
Wat
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LD
s o
(ntg
kg)
gt50
00
4000
2780
1100
-230
0
gt5
00
8200
gt8
00
0
gt1
00
00
150
921-
1900
1250
LC
so
(mg
l)
Tmiddoto
xic
16
0
U
gt1
00
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U
gt1
80
U
low
tox
400
Tox
ic
U
Per
sist
ance
in S
oil
(day
s)
IS
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T
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co
120
C
orn
S
orgh
um
Soy
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s
U
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
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ts
Soy
bean
s
150-
200
Soy
bean
s
U
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
20-6
0 P
eanu
ts
U
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
U
Soy
bean
s T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s T
obac
co
gt5
00
C
om
S
orgh
um
150
Tob
acco
U
Co
rn
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
Pers
ista
Bee
iD S
oil
(mg
kg)
(mg
l)
(day
s)
Pic
lora
m
+
Pro
nam
ide
+
Pro
pach
lor
Pro
pazi
ne+
Set
hoxy
dim
Sim
azin
e
+
I ~
I
S90
ium
middotCmiddoth
lora
te
Ter
baci
l+
Tri
flur
alin
Vemol~e
24
pmiddot+
24~DB
Tor
don
G
razo
n
Ker
b
Ram
rod
Mil
ogar
d
Poa
st
Prin
cep
Atr
atol
A
tlac
ide
Sinb
ar
Tre
flan
Vem
am
Dec
amin
e
Form
ula
40
Bll
tyra
c shy
But
oxo
ne
Wat
Sed
Wat
Sed
U
Sed
U
Wat
Sed~
Sed
W
at
Sed~
s~
8200
8350
710
5000
-700
0
3200
-350
0
gt50
00
4450
-625
0
gt50
00
gt10
000
1780
375
700
25
U
13
gt1
00
U
low
tox
To-
xic
86
middot01
96
15
4~middotO
550
60~270
30-5
0
200-
400
U
150
middotu
700
120~lj80
ci()
10-3
middot0
middotu
Pas
ture
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
SQ
rghu
m
So
rgh
um
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
middotCom
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Spr
ghui
n
Tre
es
s~n
middotF
ruit
s
middot So
ybea
ns
Sooy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
COff
i S
orgh
l1lJ
l
Past
ure
s T
tees
Sm
all
Fru
its
PeaJlut~s
-
-i
-
_
_
__
Com
mon
Nam
e
Ace
ph
ate
Ald
icar
b (A
)(N
)+
Azi
npho
s-M
ethy
l
I N
Bac
illu
s9
th
urin
gien
sis
Car
bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
+
Car
bmiddotop
heno
thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
Ort
hene
W
at
Sed
86
6-94
5 U
Tem
ik
W
eit
Sed
0
9 U
Gu
thia
n
Sed
5-
2-0
01
Bac
tur
S
ed
No
n-T
ox
ic
U
Dip
el
Sev
m
Sed
W
at
246-
283
U
Fu
rad
an
Wat
11
0
21
Tri
thio
n S
ed
69
-36
9 0
23
Cro
p U
se
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
ob
acco
middot
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
Co
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
So
rgh
um
Co
m
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
-----
Tob
acco
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Con
tinu
ed
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
) L
Cso
(m
gtl)
Cro
p U
se
Chl
orph
yrif
os
L
orsb
an
Bro
dan
U
96
-270
0
02
Co
rn
Sor
ghum
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Cy
hex
atin
(A
) P
lict
ran
U
540
Li
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dem
eto
n (
A)
S
ysto
x W
at
25-
6 0
081
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
N
0)
I
Dia
zin
on
(N
) S
pect
raci
de
Sed
W
at
300-
400
003
C
om
S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Dic
ofol
(A
) K
elth
ane
Sed
83
0-96
0 0
10
Tre
esmiddot
Sm
all
Fru
its
Dim
eth
oat
e (A
) C
ygon
D
eFen
d
Wat
2
5 9
6 C
om
S
oybe
ans
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Sor
ghum
Dis
ulf
oto
n (
A)
+
D
imiddotS
ysto
n S
ed
2-12
0
04
Co
m
Sorg
hum
T
obac
co
Soy
bean
s P
eanu
ts
Con
tinu
ed
middot
1-
middotmiddot
-
_
shy
-~~--~~~~~~~~--~~~-
Com
mon
Nam
e
End
osul
fan
(A)
Eth
ion
(A)
Eth
opro
p C
N)
Fen
sulf
othi
on (
N)
I I)
Fen
vale
rate
I
Fon
ofos
For
met
anat
e (A
)
Mal
ath
ion
middot
Me
tald
ehyd
e
Tra
de N
ame
Thi
odan
Fos
mit
e
M
ocap
Das
anit
Pyd
rin
E
etri
n
Dyf
onat
e
Car
zol
Cyt
hion
C
elth
ionmiddot
Met
ason
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed
Sed
middot
Sed
Wat
t
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
t
Wat
t
Wat
t
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gkg
)
30
208
615
2-10
451
8-17
5
20
1375
250-
1000
LC
so
(mg
tI)
000
1
023
10
015
U
003
U
001
9
gt 1
00
Cro
p U
se
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Pea
nuts
Co
m
Sor
ghum
T
obac
co
Co
m
Sor
ghum
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Pea
nuts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Cor
n S
orgh
um
Tob
acco
P
eanu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Tob
acco
C
ontin
ued
Cro
p U
se
Tox
icit
yP
redo
min
ant
Tra
de
Nam
eC
omm
on N
ame
LC
soT
ran
spo
rt M
ode
LDSG
(m
glkg
) (m
gtl)
Met
hid
ath
ian
(A
)
Sup
raci
de
Wat
44
u
Tob
acco
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Met
hio
carb
(A
)
Mes
uro
l S
ed
10-3
5 U
C
om
S
org
hu
m
Met
hom
yl
1
Nu
dri
n
Lan
nat
e S
ed
Wat
17
0
9 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
obac
co
Tre
es
Smal
l F
ruit
s
~
Met
hy
l P
arat
hio
n
Penncap~
M
Sed
W
at
9-25
1
9 C
om
Sor
ghum
T
ob
acco
S
oybe
ans
Mo
no
cro
top
ho
s (A
) Az
odrin
W
at
82
3 7
0
shyP
eanu
ts
~Tobacco
Ox
amy
l (N
XA
)+middot
Par
ath
ion
Vy
dat
e
Bla
dan
Wat
middot
Sed
54
middot
4-13
u t
ob
acco
Tree
s S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Perm
etbr
in
A
mb
ush
P
ou
nce
S
ed
gt40
()0
u
Com
so
rghu
m
Soy
beam
Phor
ate
1shy
Thi
nle
t S
ed
Wat
2-
4 0
006
middotC
Qm
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Soyb
eans
C
onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Co
m
So
rgh
um
Co
m
Sor
ghum
Co
m
So
rgh
um
T
obac
co
Com
mon
Nam
e
Pho
salo
nemiddot (
A)
Pho
smet
Pho
spha
mid
on
Propargit~
(A)
Ter
bufo
s (N
)
I I)
co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
Tra
de N
ame
Zo
lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Sed
Sed~
Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
Sed
Wat
LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Com
mon
-Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y
App
roxi
mat
e C
rop
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T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dmiddot 5
o LC
so
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ista
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(mg
kg)
(mg
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(day
s)
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m
+
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ide
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st
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oxo
ne
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200-
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ture
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l F
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ph
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urin
gien
sis
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bar
yl
Car
bu
fure
n (
N)
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thio
n (A
)
Tab
le 5
In
sect
icid
es a
nd P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Tra
de N
ame
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
LC
ssub
O
(mg
kg)
(mg
I)
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at
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86
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m
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rad
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n S
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69
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9 0
23
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p U
se
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middot
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s T
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all
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m
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Co
m
So
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Com
mon
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e T
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e P
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ant
Tra
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t
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t
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t
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icit
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l F
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m
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n S
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um
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p U
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icit
yP
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eC
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on N
ame
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soT
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spo
rt M
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raci
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44
u
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all
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carb
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)
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17
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s P
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~
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om
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shyP
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l F
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nle
t S
ed
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middotC
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org
hu
m
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nu
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eans
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onQ
nued
_
----
--
---
shyC
rop
Use
Tre
es
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all
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its
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es
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all
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its
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all
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its
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nu
ts
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Sm
all
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m
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rgh
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m
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ghum
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m
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um
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co
Com
mon
Nam
e
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salo
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smet
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on
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co
Tox
aphe
ne
I
Tri
chlo
rfon
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de N
ame
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lon
e
lmid
an
Dim
ecro
n
Com
ite
Counter~
C
on
trav
en
Att
ac
Mat
ox
Dyl
ox
Pro
xol
Pre
dom
inan
t T
ran
spo
rt M
ode
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Wat
Umiddot
Sed
W
at
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LD
so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
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0
013
003
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S
org
hu
m
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nu
ts
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es
Sm
all
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its
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nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
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2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
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s P
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nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
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ans
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nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
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eN
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tran
u
gt50
00
U
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nu
ts
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ikar
(A
)
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shyU
_ shy
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00
--shymiddotU
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rees
S
mal
l F
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s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
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__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
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t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
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LC
so
(mg
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p (
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e S
ed
980
014
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ine
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rex
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arb
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e S
ed
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an
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00
156
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eb
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e M
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80
00
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coze
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te
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e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
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Apr
on
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omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
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pmiddotU
semiddot
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itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
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allmiddot
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rees
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mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
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nu
ts
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acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
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nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
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iop
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ate
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iram
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efon
Tri
fori
n
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eb
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ame
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ngi
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han
e Z
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dom
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t
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nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
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-~
---~-----
---
------
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--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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Tab
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In
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Wat
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Tab
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F
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san
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tial
Wat
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Com
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Nam
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T
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Mod
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nuts
T
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mal
l F
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bean
s T
ob
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iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
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s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
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at
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y L
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5 --------
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gt 1
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p U
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all
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05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Com
mon
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Tab
le 6
F
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Com
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Nam
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Tox
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T
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L
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shy-
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e Pr
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05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
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leto
n
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ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Cro
p U
se
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icit
yP
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min
ant
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de
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eC
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on N
ame
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ran
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rt M
ode
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(m
glkg
) (m
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es
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ed
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9 C
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s P
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l F
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) Az
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ed
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)
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ame
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ite
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on
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ac
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dom
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rt M
ode
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at
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Wat
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so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
Tox
icit
y -L
Cso
(m
gll)
34
003
80
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U
000
3
016
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
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Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
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(mg
l)
Ben
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B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
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ts
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es
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Cap
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Cap
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0
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003
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itav
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0000
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l F
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tinu
ed --
shy-
---
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__~_-
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~
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Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
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t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
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so
(mg
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p (
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156
I v)
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I
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Dit
han
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80
00
10
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te
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e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
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Apr
on
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ubdu
e
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69
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itsmiddot
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S
mal
l F
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s
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s T
ob
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gt 1
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U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
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tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
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e
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ate
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iram
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)
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adim
efon
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fori
n
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eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
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tect
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son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
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n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
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t
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nspo
rt M
ode
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U
U
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-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
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T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
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rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
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es
Sm
all
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S
mal
l F
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-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
----
--
---
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rop
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es
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all
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its
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all
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all
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ts
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all
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m
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um
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m
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um
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ode
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Wat
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so
(mgl
kg)
120
147~316
17-3
0
2200
35
69
150-
400
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icit
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(m
gll)
34
003
80
003
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000
3
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le 6
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d P
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er P
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e T
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e P
redo
min
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Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
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ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
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es
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all
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its
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nu
ts
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box
in
V
itav
ax
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at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
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orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
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nu
ts
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ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
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rees
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mal
l F
ruit
s
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tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
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~-~
~
~
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Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
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170
00
l2~6
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lpet
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an
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gt
100
00
156
I v)
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I
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han
e M
-22
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80
00
10
Man
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te
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e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
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all
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itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
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allmiddot
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l Fru
its
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all
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nu
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rees
S
mal
l F
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s
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nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
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Th
iop
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ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
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eb
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de N
ame
Fol
osan
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tect
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son
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AA
tack
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san
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leto
n
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ngi
nex
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han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
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nspo
rt M
ode
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U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
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T
rees
S
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l F
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s
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rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
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Sm
all
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Sm
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S
mal
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s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Tab
le 6
F
ungi
cide
san
d P
oten
tial
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Com
mon
Nam
e T
rade
Nam
e P
redo
min
ant
Tox
icit
y C
rop
Use
T
rans
port
Mod
e L
Dso
L
Cso
(m
gk
g)
(mg
l)
Ben
omyl
B
enla
te
Ter
san
S
ed
gt 1
0000
0
5 S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
I CN
middot9
Cap
tan
Cap
tafo
l
Ort
hoci
de
Dif
ola
tan
Sed
Sed
9000
5000
-620
0
013
003
Com
S
org
hu
m
Pea
nu
ts
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Car
box
in
V
itav
ax
Sed
W
at
3820
2
2 C
om
S
org
hu
m
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
Chl
orot
halo
nil
Bra
vo
U
gt 1
0000
U
S
oybe
ans
Pea
nu
ts
Dic
hlo
ran
D
eN
A
Bo
tran
u
gt50
00
U
Pea
nu
ts
-D
ikar
(A
)
- _bull
shyU
_ shy
gt50
00
--shymiddotU
---T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed --
shy-
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
Zin
eb
Tra
de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
---
_shy
__~_-
~-~
~
~
-~_-
Com
mon
middot Nam
e T
rade
middotNam
e Pr
edom
inan
t T
ran
spor
tMod
e T
oxic
ity
LDso
(mgl
kg)
LC
so
(mg
l)
Din
oca
p (
A)
K
arat
han
e S
ed
980
014
Dod
ine
Cyp
rex
Sed
Wat
10
00
U
Fmiddote
rbam
C
arb
amat
e S
ed
Wat
gt
170
00
l2~6
Fmiddoto
lpet
P
halt
an
Sed
gt
100
00
156
I v)
a
I
Man
eb
Dit
han
e M
-22
Sed
Wat
80
00
10
Man
coze
b M
anza
te
Dit
han
e M
-45middot
middotS
ed
1120
0
U
Met
alax
yl
Apr
on
Ri9
omil
middotmiddot S
ubdu
e
Wat
middotmiddot6
69
U
Cro
pmiddotU
semiddot
Tr~es
Sm
all
Fru
itsmiddot
middot
middotTre
es
Sm
allmiddot
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Pea
nu
ts
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Pea
nuts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Soy
bean
s T
ob
acco
Met
iram
P
oly
ram
U
gt 1
0000
U
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Con
tinu
ed
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
Thi
aben
daz
ole
Th
iop
han
ate
Th
iram
I CJ)
I
)
I
Tri
adim
efon
Tri
fori
n
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eb
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ame
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osan
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nex
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han
e Z
-78
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dom
inan
t
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nspo
rt M
ode
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U
U
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Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
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all
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its
Tre
es
Sm
all
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its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
---
-
Com
mon
Nam
e
PC
NB
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aben
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ole
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iop
han
ate
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iram
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)
I
Tri
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efon
Tri
fori
n
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eb
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de N
ame
Fol
osan
Mer
tect
Tap
son
M
AA
tack
Ara
san
Bay
leto
n
Fu
ngi
nex
Dit
han
e Z
-78
Pre
dom
inan
t
Tra
nspo
rt M
ode
U
U
U
Sed
Sed
Wat
-~
---~-----
---
------
_
--shy
Sed
W
at
middotSed
Tox
icit
y L
Dso
(m
gtk
g)
1700
3100
gt 1
5000
780
1020
-185
5 --------
_-
---shy
gt 1
6000
gt5
20
0
Cro
p U
se
Pea
nu
ts
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s
Soy
bean
s P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Co
rn
So
rgh
um
P
ean
uts
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tre
es
Sm
all
Fru
its
Tob
acco
T
rees
S
mal
l F
ruit
s
-__----~-----------
LC
so
(mgt
l)
U
C
C
079
U
U
05
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I Article 1
Article 2
I Article 3
Article 4
I Article 5
I
Virginia Pesticide Law1
- A Brief Review shy
Title Definitions and General Considerations
Registration
Prohibited Acts Penalties and Proceedings in Case of Violations
Virginia Pesticide Use and Application Act of 1975
Marine Antifoulant Paints
Highlights of the Virginia Pesticide Law
I I bull Every pesticide which is manufactured distributed sold or offered for sale used
or offered for use within this state or delivered for transportation or transported in interstate commerce or between points within this state through any point outside Virginia shall be registered with the Comnlissioner of Agriculture (sect
I 31-220)
I bull The Commissioner rJlay register and permit the sale and use of any such pesti shy
cide which has been duly registered under the provisions of FIFRA as amended but products so registered shall be subject to the inspection fees provided for herein and to all other provisions of the chapter(sect 31-222)
I bull The registrantbefore manufacturing distributing selling offering for sale or ofshyfering for use any pesticide in Virginia shall register each brand or grade of such pesticide with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and middotConsumer Services upon forms furnished by the Department For purposes of defraying expenses
I connected with the enforcement of this chapter he shall pay to the Department
I an annual inspection fee of ten dollars for each and every brand or grade to be offered for sale or use in this State whereupon there shall be issued to the regshyistrant by the Department a certificate entitling the registrant to manufacture
I distribute or sell all duly re~istered brands in this State until the expiration of the certificate All certificates shall expire on December 31 of each year unless othshyerwise terminated and are ~ubject to renewal upon receipt of annual inspection fees(sect 31-227)
I bull No private applicator shall use any pesticide classified for restricted use unless
such person has first obtained certification from the Cornrnissioner in accordance with the certification standards for private applicators established by the Board (sect 31-2496)
I I 1 Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The Michie Conlpany Charlottesville
Virginia 1987
I -33shy
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I bull The Cornmissioner may cooperate receive grants-in-aid and enter into agreeshy
ments with any agency of the federal government of this State or its subdivisions Ior any agency of another state in order to
(i) secure uniformity of regulations I(ii) cooperate in the enforcement of the federal pesticide control laws through the case of state and federal personnel and facilities and to implement coshyoperative enforcement programs I
___ (iii) develop and administer state programs for training and certification of certified applicators meeting but not limited to federal standards
(iv) contract for training with other agencies including federal agencies for the I purpose of training certified applicators
I
(v) contract for monitoring pesticides in the environment I (vi) prepare and submit state plans and reports to meet federal regulations and certification standards and
I(vii) regulate certified applicators (sect 31-24920)
bull In order to further protect the citizens of Virginia and to provide additional ecoshynomic and environmental protection the Board of Agricu-Iture is authorized after Ia publiC hearing following due notice and upon proof satisfactory to the Board to prescribe appropriate rules regulations and standards to restrict or prohibit the sale or use and disposal of any pesticide which I
(i) undesirably persists in the environment andor increases due to biological amplification or otherwise poses environmental hazards or I(ii) may be contrary to the public interest because of toxicity andor inordinate hazard to man animal or plant
After each action the Board shall prepare a memorandum highlighting the evishy Idence reviewed and the reasons for action taken as well as any other matter which the Board deems relevant (sect 31-2171)
I I I I I I I
-34-
I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Pesticides Waste Disposal Regulations In Virginia
- A Brief Review shy
I In the State of Virginia the Virginia Department of Waste Management is responsible for the enforcement of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
I Highlights of Virginia Regulations
I bull The regulations apply to businesses that produce as little as 220 pounds (100 kg) or 275 gallons of hazardous waste each month
I bull All hazardous waste generators should notify and be registered by the Virginia Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management and obtain an EPA identification number
I bull All hazardous wastes for shipment should be packed following the rules set by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) In Virginia these rules are described under the Virginia Regulations for the Transportation of Hazardous Materials
I bull All hazardous wastes generated should be sent to an approved disposal facility Only a
I licensed permitted-in-Virginia hazardous waste transporter may transport hazardous wastes to the disposal facility It is the waste generators responsibility to locate and contract with a transporter and a disposal facility However under the law the waste generator is always responsible and liable for the proper disposal of hazardous wastes
I bull The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form should accompany containers of hazardous
waste from the time they leave the source until they reach a disposal facility (Note The EPA has created a form for the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest States may adopt EPA form 8700-22 or they may design their own form as long as it contains the same information Virginia hCls chosen to use the EPA form)
I I bull A small quantity waste generator may accumulate up to 6000 kilograms (13200 pounds)
or thirty 55 gallon drums of liquid hazardous wastes for 180 days (six months) If the waste needs to be shipped more than 200 miles for disposal these quantities may be stored up to 270 days (nine months)
I bull Unless a waste generator has a special license the law strictly prohibits the following
activities
bull Storing any hazardous wastes o~her than those generated at a particular middotplant
I bull Consolidating wastes at one place of business for example wastes from a generator with more than one plant and
I bull Accepting other businesss wastes even temporarily
I bull The legal penalties for violating the law are to pay fines of up to $10000 per day for each
violation of the law In addition amiddot criminal violation of the law may include a prison sentence of one year for each violation
I I -35shy
I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I Federal Pesticides Law1 I
- A Brief Review shy
I Chronology
I 1910 - Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 The Act dealt only with labeling offenses such
as adulterating or mislabeling a product The Act did not address the safety of pesticide products The highest fine for violations was $300 I
1947 - The Congress approved the first version of the Federal Insecticide Fungicicle Iand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The Acts mandate was to protect consumers from ineffective products The United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) handled all pesticide regulations I
1954 - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was given authority under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to establish pesticide residue tolershy I ances or allowable limits for pesticide residues on food and animal feed Note The authority to set such tolerances now is carried out through a comshyplicated cooperative scheme whoreby FDA sets pesticide residue limits for Iprocessed foods USDA sets limits for edible portions of meat and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets limits for raw (unprocshyessed) meat and agricultural products FDA enforces most of the limits alshythough USDA enforces some tolerances under its meat inspection program I
1964 - The Congress amended FIFRA to eliminate the loophole that allowed marketshy Iing of unregistered products The amendment allowed USDA to deny or susshypend registrations However the Acts major purpose was still to protect consu-mers from ineffective products I
1970 - Jurisdiction of FIFRA was passed from USDA to the newly formed United States Environmental Protection Agency The pesticide regulatory staffs of USDA and IFDA were consolidated and incorporated into the newly created EPA
I1972 - FIFRA was amended to change its focus frorn efficacy to safety The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 PL 92-516 provides the format for pesticide regulations as they exist today This version of the law established shyby 1972 amendments is referred to as FIFRA I
1975 - The amendments of 1975 required EPA to submit proposed pesticide cancelshy Ilations to a scientific review panel and to the Secretary of Agricu Iture The agency is also requ ired to weigh the effect of its decision to cancel a pesticide against the effect of the cancellation on food production and prices Note FIFRA is unusual among federal environmental laws in requiring EPA to con- I
1 Pesticides State and Federal Regulation A BNA Special Report The Bureau of National Affairs Inc I1987
-36shy I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I sider not only the risks posed by a pesticide but also its economic social
health and environmental benefits
I I 1978 - The amendments of 1978 addressed problems EPA was encountering in reshy
registering many old pesticide products The amendments allowed EPA to group the pesticides by active ingredients and r~gister them on a generic rather than an individual product basis
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -37shy
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I Federal Regulations for Pesticide Waste Disposal I
- A Brief Review shy IIn 1981156 billion gallons (58 million metric tons) of pesticide waste were disposed of in the United States (Friedman 1984) Wastes containing pesticides originate from several sources These include wastes generated from manufacturing testing and formulation of pesticides wastes from the empty containers wastewater generated from rinsing comshy I mercial aerial applicators and old and cancelled pesticides which should be disposed of Numerous disposal and treatment technologies are available for pesticide wastes These practices include land disposal incineration open burning physical and chemical treatment Iand biological treatment The application of these methods to pesticide wastes is regulated by the provisions of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 I The FIFRA amendments of 1972 section 19 state that The administrator (EPA) shall estabshylish procedures and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers of pesticides and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal a pesticide the registrationmiddot Iof which is cancelled under section 6(c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide Section 19 was further modified in 1978 to require information on disposal to accompany all cancelshylation orders Another section of FIFRA which concerns pesticide waste disposal is the lashybeling requirements (40 CFR 16210) Section 12(a) (2) (g) of FIFRA states that it is unlawful I to use any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling and disposal has been deshytermined to be part of the use process
IPesticide wastes can be partially regu lated under the provisions of RCRA if they are identishyfied as hazardous wastes A waste may be defined as hazardous under RCRA if it meets certain criteria for ignitability corrosivity reactivity or toxicity or if the waste is specifically identified by EPA as a hazardous waste An individual waste stream is subject to classishy I fication as hazardous if it contains any middotone of approximately 375 chemicals identified by EPA as hazardous constituents Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characshyteristics are either solvent based and have a flash point lt 60degC are aqueous and have a IpH lt 20 or gt 125 or release HCN or H2 S upon contact with acids Toxicity characteristics of hazardous waste as defined by RCRA (referred to as extraction procedures of EP toxicity) is based on threshold concentrations of eight metals and six pesticides in an extract of the waste Sixteen of the specific hazardous waste streams listed by EPA result from the man~ I ufacture of nine specified pesticides Of the approximately 375 listed chemicals about oneshyfifth are pesticide active ingredients IThe RCRA regulations exempt from regulatory control persons who generate or accumulate less than 100 kg per month of hazardous waste
Under the exemption clause farrners are not required to comply with the RCRA notification Iof management standards as long as empty pesticide containers are triple rinsed and the pesticide residues are disposed of on the farm in a manner consistent with the disposal inshystructions on the pesticide label However this RCRA exemption does not apply to comshy Imercial pesticide applicators
The RCRA regulations also provide standards for construction and operation of certain disshyposal facilities All facilities engaged in the treatment storage or disposal of hazardous Iwastes including hazardous pesticides must be permitted by either EPA or an authorized state (40 CFR 264265)
I -38shy I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
F I I I I
Bibliography
Aller L 1985 Drastic A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogologic Settings US EPA Robert S Kerr Environmental Reshysearch Laboratory EPA6002-851018 Ada OK
BNA~ 1987 Pesticides State and Federal Regulations A BNA Spec Rep The Bureau of National Affairs Inc Rockville MD
Cardona RA 1987 Current Toxicology Requirements for Registration In Pestishycides-Minlmizing the RidskNN Ragsdale RJKuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
Cheng HH and we Koskinen 1986 ~Process and Factors Affecting Transport of Pesshyticides to Ground Water In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt andHN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
-39shy
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I Hill IR and SJL Wright (Eds) 1987 Pesticide Microbiology-Microbioligical Aspects of Pesticide Behavior in the Environment Academic Press NY I Khan MAQ (f=d) 1976 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments Plenum Press NY -IKhan SU 1980 Pesticides in the Soil Environment Elsevier
Krueger RF and JN Seiber (Eds) 1984 Treatment and Disposal of Pesticide Wastes ACS Symp Sere 259 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC I Laskowski DA CAI Goring PJ McCall and RL Swann 1982 Terrestrial Environment In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals -RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrand Reinhold environ Engr Ser NY I Logen TJ et al 1987 Effects of Conservation Tillage on l Groundwater QualityNitrates and Pesticides I McEwen FL and GR Stephenson 1979 The Use and 1ignificance of Pesticides in the Environment John Wiley amp Sons NY
INielsen EG and LK Lee 1987 The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamshyination from Agricultural Chemicals USDA-ERS Agric Eleon Rep 576 Washington DC I Parris DF et al 1975 Microbial Degradation and Accumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems
I IPest Management Guides for Virginia - 198687 Virginia ~ooperativeExtensionService Pub 456-001 Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA
I Ragsdale NN andRJ Kuhr (Eds) 1987 Pesticides-MinhTlizing the Risks ACS Symp I Sere 336 Amer Chem Soc Washington DC
Rao PSC and JM Davidson 1980 Estimation of Pesticide Retention -and Transforshy Imation Parameters Required in Nonpoint Source Pollution Models In Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution MR Overcash andJM Davidson (Eds) Ann Arshybor MI I Southworth GR BR Parkhurst SE Herbes and SC Tsai 1982 The Risk of Chemishycals to Aquatic Environments In Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals RW Conway (Ed) Van Nostrant Reinhold Environ Engr Ser NY I Swann RL and A Eschenroe (Eds) 1983 Fate of Chemicals in the Environment - Comshypartmental and Multimedia Models for Predictions ACS Symp Sere 225 Amer Chem SocWashington DC I US Environmental middotProtection Agency 1975 Control of Water Pollution from Cropland - Vol I A Manual for Guideline Development EPA-6002-75-026a Washington DC I US Environmental Protection Agency 1976 Control of Water Pollution from Cropshyland-Vol II An Overview EPA-6002-75-026b Washington DC
IVirginia Pesticide Law 1987 Virginia Department of Agricultural and Consumer Sershyvices Richmond VA
Virginia Pesticide Law - Rules and Regulations for Enforcement 1986 Virginia Departshy I ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services Richmond VA
-40shy I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I Wagenet RJ 1986 Principles of Modeling Pesticide Movement in the Unsaturated
Zone In Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater WY Garner RC Honeycutt and HN Nigg (Eds) ACS Symp Ser 315 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I Young AL 1987 Minimizing the Risk Associated with Pesticide Use An Overview
In Pestlcides- Minimizing the Risks NN Ragsdale and RJ Kuhr (Eds) ACS Symp Sere 336 Amer Chern Soc Washington DC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -41shy
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I