Overview of most common cardiovascular diseases

Ahmad Osailan

Objectives

• Most common cardiac diseases • Signs and symptoms

Most common terms for symptoms of cardiac Disease

• Dyspnea: Abnormally uncomfortable awareness of breathing.

• PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL DYSPNEA: Interstitial or interalveolar pulmonary edema

• Orthopnea: Inability to breath comfortably when lying.

• Syncope: Loss of consciousness commonly from reduced perfusion to the brain.

• Fatigue: Patient with impaired cardiovascular function

• - decrease peripheral perfusion

What is Heart Disease

• A general term that covers a number of diseases which affect the heart, including coronary artery disease, heart-failure and angina.

Cardiovascular diseases

• ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE• CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES�• VALVULAR HEART DISEASE�• INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS� �• RHEUMATIC FEVER

Acquired Heart Diseases

• ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE) �

• ANGINA PECTORIS �• MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION• HYPERTENSION�

CORONARY (ISCHAEMIC)HEART DISEASE

Occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked.

• Partially blocked it causes angina.

• Fully blocked it causes a myocardial infarction or a heart attack!

CORONARY (ISCHAEMIC)HEART DISEASE

• CAUSE�• Atherosclerosis: it is the accumulation of lipids

in the arterial walls due to variety of factors.• It can lead to vascular thrombosis (clots)and

result in embolism

Atheroscelerosis

CORONARY (ISCHAEMIC)HEART DISEASE

• Signs and symptoms:• Cardiac ischemia in itself is symptomless. Its

presence is manifested only by its dramatic complications namely:- �

• ANGINA PECTORIS • MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION�• IHD often comes without warning or history of �

heart disease.

Angina Pectoris

• It is a severe paroxysmal chest pain caused due to higher myocardial oxygen demand.

• Cause: Partial blockage of coronary artery by atheroscelerosis.

Angina Pectoris

• Signs and Symptoms:• Strangling, or tightness,• heaviness, • compression of the chest • Pain radiating to the left arm or jaw.• Exaggerated by physical exertion especially in �

cold weather and emotional stress. �• Pain is relieved by rest

Angina

Myocardial infarction

• when blood flow to a part of your heart is blocked for a long enough time that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies.

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

• Also called ( Heart attack )• Signs and symptoms:• Strangling, or tightness,• heaviness, • compression of the chest • Pain radiating to the left arm or jaw.• Precipitated by physical exertion and emotional

stress. �• Pain is NOT relieved by rest. Unlike angina • Persist for a few hours if death does not supervene.�

What differ Angina form MI

• Signs and symptoms:• The pain of MI may sometimes start at rest

and is not relieved by nitrates. �• Vomiting, facial pallor• sweating, restlessness, apprehension are

common. �• Restlessness, cough , loss of consciousness

may also occur.

HYPERTENSION

• When either or both systolic or diastolic pressure are persistently raised, & on remeasurement , with systolic pressure >140 &diastolic >90 mm Hg

Features of advanced hypertension

• SYMPTOMS• Headaches� �• Visual disorders• Tinnitus�• Dizziness�• Angina�

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

• Signs and symptoms:• Most striking feature: CYANOSIS� �• Passage of deoxygenated blood from the

right ventricle directly into the left side of the heart & systemic circulation leads to chronic hypoxemia. Chronic hypoxemia causes �severely impaired development & often gross clubbing of fingers & toes.

Congenital Heart Disease

Clubbing

• One of the most common Signs of congenital heart disease

Heart valves disease

• Caused mainly by: • Infective endocarditis • Causative organisms:

streptococci• It results from two �

main predisposing factors:

• bacteraemia • cardiac lesion

Heart Valve diseases

• Signs and symptoms:• Shortness of breath• Weakness or dizziness. • Discomfort in your chest. • Palpitations. This may feel like a rapid heart rhythm,

irregular heartbeat, skipped beats or a flip-flop feeling in your chest.

• Swelling of your ankles, feet or abdomen. This is called edema. Swelling may occur in your belly, which may cause you to feel bloated.

• Rapid weight gain. A weight gain of two or three pounds in one day is possible.

HEART FAILURE

• Heart failure is when the pumping actionof the heart is insufficient to meet the body¶s demand.

• Signs and symptoms:• Shortness of Breath• Generalized Oedema• Easy fatigability

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