Overview of latest WiFi technologies and test solution

Brian Su

(brian_su@keysight.com)

Sr. Project Manager

Oct. 2016

Page

Wireless: 1990 to Beyond 2020

2

TD-SCDMA(China)

802.16e(Mobile WiMAX)

WiBRO(Korea)

802.16d(Fixed WiMAX)

GSM(Europe)

IS-136(US TDMA)

PDC(Japan)

IS-95A(US CDMA)

HSCSD GPRSiMODE IS-95B(US CDMA)

W-CDMA(FDD & TDD)

E-GPRS(EDGE)

HSDPA HSUPA

EDGE Evolution

1x EV-DO0 A B

HSPA+ /E-HSPA

LTE(R8/9 FDD/TDD)

LTE-Adv. (R10 and beyond)

802.16m /WiMAX2

802.11h/n

802.11ac

cdma2000(1x RTT)

802.11a/g

802.11b2G

2.5G

3G

3.5G

3.9G

4G

Market evolutionTechnology evolution

Inc

rea

sin

g e

fficie

nc

y, ba

nd

wid

th a

nd

da

ta ra

tes

5G 802.11ax

802.11ad

Cellular WLAN

Page

IEEE 802.11

Overview 3

WLAN Market Growth Drivers

• Smartphones, digital cameras, e-readers, media players, gaming consoles, Blu-ray players, HDTVs

Integration of WLAN into more consumer products

• BYOD: Enterprise shift toward use of tablets and smartphones

Increasing adoption and use of WLAN in the Enterprise

• Up to 65% of mobile data traffic can be offloaded to Wi-Fi

Use of WLAN to offload data from cellular networks

• Health/fitness, medical, smart meters, home automation, M2M

The Internet of Things - New applications keep coming

• Displays, TV, Upload/Downloads, Printing, Camera, Gaming

Multi-media Sharing and Streaming

Page

Wi-Fi Market Momentum

10.5 Million

(2018)

5

Million

(2013)

Source: Maravedis-Rethink, 2013

Wi-Fi products sold at the end of 2014

Over 10B*Wi-Fi chipset shipped in 2014

More than 2.3B*

Wi-Fi Enabled Devices Shipped*

(In Million of Units)

2012 2015

Phones/Accessories 685 1,459

Tablets, E-Readers, Media Players 199 360

Laptops, Desktops, Peripherals 392 717

Connected Home 107 287

Others 39 338

TOTAL 1422 3,161

*Wi-Fi shipment & Expanding Device SupportSource: ABI Research, 2012, 2013, 2014

Number of Wi-Fi hotspots worldwide

4

Page

Wi-Fi’s Opportunities

Internet of

things

Tablet PCs

Smartphones

Personal

computers

5

Page

Wi-Fi Evolution Path2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond

2.4 GHz 802.11n

5 GHz 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac

60 GHz

802.11aj

802.11ay

802.11af

802.11ah

<1 GHz

802.11a/b/g/j/p

802.11nWidely adopted and large

installed base

802.11ac/axHigher capacity, higher data

rate for mobile, computing and

CE devices

802.11ad/WiGig/ayWireless docking, in-room

wireless display, audio and more

802.11ahHome/building automation,

sensors and more

802.11afTV white space

802.11ajChina (59-64 & 45 GHz)

6

802.11ad

1999…

802.11ax

802.11p802.11pWireless access in vehicular

environment at 5.8/5.9 GHz

802.11ax

Page

IEEE 802.11

Overview 7

Exploiting the Physical LayerEnhancing and extending the mission of WLAN

Bandwidth

More hertz

Modulation Order

More bits per symbol

MIMO

More spatial streams

Error Correction

Closer to Shannon Limit

Spectrum

Additional bands & channels

Beamforming

Page

Wi-Fi Evolution Path2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond

2.4 GHz 802.11n

5 GHz 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac

60 GHz

802.11aj

802.11ay

802.11af

802.11ah

<1 GHz

802.11a/b/g/j/p

802.11nWidely adopted and large

installed base

802.11ac/axHigher capacity, higher data

rate for mobile, computing and

CE devices

802.11ad/WiGig/ayWireless docking, in-room

wireless display, audio and more

802.11ahHome/building automation,

sensors and more

802.11afTV white space

802.11ajChina (59-64 & 45 GHz)

8

802.11ad

1999…

802.11ax

802.11p802.11pWireless access in vehicular

environment at 5.8/5.9 GHz

802.11ax

Page

IEEE 802.11

Overview 9

Frequency Channels – 2.4 GHz Band

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

802.11g/n (OFDM)Channel Width = 20 MHz

Channel 1

2.412 GHz

Channel 5

2.432 GHz

Channel 9

2.452 GHz

Channel 13

2.472 GHz

2.4 GHz 2.5 GHz

2.4 GHz 2.5 GHz

Channel 3

2.422 GHz

2.4 GHz 2.5 GHz802.11n (OFDM)Channel Width = 40 MHz

Channel 11

2.462 GHz

Channel 1

2.412 GHz

802.11b (DSSS)Channel Width = 22 MHz

Channel 6

2.437 GHzChannel 11

2.462 GHz

Channel 14

2.484 GHz

14

Page

CCKComplementary Code Keying

IEEE 802.11

Overview 10

Modulation and Coding Techniques Used in the Various 802.11 Standards

OFDMOrthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex

Page

Review of 802.11n

11

Feature Mandatory Optional

Transmission method OFDM

Channel bandwidth 20 MHz 40 MHz

FFT size 64 128

Data subcarriers / pilots 52 / 4 108 / 6

Subcarrier spacing 312.5 kHz

OFDM symbol duration 4 ms (800 ns guard interval) 3.6 ms (with 400 ns short guardinterval)

Modulation types BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Forward error correction Binary convolutional coding (BCC) Low density parity check (LDPC)

Coding rates 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6

MCS supported 0 to 7, 0 to 15 for access points 8 to 76, 16 to 76 for APs

Spatial streams and MIMO 1, 2 for access points direct mapping

3 or 4 streamsTx beamforming, STBC

Operating mode / PPDU format

Legacy/non-HT (802.11a/b/g)Mixed/HT-mixed (802.11a/b/g/n)

Greenfield/HT-Greenfield (802.11n only)

Page

Wi-Fi Evolution Path2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond

2.4 GHz 802.11n

5 GHz 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac

60 GHz

802.11aj

802.11ay

802.11af

802.11ah

<1 GHz

802.11a/b/g/j/p

802.11nWidely adopted and large

installed base

802.11ac/axHigher capacity, higher data

rate for mobile, computing and

CE devices

802.11ad/WiGig/ayWireless docking, in-room

wireless display, audio and more

802.11ahHome/building automation,

sensors and more

802.11afTV white space

802.11ajChina (59-64 & 45 GHz)

12

802.11ad

1999…

802.11ax

802.11p802.11pWireless access in vehicular

environment at 5.8/5.9 GHz

802.11ax

Page

802.11ac Standards Status:

• Minimum “very high throughput” goal of 1 Gbps

• Standard developed by IEEE 802.11ac Task Group and approved in Dec 11th, 2013

• Wi-Fi Alliance 802.11ac certification launched in 2013

802.11ac Market Situation

• 802.11ac chipsets available from Broadcom, Qualcomm Atheros, MediaTek, Marvell, Intel,

Quantenna etc. Some have already supported 3x3 and 4x4 MIMO.

• 802.11ac routers now available from Asus, Belkin, Buffalo, D-Link, Netgear, and EDIMAX

around $100. Products also support legacy 802.11a/b/g/n.

• Market research firms ABI Research and In-Stat expect 802.11ac products to start

shipping by late 2012 and to grow rapidly, becoming the dominant Wi-Fi standard by 2015

• IDC Research reported that in Q3 2014, 802.11ac represented 39% of WLAN revenues

and 26.5% of access point shipments.

• Infonetics Research estimates that 802.11ac routers will represent 42% of all Wi-Fi routers

shipped in 2015.

WLAN 802.11ac

13

Page

IEEE 802.11

Overview 14

802.11ac Channelization• Operates in 5 GHz band only, not in 2.4 GHz band

• Mandatory support for 20, 40, and 80 MHz channels

• 40 MHz same as 802.11n. 80 MHz has more than 2x data subcarriers: 80 MHz has 234 data subcarriers + 8 pilots vs. 108 data subcarriers + 6 pilots for 40 MHz

• Optional support for contiguous 160 MHz and non-contiguous 80+80 MHz transmission and reception. 160 MHz tone allocation is the same as two 80 MHz channels.

• U.S. region frequency allocation (shown below) includes 5710-5835 MHz channels not available elsewhere. (Need to avoid weather radars in some areas)

These frequencies

are not available in

Europe, Japan and

other regions

Adapted from Specification Framework, IEEE 802.11-09/0992r15,

Updated based on 802.11ac/D1.0

245 MHz

Page

Changes & Enhancements for 802.11ac

15

Feature Mandatory Optional

Channel bandwidth 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz 160 MHz, 80+80 MHz

FFT size 64, 128, 256 512

Data subcarriers / pilots 52 / 4, 108 / 6, 234 / 8 468 / 16

Modulation types BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM 256QAM

MCS supported 0 to 7 8 and 9

Spatial streams and MIMO 1 2 to 8

Tx beamforming, STBC

Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)

Operating mode / PPDU format Very high throughput / VHT

Data rates: Best case: 6.93 Gbps (160 MHz, 8 Tx, MCS9, short GI)

Typical case: 1.56 Gbps (80 MHz, 4 Tx, MCS9)

Items in red text below are changes compared to the 802.11n standard

• Wider channels

• Higher-order modulation

• More spatial streams and antennas (up to 8)

• Multi-user MIMO

• Operation in 5-6 GHz band only (not in 2.4 GHz band)

Page

Enhanced Multi-Antenna Techniques

Path diversity

– Improves robustness

Spatial multiplexing

– Improves spectral efficiency

and throughput

Spatial multiplexing with

Beamsteering

– Increases signal robustness

w/the added advantage of the

improved throughput through

spatial multiplexing MIMO

16

MIMO

Transmit Diversity Receive Diversity

Space-time block

coding (STBC)

X1, X2

-X2, X1*

y1, y2

MIMO (4x2)

Matrix

X1

X2

y1

y2

Multi-user MIMO

4 streams, 3 users

Transmit Beamforming

Spatial division

multiplexing

MIMO and

Beamforming

Page

802.11ac Wave1 & Wave2

Wave 1 Wave 2

Channel BW 80 MHz 160 MHz

80+80 MHz

Spatial

Streams

Up to 4 Up to 8

MIMO Single-User (SU) Multi-User (MU)

Data Rates Up to 1.3 Gbps Up to 6.9 Gbps

1024QAM

802.11ac Wave1

2013/2014802.11ac Wave2

2015/2016

17

Page

WLAN 802.11ax

– 802.11ax will represent the next generation of Wi-Fi technology.

– Background

• Need for improved performance in dense deployments

• Growing use of WLAN outdoors

• Need for Better support of real-time applications with improved power efficiency

• Focus on improving metrics that reflect user experience in typical conditions

– Taskgroup just started. Targets:

• Four times improvement in the average throughput per station in a dense deployment

scenario.

• Maintaining or improving the power efficiency per station.

• Indoor and outdoor operations in frequency bands between 1 GHz and 6 GHz.

• Enabling backward compatibility and coexistence with legacy IEEE 802.11 devices

operating in the same band.

• Technologies: Uplink MU-MIMO, DL MU-MIMO, OFDMA, and 1024 QAM

– Key contributors: Qualcomm, Huawei, Intel, Broadcom

802.11ax Taskgroup for ‘High Efficiency WLAN’ (HEW)

18

Page

Changes & Enhancements for 802.11ax

19

Feature 802.11ac 802.11ax

Channel bandwidth 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz

,160MHz, 80+80MHz

2.4G: 20MHz, 40MHz

5G:20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz

,160MHz, 80+80MHz

FFT size 64, 128, 256,512 256,512,1024,2048

Sub-Carrier Spacing 312.5KHz 78.125KHz

Modulation types BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM,

64QAM,256QAM

BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM,

64QAM,256QAM,1024QAM

CP Length 0.4us(1/8), 0.8us(1/4) 0.8us(1/16),1.6us(1/8),3.2us(1/4)

Symbol Length 3.2us 12.8us

MCS supported 0 to 9 0 to 11

Spatial streams and MIMO 8x8,SU-MIMO, DL MU-MIMO 8x8,SU-MIMO, DL MU-MIMO, UL

MU-MIMO, OFDMA

Items in red text below are changes compared to the 802.11ac standard

• Higher-order modulation

• More sub-carriers in the same BW

• Multi-user MIMO for both DL and UL

• Operation in both 2.4G and 5-6 GHz band

Page

Multi-User Scenario for both DL and UL

20

Source: Bellalta, Boris (2015). "IEEE 802.11ax: High-Efficiency WLANs,"

Page

OFDMA – Resource Unit (RU)

– Min RU size with 26 Tones (~2M)

– Different RU size, 26, 52, 106, 242, 484, 996 Tones

21Source: IEEE, “11-15-0330-05-00ax-ofdma-numerology-and-structure”

Page

WLAN 802.11p

– A Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11p: Amendment 6, Wireless Access in Vehicular

Environment (WAVE) based technology to support low latency, Vehicle-to-

Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2X) communication

• Vehicle broadcasts its position and velocity and receives broadcasts of neighboring

road users

• Frequency range: 5.85-5.925 GHz

– Main uses:

• Vehicle safety services

• Commerce transactions via cars

• Toll collection

• Traffic management

– The leaders are Cohda/NXP & Autotalks with their automotive specific chipsets,

with much improved RX performance for the moving car use case. Qaulcom

and Broadcom offer 802.11p variants of their standard chipsets.

– USA, China, Europe, Japan and Singapore are working towards hard/soft

mandate or MOU for DSRC installation.

22

Page

IEEE 802.11

Overview 23

802.11p WAVE1/DSRC2

Vehicular Environment

1 Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment2 Dedication Short Range Communication 3 High Availability and Low Latency

3

Channel Allocation

Page

The PHY difference between 802.11a and 802.11p

Feature 802.11a 802.11p

Frequency band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz 5.85 to 5.925 GHz

Bit rate (Mbit/s) 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36,

48, 54

1.5, 2.25, 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 13.5

18, 24, 27, 36, 48, 54 MHz

Channel bandwidth 20 MHz 5/10/20 MHz

FFT size 64 64

Data Subcarriers 48 48

Pilots Subcarriers 4 4

Subcarrier spacing 312.5 KHz 78.125/156.25/312.5 kHz

OFDM symbol duration 4.0 us 16/8.0/4.0 us

Guard interval 0.8 us 3.2/1.6/0.8 μs

Preamble duration 16 us 64/32/16 us

Modulation types BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Coding rates 1/2, 2/3, 3/4

Source: IEEE Std 802.11 TM- 2012

24

Page

Wi-Fi Evolution Path2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond

2.4 GHz 802.11n

5 GHz 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac

60 GHz

802.11aj

802.11ay

802.11af

802.11ah

<1 GHz

802.11a/b/g/j/p

802.11nWidely adopted and large

installed base

802.11ac/axHigher capacity, higher data

rate for mobile, computing and

CE devices

802.11ad/WiGig/ayWireless docking, in-room

wireless display, audio and more

802.11ahHome/building automation,

sensors and more

802.11afTV white space

802.11ajChina (59-64 & 45 GHz)

25

802.11ad

1999…

802.11ax

802.11p802.11pWireless access in vehicular

environment at 5.8/5.9 GHz

802.11ax

Page

WLAN 802.11ad/aj

– 802.11ad MAC PHY standard was completed in 2013

• Channel bandwidth of 2 GHz

• SC and OFDM PHY’s

– Protocol Adaptation Layer specifications developed by the WiGig Alliance (WGA)

– A new 802.11 study group for ‘Next Generation 60GHz’ to start in July 2014

• MIMO and Channel bonding likely to be included. Targeting speeds of up to

24 Gbps for a single channel, 100 Gbps for 3 channels

– 802.11aj is proposed to support operation in Chinese Milli-Meter Wave (CMMW)

frequency bands including the 59-64GHz and 45GHz, which is unlicensed band

in China. Key 5G project of 863 of China.

– Technical details of 802.11aj

• More close to 802.11ac; Add single carrier mode

• Support multiple antenna, up to 4 streams

• BW is up to 512MHz, ¼ of BW of 802.11ad

60GHz/45GHz

27

Page

IEEE 802.11

Overview 28

60 GHz Channel Plan by Region

CWPAN (China) also

planning

43.5-47.0 GHz deployment

TGaj (802.11aj)

2 31 4

5 6 7 8

Page

IEEE 802.11

Overview 29

802.11aj - 45 GHz Frequency Band

Frequency band: 42.3 to 47.0 GHz, 47.2 to 48.4 GHz

Bandwidth: 1080 MHz, 540 MHz

Frequency tolerance: 100×10-6

Maximum transmit power at antenna port: 20dBm

Maximum EIRP: 36dBm

CH 1

CH 1BW = 1080 MHz

43.065 GHz

BW = 540 MHz CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5 CH 6 CH 7 CH 8 CH 9 CH 10

42.3 GHz 47.0 GHz 47.2 GHz 48.4 GHz

CH 2 CH 3 CH 4 CH 5

46.305 GHz 47.8 GHz

46.575 GHz 47.53GHz 48.07 GHz42.795GHz

Page

HD Computer Display

And HD Multimedia

Computer I/O, Peripherals,

and Mobile Devices

The Bigger PictureA BIG wireless pipe

MAC/PHY

Protocol

Adaptation

Layer

(WDE3 PAL)

1Wireless Bus Extension

Wi-Fi Alliance is

responsible for 60 GHz

MAC/PHY Certification

Test

IEEE 802.11ad

WGA MAC/PHY v1.2

is word-for-word identical to…

Approved IEEE 802.11ad final text

(published in Dec 2012).

Protocol

Adaptation

Layer

2Wireless Serial Extension3Wireless Display Extension4Wireless Secure Digital

WGA / WFA / VESA are

collaborating in

development of

Wireless DisplayPort

(WSD4 PAL)

(WBE1 PAL)

(WSE2 PAL)

30

Page

Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS)

60 GHz Solutions 31

Key Points

• Very robust 27.5 Mbps

Control Channel

• Variable Error Protection

• Variable Modulation

Complexity

- Hence EVM specs.

from -6dB to -25dB

• Variable Data Rates

- from 385 Mbps (MCS1)

to 6756.75 Mbps

(MCS24)

• Mandatory modes ensure

all 802.11ad devices

capable of at least 1Gbps

Control (CPHY)

MCS Coding Modulation Raw Bit Rate

0 1/2 LDPC, 32x Spreading p/2-DBPSK 27.5 Mbps

Single Carrier (SCPHY)

MCS Coding Modulation Raw Bit Rate

1-12 1/2 LDPC, 2x repetition1/2 LDPC,5/8 LDPC3/4 LDPC

13/16 LDPC

p/2-BPSK,p/2-QPSK,p/2-16QAM

385 Mbpsto

4620 Mbps

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDMPHY)

MCS Coding Modulation Raw Bit Rate

13-24 1/2 LDPC,5/8 LDPC3/4 LDPC

13/16 LDPC

OFDM-SQPSKOFDM-QPSK

OFDM-16QAMOFDM-64QAM

693 Mbpsto

6756.75 Mbps

Low-Power Single Carrier (LPSCPHY)

MCS Coding Modulation Raw Bit Rate

25-31 RS(224,208) +Block Code(16/12/9/8,8)

p/2-BPSK,p/2-QPSK

625.6 Mbpsto

2503 Mbps

Page

60 GHz PHY Test Solution: Signal Path Interconnect

60 GHz Solutions 32

DUT

M1971E WB Smart Mixer

MXG2: N5183A-520 MXG (Rx LO)

Controlling PC(Could be Desktop, Laptop or Embedded)

Waveform

Acq'd Signal

DSA91304A Infiniium Digital Speed Analyzer

81199A Wideband

Waveform Center (WWC)

89601B VSA SW

Differential IQ

AWG to Scope

5 G

Hz

LO/IF

WARNING: Exit 89600 VSA Software before changing instrument

setup

Dem

od

• Connect 10 MHz Frequency Reference

from PSG to M8190A, MXG1, Scope

• Connect LAN to PC, M8190A, Scope

PSG: E8267D-520-016 (I/Q Modulation)

VDI Up-converter

MXG1: N5183A-520 MXG (Tx LO)

M8190A Wideband AWG (I/Q Generation)

Differential IQ AWG to PSG

AuxRF In

LO/IF

10 MHz

Page

IEEE802.11ad Test items

33

EVM

Transmitter test

21.3.2 Transmit mask

21.3.3.3 Center frequency tolerance

21.3.3.4 Symbol clock tolerance

21.3.3.5

Transmit center frequency

leakage

21.3.3.6

Transmit ramp-up and ramp-

down

21.4.4.1.2 Transmit EVM (Control PHY)

21.4.5.1.2 Transmit EVM (OFDM)

21.5.4.1.3 Tx flatness

21.6.4.1.1 Transmit EVM (SC PHY)

Receiver test

21.3.3.8 Maximum input requirement

21.3.3.9 Receive sensitivity

SEM

Page

802.11ay/NG60 status

– Expect schedule: 2017

– Target Max Data Rate: 20GHz (4,32GHz), 100GHz(8.64GHz)

– Modulation: up to 64APSK (NUC)

– Range: 10m -> 300 ~ 500m (LOS and NLOS)

– MIMO and MU-MIMO up to 4x4

Customizable in

Footer

NUC 64APSKDistance between array

centers - d

PAA #1

PAA #2

PAA elementSignal 1st stream

Signal 2nd stream

Phase shifterV pol

H pol

PAA elementSignal 3rd stream

Signal 4th stream

Phase shifterV pol

H pol

H and V pol

H and V pol

4x4 MIMOChannel Bonding

Source: IEEE, “11-15-1145-00-00ay-su-mimo-configurations-for-ieee-802-11ay”

Page

802.11ay/NG60 use cases

Wireless Video

35

NG60

AP

NG60

AP

LOS AccessN-LOS Access

Backhaul @60GHz

BUS STOP

TV or Display

Set-top box

(TV controller)

Blu-ray player

Smart phone/Tablet

Replacement

of wired interface

Wireless Transfer

from fixed device

Wireless Transfer

from mobile device

8K UHD

Service

Data Center backup connection

VR/AR Backhaul

Page

802.11ay (NG60, Next Generation 60GHz WLAN)

Next Generation of 11ad, Spec ready by 2017

Source: IEEE, “11-15-0636-00-00ay-a-view-on-ieee-802-11ay”Keysight

Restricted

Page

Wi-Fi Evolution Path2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond

2.4 GHz 802.11n

5 GHz 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac

60 GHz

802.11aj

802.11ay

802.11af

802.11ah

<1 GHz

802.11a/b/g/j/p

802.11nWidely adopted and large

installed base

802.11ac/axHigher capacity, higher data

rate for mobile, computing and

CE devices

802.11ad/WiGig/ayWireless docking, in-room

wireless display, audio and more

802.11ahHome/building automation,

sensors and more

802.11afTV white space

802.11ajChina (59-64 & 45 GHz)

37

802.11ad

1999…

802.11ax

802.11p802.11pWireless access in vehicular

environment at 5.8/5.9 GHz

802.11ax

Page

IoT Key Enabling Technologies

– IoT applications

• IEEE 802.11ah PHY and MAC are specified for IoT type of applications

• Envisioned to provide IP connectivity to all types of devices that are currently not connected to the

internet and yet-to-be-invented devices

– Operation Feature

• Transmission range up to 1 km

• Data rates > 100 kbit/s

• Optimizations for highly robust links and low power consumption required for battery operated devices

– Target use cases

• Large scale sensor networks and meters

• Extended range hotspot

• Outdoor Wi-Fi for cellular traffic offloading

– Standards status:

• The IEEE 802.11 WG is currently developing draft 4.0 of the spec, which typically means it is stable enough to commence WFA MRD activities

• Targeted IEEE specification will be finalized in mid-2016

• WFA has decided to create a Marketing Task Group to start the development of an interoperability program. Potential WFA program launch: H2 2016

38

IEEE 802.11ah

11a/g/n/ac AP

11ah AP

Indoor

IoT/M2M

Page

802.11ah Bandwidth and Data Rates

16 MHz

8 MHz

4 MHz

2 MHz

1 MHz

20 MHz

Minimum 11n/ac bandwidth

11ah Bandwidth Modes

150Kbps* – 4Mbps

650Kbps – 7.8Mbps

1.35Mbps – 18Mbps

2.9Mbps – 39Mbps

5.8Mbps – 78Mbps

Mandatory & Globally Interoperable modes optimized for sensor networking

Optional higher data rate modes for extended range WLAN

6.5Mbps – 78Mbps

High data rates

Extended range

39

Page

The PHY difference between 802.11ac and 802.11ah

Feature 802.11ac 802.11ah

Channel bandwidth 20/40/80/160MHz 1/2/4/8/16MHz

FFT size 64/128/256/512 32/64/128/256/512

Data subcarriers / 52/108/234/468 24/52/108/234/468

Pilot Sub-carriers 4/6/8/16 2/4/6/8/16

Pilot Type Fixed pilot Fixed pilot or Traveling pilot*

Subcarrier spacing 312.5KHz 31.25KHz

OFDM symbol duration 4.0/3.6us 40/36us

Guard interval 0.4/0.8/1.6us 4/8/16us

Preamble duration 16us 320us(1M BW)/160us

Modulation types BPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64QAM/256QAM BPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64QAM/256QAM

Coding rates 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 1/2 rep2, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6

MCS 0-9 MCS0-9, 10

Transmission Mode VHT mode, non-HT duplicate Mode Normal Mode S1G, 1 MHz Duplicate Mode,

2 MHz Duplicate Mode

Duplicated PPDU Non-HT PPDU S1G_DUP_1M, S1G_DUP_2M

MIMO Up to 8 Up to 4

Multi-user Up to 4 Up to 4, only available in S1G_LONG PPDU

Beamforming Support Support

Source: Draft Amendment Proposed by 802.11 TGah Working Group

40

Page

802.11ah Global Channelization

Max. BW

16 MHz

4 MHz

2 MHz

8 MHz

1 MHz

4 MHz

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From IEEE 802.11ah draft standard

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802.11ah Use Case

– Extended range

• Reach garage, backyard, basement, attic

• 1 MHz and 2 MHz mandatory modes

– Battery operated sensors

• No power amplifiers

– Large numbers of devices (1000s) per AP

– Ultra-low power consumption

• Optimized for small packet size

• Multi-year battery life

• Long sleep time

• Burst traffic

– IP support

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Indoor Low Power Sensors

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WLAN 802.11af802.11af – WLAN in TV White Space (TVWS)

• There are gaps and unused channels in the broadcasting spectrum

• Defines enhancement to enable WLAN operation in the TV white space

‒ Cognitive radio techniques will be used to avoid interference with digital TV,

these include: Beacons/Enablement and Geo-location

• US FCC has provided “final rules” for TV White Spaces

‒ Other countries are closely watching and are working on similar plans

• This standard has been published in 2013

• What is 802.11af?

‒ Used <1 GHz spectrum (470-698 MHz

for UHF and 40-230 MHz for VHF)

‒ Physical layer is based on 802.11ac

‒ 6, 7 and 8 MHz bandwidth

‒ Channel bonding up to 4 channels

‒ Spatial stream: up to four streams used

for either space–time block code (STBC)

or multi-user (MU-MIMO) operation

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802.11af TV White Space

– PHY Layer: reuse VHT 40MHz PHY to 11af

802.11af Indoor 802.11af outdoor

Coverage ~100m ~5Km

FFT 128

Bandwidth, MHz 6M, 7M, 8M

CA (contiguous) 2 continuous: 12M, 14M, 16M

4 continuous: 24M, 28M, 32M

CA (non-contiguous) 2 non-continuous: 6+6, 7+7, 8+8

4 non-continuous: 12+12, 14+14, 16+16

Modulation BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

FEC Convolutional code

Symbol time, us 30(6M), 30(7M), 22.5(8M)

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40 40 40 40

80 80

160

160

DPD BW

WLAN Design Challenges

• 802.11a/b/g/n only required 40 MHz

• PA digital pre-distortion requires 3-5x system BW

Bandwidth: increase to 80/160 MHz

• 256QAM modulation requires higher SNR, better phase noise

• Analyze I/Q impairments

Better modulation quality and debug tool

• More antennas, more processing, more space required

• Prototyping a multi-antenna radio requires the use of multi-channel test systems

MIMO and Beamforming (up to 8 spatial streams)

• Digital Pre-Distortion for linearity

• Envelope Tracking for power saving

Improve PA efficiency and linearity

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Test Challenge: Generating Wider Bandwidth SignalsVector signal generator hardware needs to support 40, 80, and 160 MHz BW

signals

– Digital Pre-Distortion may require measuring 3 to 5 times the BW of desired

signal: up to 800 MHz for 160 MHz signal

Software: N7617B Signal Studio and SystemVue

Hardware for single-channel measurements:

• N5182B: up to 160 MHz modulation BW

• N5172B: up to 120 MHz modulation BW

• E4438C, N5182A and up to 80 MHz BW

• N5106A: up to 160 MHz

• M9381A PXI VSG: up to 160 MHz BW

• E6640A: up to 160MHz modulation BW

• M8190A 12 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator

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Test Challenge: Analyzing Wider Bandwidth Signals

Analyzer hardware needs to support 40, 80, and 160 MHz BW signals

Digital Pre-Distortion may require measuring 3 to 5 times the BW of

desired signal: up to 800 MHz for 160 MHz signal

Software: all channel BWs supported by 89600 VSA and N9077A

Hardware for single-channel measurements:

• N9040A UXA signal analyzer: up to 510 MHz demod BW

• N9030A PXA signal analyzer: up to 160 MHz demod BW

• N9020A MXA signal analyzer: up to 160 MHz demod BW

• M9391A PXI VSA: up to 160 MHz BW

• E6640A EXM Wireless Test Set: up to 160 MHz BW

• Infiniium or Infiniivision oscilloscopes: 1 GHz or wider BW

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E6640A EXM Wireless Test Set for DVT and Mfg

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Broadest Multi-Format Coverage

TRX 1 TRX 2 TRX 3 TRX 4Controller Reference

Wireless Connectivity

Cellular• LTE/LTE-A FDD/TDD

• HSPA+, W-CDMA

• 1xEV-DO, cdma2000

• GSM/EDGE/EDGE Evo

• TD-SCDMA/TD-HSPA

• DECT

• PHS

• WLAN802.11a/b/g/n/j/p/ac/ah/af/ax

• Bluetooth 1.0 to 4.2

• ZigBee

• Z-Wave

• Multi-Satellite GNSS

• Plus more

MIMO (2x2, 3x3, 4x4)Frequency: up to 6GHz

BW: up to 160MHz

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EXM MIMO Test SolutionsComprehensive MIMO Test Solutions and Benefits

Multi-channel sequential test with 1 TRX

For Cost-effective manufacturing testing

Switched MIMO

Multi-channel parallel test with Multi TRX

For design and validation

True MIMO

Implicit TxBeamformingcalibration with 1 TRX

Calibration test for Broadcom device

Tx Beam

forming

• Up to 4 TRXs to support 4X4 True MIMO in one box

Small form factor

• Easy to set up, no need complex connection for synchronization Easy set up

• Fast, accurate and reliable MIMO measurement and detailed measurement results

High performance

Comprehensive MIMO Test Solutions

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Copyright © 2014 Agilent. All rights reserved

Thank You !!!Questions and Answers

IoT/M2M 50

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