Overview of Export in Vietnam

8/8/2019 Overview of Export in Vietnam

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Overview of export in VietnamVietnam has made a lot of remarkable achievements in various fields particularly in internationaltrade since she implemented reform. Export growth rate has sharply increased over the pastdecades, from USD 2,042 million in 1991 up to USD 14.308 billion in 2000. Export earnings havemade great contribution to meeting the demand for foreign currency of import in Vietnam.AlthoughVietnam¶s export turnover during the past few years has rocketed, therestill exist someuncertainties.

1/ Overview of export activity in Vietnam

Vietnam has trade relations with over 150 countries and territories. It is encouraging to see that ascompared with 10 years ago, our export growth has increased six-fold, tripling that of GDP. Exportturnover has for the past 10 years reached USD 67.3 billion with an annual growth rate of about 18.2%.In 2000, our total export values reached USD 14.3 billion (a 24% increase against last year) out of which,35%, 35.7% and 29.3% are contributed by heavy and mineral industries, light industry and agro-forestry-fishery sector respectively.

Export earnings in 2001 hit USD15.1billion (5.63% points below the government¶s 2001), much lower than the level targeted in the early 2001). The year 2001 is seen as a year full of difficulties andchallenges forVietnam¶s export activity. The Government in collaboration with relevantMinistries/agencies and local authorities has actively developed and taken a great deal of measures andpolicies on stimulating and boosting export.

According to the latest statistics of the recent survey on the current situation of business developmentand the private sector in Vietnam conducted by the Central Economic Management and ResearchInstitute, there are up to 81/336 (accounted for 24.2%) Vietnamese export enterprises having low or verylow competitiveness. Low or very low competitiveness can be much seen in the sector of light and heavyindustry or in other words, low or seemingly low competitiveness can be seen in some capital and hightech intensive industries. In an effort to facilitate export activity, boosting economic growth and gradualintegration into the global trade system, making full use of domestic economic potential, besides exportpolicy, it is advisable for Vietnam to have in place an export suppport mechanism that fit to therequirement of Vietnamese exporters.

Crude oil, textiles, clothing and footwear and fisheries products have been key components of Vietnam¶sexport success. In response to the slowdown in exports, a pressing concern for the government in thenear term is stimulating export activity. Concerned to maximise future exports, the government is takingsteps to sustain growth.

Plan of export activity in the years to come 2/ Prospective of setting up ECAs in Vietnam in the foreseeable future

With its relative insulation from the worst effects of the slowdown in global economic activity, Vietnam isexpected to grow faster than most of its Asian neighbours this year.

Presently, ECA is not available in Vietnam. However, a policy bank named EXIMBANK will be set up asplanned for the period 2003-2005. Boosting export activity is always one of the most important target setinVietnam¶s socio-economic development strategy. It is surely a long-term target for Vietnam in anattempt to make ours basically a modern-oriented industrialised country by 2020. In recognition of this,the establishment of ECAs in Vietnam has been taken into careful consideration.

On September 10, 2001, the Prime Minister signed Decision No. 133/2001/Q§-TTg on promulgation of



regulation on export support credit. Under provisions of this Regulation, DAF will implement exportsupport credit task but it won¶t implement export credit insurance (ECI). Yet, it is likely in future that ECIwill be one of the main functions of Vietnam¶s Eximbank.

Many export enterprises in Vietnam have shown concerns about the world current situation that maycause adverse influence to Vietnam¶s export activity (especially since the September 11 event in USA).Under this circumstance, ECI is increasingly becoming a tool of great usefulness for exporters. A seminar on ECI, which was held in HCM City on October 14, 2001, has caught attention from the businesscommunity. Vietnamese export enterprises are familiar with only insurance service for exports.

DAF is a State financial instituation, founded, organized and operated under Decree No. 50/1999/ND-CPdated July 8, 1999 of the government. DAF¶s functions are to mobilize medium and long-term funds,receive and manage capital sources of the State allocated in the form of development investment credit(inclusive of domestic and foreign ones) to implement the State¶s policy on development investmentassistance. DAF operates under the Charter ratified by the Prime Minister.

What is going on in the international trade has raised the demand for promoting ECI service. In thefuture, it is necessary to set up an ECA directly under the umbrella of the Government responsible for ECI. To this end, it requires capital and in-depth training as well. Thus, in the immediate future, when theidea of establishing a company specializing in providing insurance service hasn¶t been fully realized, it isbetter for export support organisations to conduct pilot ECI service and it will draw more experience after the establishment of the Eximbank or on the birth of the ECA.

3/ Support from APEC member economies

ECI activities have not yet been developed in Vietnam because in practice, Vietnamese exporters extendonly a small amount of credit to overseas importers or there seemed to be only a few cases thatVietnamese exporters extend credit to overseas importers due to insufficient or limited capital.Furthermore, there are a variety of risks in this kind of ECI activity such as importers¶ repayment inability,importers¶ non-receipt of goods or refusal to receive goods, risks of deferred payment etc...Consequently,it is very necessary to develop ECI activities in Vietnam with a view to encouraging Vietnamese exportersto diversify and multilateralise their export partners and markets and Vietnam needs support frominternational organisations in this field such as: experience, training for trade and investmentpractitioners...

Many banks are financially weak, with a shoestring equity capital. Their credit performance is poor andthey hold excessively high levels of overdue debt, posing financial risks to the whole banking system.Banking officials are currently unable to meet the increasing demand for suitable personnel for a modernbanking system in a fiercely competitive climate. Vietnam is making progress in developing the basicinfrastructure to support a modern banking system and financial markets. However, the government hasexpressed its intent to maintain central control over the financial system and therefore has been cautiousin implementing new financial instruments and markets.

At present, there are 2 most popular forms of export credit in Vietnam. They are: * Export Support Credit of the Government: - Medium and long-term export support credit including: + long and medium term investment loans + post-investment interest subsidy + investment credit guarantee - Short-term export support credit including: + short-term loan (including loans to export contracts with deferred payment up to 720 days) + Bid Bond and Performance Bond.

* Export Credit of Commercial Banks: mostly in the form of supporting working capital to buy materials for



processing exports as stipulated in L/C, signed in the foreign contract and order. This is the popular formof export credit in Vietnam.

As earlier mentioned, export credit in Vietnam mostly in the form of granting credit to exporters, the risksof this form is therefore mainly to be those of importers¶ insolvency. Key measures taken to overcomethese above risks is to improve loan project analysing and appraising skill, implementing regulation onloan guarantee.

In the years to come, Vietnam is going to expand its export activity The Role of Export Credit Agencies in Project Financing

y NOVEMBER 2008

RICHARD DRUMMOND- Legal adviser, office of the general counsel, Export Credits Guarantee Department, UK

Most European governments have set up an export credit agency as a government entity to promote, facilitate and

support the exports of goods and services.

Richard Drummond, Legal adviser, office of the general counsel, Export Credits Guarantee Department, UK.

The export credit agency will provide cover either by means of insurance to the exporters or bankers or by means of

a direct guarantee of payment to the bank covering a loan to an overseas borrower to finance the supply of goods

and services in the event of any default in payment by the buyer or the borrower under a loan agreement. Such

insurance cover or guarantees could be a combination of comprehensive cover (ie, commercial and political) or only

political risk cover.

Previously export credit agencies promoted exports through subsidies that assisted those exporters who were able to

obtain cover from them. Where credit agencies were involved, exporters were likely to offer more competitive

business terms. The use of credit agencies was and is helpful to exporters in those markets where the political

situation is more risky. Credit agencies can provide appropriate cover when commercial lenders are more reluctant totake political risks.

All countries that have official export credit agencies are now party to the "Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially

Supported Export Credits". The arrangement seeks to harmonise the support credit agencies offer, and applies to

officially supported export credits relating to contracts for sale of goods or services, or both, which have a repayment

term of two years or more. The arrangement does not apply to export of military equipment and agricultural

commodities. Special rules also apply to ships, nuclear power plants and aircraft.

The arrangement provides specific rules for project finance, which derogate from the usual Consensus Rules and

essentially provide for a longer repayment term of up to 14 years, and, depending on the nature of the transaction, for

repayments to be made in unequal instalments and for interest payments and principal repayments to be made lessfrequently than semi-annually. More flexible minimum repayments terms for project finance transactions are subject

to the following conditions:

the aggregate amount repaid in any single six-month period shall not exceed 25 per cent of the principal sum of the

credit;

the first repayment of principal shall be made no later than 24 months after the "starting point of credit" and must not



be less than 2 per cent of the principal sum of the credit;

interest must be paid no less frequently than every 12 months and the first interest payment shall be made no later

than six months from the starting point of credit; and

the weighted average life of the payment period must not exceed 7.25 years (or 5.25 years where the shorter 10-

year repayment term for high-income OECD countries applies).Some of the main export credit agencies with which the Export Credits Guarantee Department (ECGD) has done

business are Compagnie Française d'Assurance pour le Commerce Extérieur, France (Coface); Euler Hermes

Kreditversicherungs AG, Germany (Hermes); Istituto per i Servizi Assicurativi del Credito all'Esportazione, Italy

(SACE); Office National du Ducroire, Belgium (ONDD), Exportkreditnämnden, Sweden (EKN); Atradius, Netherlands

(Atradius); and Compañia Española de Seguros de Credito a la Exportación, Spain (CESCE).

The purpose of this paper is to concentrate on project financing and the relationship between ECAs, multilaterals,

lenders and sponsors in a typical project financing. As a result of developing country indebtedness and substantial

defaults on sovereign loans, the financial world, rather than depending on sovereign guarantees, has looked at other

forms of financing. Project finance became fashionable again in the mid-1990s, when a number of the ECAs set up

their own separate project finance units. Until then most projects would have been financed on the basis of buyer

credit loans, often with a guarantee from the state of the borrower or an acceptable bank in the borrower's country.

Exporters would have been paid in cash on shipment of their capital goods or by means of progress payments on the

presentation of qualifying certificates countersigned by the buyer to the financing banks. The relevant export agency

would have guaranteed that bank against the borrowers' failure to pay. From the mid-1990s many ECAs provided

coverage for the financing of power projects in different parts of the world, some of these being Pagbilao and Sual in

the Philippines, Shandong in China, San Pedro in the Dominican Republic and Manah Power Project in Oman. There

was also considerable involvement in India for several years with fast track Power Projects such as Dabhol, Vizag

Magalore and Bhadravati, where the ECAs relied on a guarantee from the government of India, but these other than

Dabhol were never completed because of structural issues. In recent years there has been a switch from power

projects to large oil, gas and pipeline projects, for example Qatargas, Ras Laffan, Oman LNG, Nigeria LNG and BTC

Pipeline. There is also considerable involvement by ECAs in the telecoms market, and in the ECGD's case

particularly with the Philippines, India and Kazakhstan.

In a typical power station financing, it would be normal for the project sponsors to establish the basic project

documentation before the export credit agencies and lenders became involved. The sponsors would have to

negotiate with the appropriate authorities any concession or authorisation agreement, including the terms of any

power purchase agreement; and any additional state support before deciding to seek outside tenders for the supplyof turbines and other power station equipment. As a result, key documents such as the power purchase agreement or

energy conversion agreement could well have reached the final stage even before lenders became involved.

Likewise, in an oil and gas project, the sponsors may well have negotiated the production-sharing agreement or a

development fiscal agreement with the authorities long before the lenders were on board. With a typical pipeline

project passing through many countries, an intergovernmental treaty between the countries concerned may be

required, and then individual host government agreements with the different countries to deal with local law issues



such as the licensing regime, stabilisation clauses and rights of enforcement. Setting up such a complicated project

structure means that the documentation may well have been agreed up front so that when the ECAs become

involved - to protect their position - they must rely on negotiating particular terms into the direct agreements and

assignment of the relevant project documentation to the lenders as part of their security package.

In the past, commercial lenders were often initially involved in negotiating a draft term sheet with the sponsors andbecause they were concerned about winning the mandate for the financing would often make concessions in the full

knowledge that when the export credit agencies and multilaterals became involved they would rely on them to

reinstate relevant provisions of the term sheet that were particularly applicable and of concern to the ECAs.

From this it would seem that the sooner the ECA and multilaterals become involved, the better. The sponsors need to

realise that the project documentation must be sold as a viable and bankable package to the ECAs and multilaterals.

If the appropriate concession, power purchase or production sharing agreement has reached the final negotiation

stage, then it becomes far more difficult for the ECAs and multilaterals to renegotiate substantial clauses, should

defects be found. Failure to rectify such defects could determine the type of risks that the export credit agencies and

the multilaterals are prepared to accept.

The European ECAs, as a whole, cover against a similar mixture of commercial and political risks, and there is not

much variation. Whereas Coface, Hermes, CESCE and other European ECAs provide up to 95 per cent cover to the

banks, the Export Credits Guarantee Department offers up to 100 per cent comprehensive cover (ie, commercial and

political risk cover) or up to 100 per cent political risk cover. In the case of political risk cover the ECGD would

normally cover war, moratorium, expropriation, transfer risks and cancellation of UK licences. Depending on the

nature of the project, however, additional enhanced political risk cover can be provided for breach of government

undertakings, change in the law, change in taxation, concessions and non-payment by the government of the

borrower's country of certain financial obligations under a government guarantee. In this latter respect, if the ECAs

were to provide enhanced political risk cover then they would look to see that the project documentation contained

certain mitigations in respect of such additional political risks. If cover was required for change in law or taxation or

the maintaining or revocation of appropriate licences, or both, the ECAs and multilaterals would seek a memorandum

of understanding or letter of comfort to ensure that the government behind the project would not interfere, and that

there would be no changes of law that would affect the terms of the project or that a relevant licence would not be

revoked, which would prevent the construction of the project during a specified time.

The export credit agencies should be considered for providing cover for the financing of limited recourse projects for

many reasons. As mentioned above most of the ECAs now have defined project finance schemes and over many

years have built up considerable experience of supporting a variety of project finance transactions. The ECAs arealso highly seasoned participants in emerging markets, and they are less sensitive to political turmoil than private

lenders. The ECAs have long-established relationships with key players, for example host governments, power

corporations and utilities.

Because of the amounts involved in financing large projects, a significant number of sponsors often wish to see a

diversified lending structure and a broader spread of risk-sharers. In return the ECAs recognise the need for flexibility



when supporting project financings. The ECAs are able to cover a variety of cover options in respect of political and

commercial risks pre-and post-completion. Sponsors and lenders often value the independent approach ECAs take in

negotiations, often raising issues that are arguably too sensitive for the sponsors to pursue. Capital markets also

recognise the potential for the diplomatic route to resolve any particularly sensitive issues. This inevitably has

occurred when negotiating host government agreements' letters of undertaking.The ECAs can consider supporting finance by arranging local currencies best suited to the project revenue steam.

This may be appropriate when it's an infrastructure project that is not generating US-dollar income. ECAs can support

financing available at floating or fixed interest rates.

ECAs are prepared to consider pre-payment of ECA loans at or beyond the completion stage if capital market funding

is introduced at a later stage. In such cases ECAs can be said to be almost the lenders of last resort. The sponsors

obtain early commitments from the ECAs, whereas bond issue may only happen much later after the project has

been rated.

The ECAs will wish to take an active role in the project's due diligence review and in the negotiating of the terms of

any project financing. This will often involve face-to-face discussion with lenders and sponsors. The ECAs do not sit

back and react to proposals but are in the forefront of discussions, influencing and shaping the finance package,

without slowing negotiations.

ECA-supported finance can act as a lever to facilitate additional commercial financing of the project as ECGD-

supported loans attract zero weighting. Because the ECAs have considerable experience supporting project finance

both independently and collectively, they are now used to working as a team with the lenders and can now also

coordinate their activity in sharing information and lawyers, depending on the nature of the transaction.

The ECAs can keep pace with the lenders but also recognise the ability of capital markets to move quickly in certain

situations, especially after most of the project's due diligence review has been completed. Where transactions are

complex, ECAs may be included to provide cover, but this should not cause delays. Any delays in negotiation

normally arise from unattractive propositions, poorly constructed deals and slowness in providing adequate

information. If the ECAs are provided with adequate information at the beginning of the due diligence process this can

help speed up matters and allow the ECAs to be able to evaluate a project sooner.

The ECAs now cooperate extensively, building on the strengths of each to meet the huge demands for future long-

term financing. To the extent that ECAs have entered into various multi-sourcing agreements, this can reduce the

need for separate loans in certain cases. The ECAs' investment insurance for political risk can be a relatively simple

and quick means of obtaining cover for an untied loan or equity contribution for a project financing.

For the ECAs and multilaterals to obtain the appropriate approvals from their credit committees or boards, a full due

diligence review of the project is necessary, and before the ECAs can agree to provide cover for any commercial and

political risks a full appraisal of the project must be carried out, allowing consultants, independent of the sponsors, to

confirm the validity of the sponsors' assumptions, which normally would be included in their preliminary or final

information memorandum. Invariably, the ECAs will be looking to appoint a financial consultant to advise them on the

project cash flows, the banking case and advice on the bankability of the project. Other consultants such as the



reserves consultant would advise on the capacity of the reserves for the sponsors and project company to be able to

fulfil their obligations in an oil and gas project or the technical consultant would advise on the capacity to take up the

power supply by companies and individual customers and whether there is sufficient take up to make a power project

bankable for the ECAs, multilaterals and lenders. The ECAs will particularly require the appointment of environmental

consultants to carry out due diligence reviews to ensure that World Bank Guidelines, EU directives and local lawrequirements are being observed, particularly in respect of oil and gas, pipeline and power projects. Furthermore,

rights of way, deforestation of land, the flora and fauna, resettlement action plans, and, in respect of oil and gas

projects, suitable oil spill response plans will need to be considered. The lenders' advisers will check out the

sponsors' advisers output and confirm whether the figures, assumptions and facts make the project viable to finance

and to cover. In recent years, because large projects tend to involve a number of ECAs and multilaterals, there has

been a move to share advisers to try and avoid unnecessary costs. Lenders have also shared in the reports to the

consultants to mitigate the costs. The ECGD and the other ECAs are happy to share consultants' findings with

commercial banks and multilaterals. The ECAs or multilaterals will only reserve their position to appoint their own

individuals where there are conflicts or a separate duty of care relationship is required with particular consultants.

APPROACHING THE ECGD AND OTHER ECAS

Usually, the initial approach starts off with a roadshow where the sponsors and financial advisers will explain the

nature of the project to the ECAs, discussing the merits of the project; details of the financing plan; the nature of the

economics; the project documentation involved such as fuel supply, water supply and transportation facilities in power

projects or production-share agreements, development fiscal agreements, host agreements and inter-governmental

treaties for oil and gas and pipeline projects. This is followed by a formal application by the nominated lender or lead

bank, usually after the contract has been awarded to a supplier in the relevant ECA country.

In the UK, on receipt of such information and provided that the ECGD is happy with the feasibility, robustness and

viability of the project, and the soundness of the participants, and that there is an adequate political, legal and

regulatory environment, and a financing structure allowing for all contingencies, then the ECGD should be able to

provide a letter of intent providing the terms of support and terms of how such documentation will be negotiated.

SHARING THE RISKS: ECGD COMFORT ZONE AND COMMERCIAL RISK

Total capital costs breakdown

Equity - Normally not less than 25 %

Export credit agencies - Normally less than 60%

Of which ECGD - Normally less than 40%

Other lenders - Normally more than 15%

For the ECGD there is a minimum requirement of £20 million for it to consider a project financing cost-effective.

For the ECGD and other ECAs to proceed with their due diligence review, they would particularly like:

a description of the project giving its location and proximity to essential supplies and infrastructure;

a description of the sponsors, shareholders and any host government involvement;

details of the overall cost and the proposed financing plan explaining the full capital costs of the project and how the



capital costs are broken down between the various lenders, ECAs, equity holders and other financiers;

a full list of agreements envisaged and their status; and

what support is requested from the ECGD and other ECAs.

Some of the key issues considered before the ECGD and other ECAs could agree to provide cover would be:

risk of government interference; availability or vulnerability of commodities or service for the duration of the credit;

security of revenue stream;

sufficient amounts dedicated; and

legal risks and range of laws involved.

In addition the ECGD has built up its own business principles unit to take care of environmental and social issues.

The unit has adopted principles to guide business practices and policies on matters such as human rights,

sustainable development, sustainable debt, business integrity and transparency. All applications for cover are now

screened for project impact in terms of environment, and social and human rights.

Tín d ng th ng m i là lo i tín d ng r t ph bi n trong tín d ng qu c t , là l o i tín d ng gi a các nhà doanh nghi p c p cho nhau vay, không có stham gia c a ngân hàng ho c c ng có th hi u là lo i tín d ng c c p b ng hàng hóa d ch v ch không ph i b ng ti n. Có ba lo i tín d ng th ngm i1.Tí n d ng th ng m i c p cho nhà nh p kh u(g i là tín d ng xu t kh u) là lo i tí n d ng do ng i xu t kh u c p cho ng i nh p kh u y m nhxu t kh u hàng hóa. Tím d ng xu t kh u c c p d i hình th c ch p nh n h i phi u và m tài kho n

y C p tín d ng b ng ch p nh n h i phi u t c là th ng nhân nh p kh u ký ch p nh n tr ti n vào h i phi u do ng i xu t kh u ký phát nh n b ch ng t hàng hóa thông qua ngân hàng ho c ng i xu t kh u g i tr c ti p cho h . Th i h n c a lo i tín d ng này ph thu c vàos th a thu n c a hai bên bán và mua. Tuy nhiên phòng tránh r i ro lu t các n c th ng can thi p b ng cách nh ra th i h n cholo i tín d ng này. Ví d , lu t n c Anh, Pháp quy nh th i h n t 30 n 90 ngày, lu t M là 180 ngày, lu t Nh t B n quy nh t 180 n360 ngày.

y C p tín d ng b ng cách m tài kho n t c là th ng nhân xu t kh u và th ng nhân nh p kh u ký v i nhau h p ng mua bán hàng hóa,trong ó qui nh quy n c a bên bán c m m t tài kho n ghi n bên mua sau m i chuy n giao hàng mà bên bán ã th c hi n. Saut ng th i gian nh t nh, ng i mua s ph i thanh toán s n ó b ng chuy n ti n, chuy n Séc ho c b ng K phi u tr ti n ngay.

2.Tí n d ng th ng m i c p cho ng i xu t kh u(g i là tín d ng nh p kh u) là lo i tín d ng do ng i nh p kh u c p cho ng i xu t kh u nh phàng thu n l i. Hình th c t n t i c a lo i tín d ng nay là ti n ng tr c nh p hàng. Vi c ng ti n tr c có tính ch t khác nhau tùy theo t ngtr ng h p c th . N u ng i xu t kh u thi u v n do ph i th c hi n các h p ng xu t kh u có kim ng ch l n thì ti n ng tr c mang tính ch t tínd ng; còn ng c l i, n u ng i xu t kh u không tin vào kh n ng th c hi n h p ng c a ng i nh p kh u mà b t ph i t c c cho vi c giao hàng,ti n ng tr c mang tí nh ch t là v t m b o th c hi n h p ng. Kho n ti n ng tr c c hoàn tr b ng cách kh u tr d n vào s ti n hàng theot l c nh ho c theo t l t ng d n ho c ch m t l n vào chuy n hàng giao cu i cùng.3.Tí n d ng nhà môi gi i c p cho ng i xu t kh u và nh p kh u: các ngân hàng th ng nghi p c l n th ng không c p tín d ng tr c ti p cho cácnhà xu t nh p kh u mà thông qua nhà môi gi i, lo i hình này s d ng r ng rãi các n c Anh, c, B và Hà Lan. Ng i môi gi i là các công ty l n,có v n vay c t các ngân hàng, hình th c c p tín d ng r t a d ng. Ví d c p cho nhà xu t kh u g m cho vay không ph i c m c hàng hóa, chovay c m c ch ng t hàng hóa, cho vay chi t kh u h i phi u«M i tín d ng c a ng i môi gi i u là tín d ng ng n h n.

Vài nét v TÍN D NG XU T KH U(04/09/2008) Ti p theo "Vài nét v chính sách TÍN D NG UT C A NHÀ N C(1 & 2)", VDB xin gi i thi ucác quy nh hi n hành v chính sách "tín d ng xu t kh u".

TÍN D NG XU T KH U M c 1

CHO VAY XU T KH U i u 20. Các hình th c cho vay xu t kh u 1. Cho nhà xu t kh u vay, bao g m cho vay tr c ho c sau khi giao hàng.



2. Cho nhà nh p kh u vay. i u 21. i t ng cho vayNhà xu t kh u có h p ng xu t kh u và nhà nh p kh u có h p ng nh p kh u hàng hoá thu c Danh

m c m t hàng vay v n tín d ng xu t kh u c ban hành kèm theo Ngh nh này. i u 22. i u ki n cho vay1. Thu c i t ng vay v n theo quy nh t i i u 21 c a Ngh nh này. 2. Nhà xu t kh u ã ký k t h p ng xu t kh u. Nhà nh p kh u có h p ng nh p kh u ã ký k t v i doanh

nghi p, t ch c kinh t Vi t Nam. 3. Ph ng án s n xu t kinh doanh có hi u qu c Ngân hàng Phát tri n Vi t Nam th m nh và ch p thu ncho vay.

4. Nhà xu t kh u, nhà nh p kh u có n ng l c pháp lu t, n ng l c hành vi dân s y . 5. Ngoài các i u ki n quy nh t i kho n 1, 2, 3 và 4 i u này: a) Nhà xu t kh u ph i th c hi n các quy nh v b o m ti n vay t i Ngh nh này; ph i mua b o hi m tài

s n t i m t công ty b o hi m ho t ng h p pháp t i Vi t Nam i v i tài s n hình thành t v n vay thu c i t ngmua b o hi m b t bu c trong su t th i h n vay v n;

b) Nhà nh p kh u ph i c Chính ph ho c Ngân hàng trung ng c a n c bên nhà nh p kh u b o lãnhvay v n.

i u 23. M c v n cho vay 1. M c cho vay t i a b ng 85% giá tr h p ng xu t kh u, nh p kh u ã ký ho c giá tr L/C i v i cho vay

tr c khi giao hàng ho c tr giá h i phi u h p l i v i cho vay sau khi giao hàng. 2. M c v n cho vay i v i t ng tr ng h p do Ngân hàng Phát tri n Vi t Nam quy t nh theo quy nh t ikho n 1 i u này.

i u 24. Th i h n cho vay 1. Th i h n cho vay xác nh theo kh n ng thu h i v n phù h p v i c i m c a t ng h p ng xu t kh u

và kh n ng tr n c a nhà xu t kh u ho c nhà nh p kh u nh ng không quá 12 tháng. 2. Tr ng h p c n thi t, th i h n cho vay trên 12 tháng thì nhà xu t kh u m i i u ki n th c hi n h p

ng xu t kh u, Ngân hàng Phát tri n Vi t Nam ngh B Tài chính xem xét, quy t nh. i u 25. ng ti n và lãi su t cho vay 1. ng ti n cho vay là ng Vi t Nam (VN ). Vi c cho vay b ng ngo i t c th c hi n b ng ng ngo i t

t do chuy n i i v i h p ng xu t kh u có nhu c u nh p kh u nguyên li u mà nhà xu t kh u có ngu n thungo i t tr n .

2. Lãi su t cho vay tín d ng xu t kh u b ng ng Vi t Nam và b ng ngo i t t do chuy n i, giao B Tàichính quy t nh theo nguyên t c phù h p v i lãi su t th tr ng. 3. Lãi su t n quá h n b ng 150% lãi su t cho vay trong h n theo h p ng tín d ng.

4. B tr ng B Tài chính công b lãi su t cho vay tín d ng xu t kh u Ngân hàng Phát tri n Vi t Nam th chi n. S l n công b lãi su t hàng n m t i a là 2 l n.

i u 26. Th c hi n gi i ngân, thu n Ngân hàng Phát tri n Vi t Nam tr c ti p gi i ngân, thu n ho c y thác cho các t ch c tài chính, tín d ng

ho t ng h p pháp trong n c và ngoài n c th c hi n gi i ngân và thu n . M c 2

B O LÃNHTÍN D NG XU T KH U i u 27. i t ng b o lãnh i t ng b o lãnh là nhà xu t kh u có h p ng xu t kh u hàng hoá thu c Danh m c m t hàng vay v n tín

d ng xu t kh u, nh ng không vay v n tín d ng xu t kh u c a nhà n c. i u 28. i u ki n b o lãnh 1. Thu c i t ng b o lãnh theo quy nh t i i u 27 Ngh nh này và có nhu c u b o lãnh vay v n c a

các t ch c tín d ng khác. 2. Có n ng l c pháp lu t, n ng l c hành vi dân s y . 3. H i các i u ki n quy nh t i các kho n 2, 3, 4 và 5 i u 22 Ngh nh này.

i u 29. Th i h n b o lãnh



Th i h n b o lãnh phù h p v i th i h n vay v n theo H p ng tín d ng ã ký gi a nhà xu t kh u v i t

ch c tín d ng nh ng t i a là 12 tháng. i u 30. M c b o lãnh, phí b o lãnh 1. M c b o lãnh cho nhà xu t kh u vay v n không quá 85% giá tr h p ng xu t kh u ho c giá tr L/C. 2. Nhà xu t kh u c b o lãnh ph i tr phí b o lãnh b ng 1%/n m trên s d tín d ng c b o lãnh.

i u 31. Trách nhi m tài chính khi nhà xu t kh u không tr c n c áp d ng theo quy nh t i i u 19Ngh nh này. M c 3

B O LÃNH D TH U VÀ B O LÃNHTH C HI N H P NG i u 32. i t ng b o lãnhNhà xu t kh u tham gia d th u ho c th c hi n h p ng xu t kh u hàng hoá thu c Danh m c m t hàng vay

v n tín d ng xu t kh u.

i u 33. i u ki n b o lãnh1. Thu c i t ng theo quy nh t i i u 32 Ngh nh này, có nhu c u b o lãnh d th u và b o lãnh th c

hi n h p ng xu t kh u. 2. Có tài li u h p pháp ch ng minh yêu c u c a phía n c ngoài v b o lãnh d th u ho c b o lãnh th c

hi n h p ng xu t kh u. 3. Nhà xu t kh u c b o lãnh d th u và b o lãnh th c hi n h p ng xu t kh u ph i có n ng l c tài chính

tham gia d th u ho c th c hi n h p ng xu t kh u c Ngân hàng Phát tri n Vi t Nam th m nh và ch pthu n b o lãnh. i u 34. Th i h n b o lãnh Th i h n b o lãnh d th u và b o lãnh th c hi n h p ng xu t kh u phù h p v i th i h n th c hi n ngh a

v c a nhà xu t kh u. i u 35. M c b o lãnh, phí b o lãnh

1. M c b o lãnh t i a không quá 3% giá d th u i v i b o lãnh d th u và t i a không quá 15% giá trh p ng xu t kh u i v i b o lãnh th c hi n h p ng xu t kh u.

2. Nhà xu t kh u c b o lãnh ph i tr phí b o lãnh là 0,5%/n m trên giá tr b o lãnh nh ng t i a b ng 100tri u ng/1 h p ng b o lãnh.

i u 36. Trách nhi m tài chính c a nhà xu t kh u khi Ngân hàng Phát tri n Vi t Nam ph i th c hi n ngh a vb o lãnh cho bên n c ngoài Nhà xu t kh u c b o lãnh ph i nh n n b t bu c s ti n Ngân hàng Phát tri n Vi t Nam ã tr cho bênn c ngoài và ph i ch u lãi su t ph t b ng 150% lãi su t cho vay tín d ng xu t kh u tính trên s ti n nh n n .

(Trích Ngh nh 151/2006/N -CP ngày 20/12/2006 c a Chính ph )

Nh ng l i ích t b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh uCá c hình th c h tr xu t kh u t i Vi t Nam nh ng n m qua ch y u là cá c bi n phá p htr u ra cho s n ph m, còn mang tính bao c p, vì v y n uá p d ng lâu dài s khôngkhuy n khích tính ch ng và sá ng t o c a doanh nghi p, ng th i không phù h p v icá c quy nh c a WTO.

Có m t hình th c khá ph bi n ã c nhi u n c trên th gi i áp d ng là b o hi m tín dxu t kh u (export credit insurance): b o hi m cho các lo i r i ro mà nhà xu t kh u có th g ph i l i ch a c áp d ng t i Vi t Nam.

có th s m a hình th c này vào h tr các doanh nghi p xu t kh u, B Công Th ngB Tài chính v a qua ã ph i h p t ch c m t h i th o qu c t v b o hi m tín d ng xu



v i s tham gia c a nhi u chuyên gia b o hi m trong và ngoài n c. Chúng tôi l c ghi mki n tham lu n t i h i th o.

" Nhi u c h i ti p c n v n cho doanh nghi p" (Ông Ph m Th D ng, V tr ng V Xu t nh p kh u, B Công Th ng)

"K t khi gia nh p WTO, các chính sách tr c p xu t kh u c a Vi t Nam nh th ng thànxu t kh u, th ng v t kim ng ch xu t kh u, tr c p thay th nh p kh u hay chính sách tíng n h n h tr xu t kh u do Qu H tr phát tri n (nay là Ngân hàng Phát tri n Vi t Namhi n t n m 2001 d i hình th c cho vay lãi su t u ãi, theo quy nh c a WTO, ã khôn

c th c hi n.

phù h p v i các cam k t khi gia nh p WTO, Chính ph ã ti n hành i m i c ch hd ng cho các doanh nghi p theo h ng tham kh o và áp d ng các c ch h tr tín d ng chxu t kh u c a T ch c H p tác và Phát tri n kinh t (OECD) c WTO công nh n.

Các c ch và chính sách h tr xu t kh u hi n ang c áp d ng là: h tr v xúc ti n tm i, h tr v xây d ng th ng hi u, h tr ào t o cho doanh nghi p và h tr tín d ng và tín d ng xu t kh u. Chính ph ã ban hành Ngh nh s 151/2006/N -CP ngày 20/12/2v tín d ng u t và tín d ng xu t kh u c a Nhà n c.

Các bi n pháp h tr tín d ng này t p trung vào các công c cho vay u t , b o lãnh tín du t , h tr sau u t ; cho vay xu t kh u (cho nhà xu t kh u và nhà nh p kh u vay), b

tín d ng xu t kh u, b o lãnh d th u và b o lãnh th c hi n h p ng. Tuy nhiên nh ng hnày c ánh giá là ch a áp ng yêu c u, nhu c u c a doanh nghi p trong vi c phát tri nhàng xu t kh u và m r ng th tr ng xu t kh u.

ti p t c h tr các doanh nghi p xu t kh u trong tình hình m i, B Công Th ng hi n ch trì, ph i h p cùng B Tài chính và các b , ngành nghiên c u phát tri n thêm m t s hìnth c h tr xu t kh u m i, phù h p v i các quy nh c a WTO, mà m t trong nh ng hình

ó là b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u. ây là hình th c khá ph bi n trên th gi i, nh ng l i cc áp d ng t i Vi t Nam.

Ho t ng b o hi m này phát tri n m nh t i châu Âu, chi m 80% th ph n doanh s thu phi m tín d ng xu t kh u toàn th gi i, c bi t nh Pháp, Hà Lan, c, Tây Ban Nha. Bhi m tín d ng xu t kh u c ng c các n c châu Á nh Nh t B n, Hàn Qu c, Trung Qu

áp d ng có hi u qu giúp doanh nghi p y m nh xu t kh u.

Hi n n n kinh t Vi t Nam h i nh p sâu r ng vào n n kinh t th gi i, nhu c u m r ng thtr ng xu t kh u i v i các doanh nghi p là t t y u và ph i c nh tranh kh c li t h n v idoanh nghi p n c ngoài. Do v y, nhu c u v hình th c b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u là ccho doanh nghi p và các t ch c tín d ng. B o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u s t o ra nhi u ch n cho các doanh nghi p trong vi c ti p c n các ngu n v n tín d ng, phát tri n m t hàng vtr ng xu t kh u, yên tâm h n khi thâm nh p các th tr ng xu t kh u nhi u r i ro."



" C húng tôi an tâm h n tr c cá c r i ro" (Bà Tr n Th Thúy Hoa, T ng th ký Hi p h i Cao su Vi t Nam)

"Cao su là m t trong ba m t hàng nông s n có kim ng ch xu t kh u l n nh t trong nhi u nqua Vi t Nam. Tr c tình hình giá c th ng xuyên bi n ng l n, nh m giúp h i viên gi

thi u r i ro v giá, Hi p h i cao su Vi t Nam ã thành l p Qu b o hi m xu t kh u ngànhcao su t tháng 12/2006. Ngu n thu c a Qu là t 1% doanh thu xu t kh u c a các h i viên gia vào Qu .

Qu ã thu c 50 t ng n m 2007 và d ki n n m 2008 là 56 t ng. M c ích c a kh c ph c và h n ch r i ro trong xu t kh u cao su do thay i giá, th tr ng m i ch a r i ro trong quá trình s n xu t hàng xu t kh u. Qu còn h tr cho h i viên vay trung và ngh n y m nh s n xu t, xu t kh u cao su, c ng nh ho t ng xúc ti n th ng m i. Hdo giá c thu n l i nên Qu ch a s d ng cho tr ng h p r i ro v giá mà ch y u h tr Hviên ch u r i ro do thiên tai làm h h i v n cây, gây nh h ng n s n l ng xu t kh u

Hi n ngành cao su có kho ng 100 doanh nghi p xu t kh u n h n 45 qu c gia, trong ó cdoanh nghi p xu t kh u l n. Trong t ng lai, s n l ng cao su Vi t Nam xu t kh u c dt ng g p ôi, t 600-700 ngàn t n lên n 1-1,2 tri u t n vào n m 2020. Vì v y, nhu c u mth tr ng m i và ngu n khách hàng m i r t c n thi t bên c nh th tr ng truy n th ng.

Hi n th tr ng Trung Qu c phát tri n nhanh và th tr ng ông Âu, Trung ông, Nam Mchâu Phi có nhi u ti m n ng t ng tr ng do các nhà s n xu t ô tô, l p xe chuy n d n sang nhân công d i dào và giá c nh tranh. Nh ng nhi u doanh nghi p còn ng i m r ng sang cáctr ng m i này vì tính r i ro cao trong thanh toán.

Ngành cao su c n b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u vì ây là hình th c khuy n khích các nhà nh

kh u n c ngoài mua s n ph m Vi t Nam khi Vi t Nam mu n gi i thi u s n ph m vào thtr ng m i. B o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u c ng c n cho các nhà u t ra n c ngoài vì hingành cao su u t r t nhi u vào các n c Lào và Campuchia. Cho nên, bên c nh vi c nh

c tín d ng t các ngân hàng, các nhà u t c ng c n b o hi m t i thi u trong vòng 3 nkhông b r i ro v v n."

"B o hi m tín d ng Nhà n c và b o hi m tín d ng th ng m i" (Ông Jef Vincent - Tr ng ph trách khu v c châu Á, Công ty Hermes ( c)

S khác nhau gi a b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u có Nhà n c b o tr và th ng m i th hinhi u m t. Tr c h t, c quan b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u c Nhà n c b o tr (ECA ph m vi ho t ng t m qu c gia và mang tính b tr . Nhà n c ch b o hi m khi các cô b o hi m v i trách nhi m c a mình không th ho c không mu n c p lo i b o hi m ó.

Trong khi ó, c quan b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u th ng m i trong th p niên qua ch ycác t p oàn qu c t Euler Hermes, Coface, Atradius. Lo i hình này cung c p b o hi m tín xu t kh u cho b t k r i ro nào c cho là s thu l i nhu n trong th i gian dài.



Trên th gi i, các n c thu c OECD (T ch c h p tác và phát tri n kinh t ) có tho thu n nnguyên t c h ng d n v ph m vi b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u c Nhà n c b o tr vh n tín d ng t 2 n m tr lên. Các nguyên t c này nh m t o môi tr ng bình ng trong ctranh qu c t .

Ví d , t l phí b o hi m khác bi t d a trên tiêu chí lo i qu c gia và th i gian c p tín d ngv i nh ng s n ph m nh t nh. Còn nhà b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u th ng m i không thi n nhi u ho t ng kinh doanh theo tiêu chí th i gian c p tín d ng v t quá 2 n m. H ckhông b nh h ng b i s ng thu n c a t ch c OECD và không có tho thu n t ng tcác nhà b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u th ng m i.

i v i mô hình ho t ng c a Euler Hermes, trong l ch s , n m 1926, Chính ph c ã mkhuy n khích xu t kh u. Tuy nhiên, các nhà b o hi m tín d ng t nhân ch a th i phó vnh ng r i ro v chính tr có th nh h ng n xu t kh u sang các n c kém phát tri n. Ttình hình này, Hermes c giao nhi m v b o hi m xu t kh u trên toàn lãnh th c v i tcách là nhà tái b o hi m 100% i v i các r i ro chính tr và th m ho .

T 1949, chúng tôi ã và ang qu n lý c ch m b o xu t kh u chính th c thay m t và bm l i ích cho C ng hoà Liên bang c. Hi n, EH qu n lý và b o hi m r i ro tín d ng

các kho n ph i thu th ng m i, các giao d ch t doanh nghi p-doanh nghi p, b o hi m r id ng ng n h n."

8 hình th c b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u c a KEIC (Ông Lee Seok Jin, Tr ng v n phòng i di n t i Tp.HCM, Công ty B o hi m xu t kh u Hàn Qu c)

"Công ty B o hi m xu t kh u Hàn Qu c (KEIC - Korea Export Insurance Corporation) là mdoanh nghi p nhà n c, cung c p các d ch v b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u t i Hàn Qu c.

nay, KEIC có các hình th c b o hi m sau ây:B o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u ng n h n: Áp d ng cho các giao d ch xu t kh u có th i h n toán 2 n m. Các giao d ch gi a công ty m và các chi nhánh không c tính vào ph m vi bhi m tín d ng ng n h n.

i v i lo i h p ng b o hi m c th , ng i c b o hi m ch n giao d ch có liên quans t ng v vi c và KEIC s xem xét kh n ng b o hi m. i v i lo i h p ng b o hi m b : KEIC b o hi m toàn b các giao d ch c a ng i c b o hi m theo m t th a thu n gi a hai bên. Cho dù s ti n b o hi m l n n m c nào, thì KEIC c ng t ra m c b i th

a và nhà xu t kh u ph i t qu n lý các r i ro c a mình.

B o lãnh ngân hàng tín d ng xu t kh u sau khi giao hàng: Trong tr ng h p m t nh ch chính m r ng ph m vi tài tr xu t kh u cho m t nhà xu t kh u v i i u ki n là nh n ch ng t v n chuy n ho c hóa n xu t kh u. KEIC h tr vi c àm phán vay n c a ngkh u, b ng cách cung c p cho ngân hàng ch ng th b o m thanh toán l i c a nhà xu t kh

B o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u nông th y s n: Trong tr ng h p không có kh n ng xu t kh ph m nông nghi p và thu s n, tình tr ng không thanh toán ho c thi t h i do vi c th c hi



nhi m xu t kh u b t ch p r i ro v giá sau khi k t thúc h p ng xu t kh u, KEIC b o hir i ro này cho nhà xu t kh u.

Các lo i r i ro c b o hi m g m có giá s n ph m t ng, m t kh n ng xu t kh u, ng ikhông thanh toán.

B o hi m xúc ti n th tr ng n c ngoài: KEIC b o hi m cho m t s thi t h i khi thu nhnhà xu t kh u t các ho t ng xúc ti n n c ngoài không t ng x ng v i các chi phí bcho các ho t ng này. Ví d , ho t ng tri n lãm ho c h i ch n c ngoài do các c qun c và h i ngh nghi p t ch c. Các ho t ng tri n lãm bán hàng c s tài tr c a cáthu c c quan nhà n c ho c các h i ngh nghi p.

B o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u trung và dài h n: Tr c khi giao hàng, KEIC b o hi m cho s b i c a nhà xu t kh u i v i hàng xu t kh u l n, nh nhà máy công nghi p, máy móc và do các r i ro chính tr và th ong m i trong qúa trình s n xu t. i v i các giao d ch tr chtrung và dài h n, KEIC b o hi m vi c ng i mua ho c ng i vay không thanh toán l i sau

ngân hàng Hàn Qu c ho c ngân hàng n c ngoài ã cho ng i mua, ho c ngân hàng c a ngmua vay trong th i h n h n 2 n m.

B o hi m u t n c ngoài: KEIC b o v nhà u t i v i các thi t h i do vi c ng ngd án u t n c ngoài c a nhà u t , vì các nguyên do chính tr hay chi n tranh, h n chuy n nh ng, ho c vi ph m h p ng c a chính ph n c ch nhà. Các kho n thi t h i bao g m vi c không có kh n ng thu h i v n, lãi, ho c c t c và trách nhi m b o lãnh. Cácth c u t n c ngoài c b o hi m bao g m: ch ng khoán, trái phi u doanh nghi p, tránhi m b o lãnh, quy n s h u b t ng s n...

B o hi m công trình xây d ng n c ngoài: KEIC b o hi m các thi t h i do không có kh

ti p t c vi c xu t kh u thi t b xây d ng theo k ho ch sau khi ã ký h p ng v i công tn c ngoài; ho c không nh n c ti n thanh toán cho công trình ã hoàn thành, m t quyh u tài s n v i các thi t b ã mang vào a i m xây d ng. Các giao d ch c b o hi mg m: công trình xây d ng n c ngoài, các d án thi t k k thu t n c ngoài, xu t khthu t, xu t kh u tích h p h th ng...

B o hi m r i ro ngo i h i: KEIC b i th ng ho c thu h i kho n n còn l i so v i m c t ngo i h i c b o hi m v i m c c nh ra lúc xu t kh u hàng hóa ho c u th u nhnguyên li u thô cho xu t kh u..."

" Gi m gá nh n ng cho ngân sá ch Nhà n c" (Ông Tr nh Thanh Hoan, V tr ng V B ohi m, B Tài chính)

"B o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u là lo i b o hi m cho kho n thanh toán ch m tr trong m t tgian c a nhà nh p kh u hàng hóa ho c d ch v n c ngoài. Mô hình t ch c b o hi m tín xu t kh u t i các n c có khác nhau, tùy thu c vai trò c a nhà n c.

Nhà n c v a n m s h u v a th c hi n kinh doanh (nh t i các n c Indonesia, Moroco, L p, Hàn Qu c...); Nhà n c n m s h u, m t ph n ho t ng kinh doanh c chuy n ch



nhân (nh t i Pháp, c, Ba Lan...); Nhà n c ch n m vai trò s h u, còn toàn b ho t kinh doanh do t nhân th c hi n (t i Trung Qu c, Slovenia, C ng hòa Séc...); nhà n c ch m t trong nh ng c ông, kinh doanh hoàn toàn theo nguyên t c th ng m i (t i Tây Ban N Na Uy...).

Vai trò c a b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u c ng c xác nh là thúc y các ho t nxu t hàng hóa và d ch v . C th là i v i doanh nghi p: b o v tài chính cho nhà xu t kht ng kh n ng ti p c n th tr ng qu c t và phát tri n k n ng tài chính cho nhà xu t khv i qu c gia xu t kh u: thúc y t ng tr ng kinh t , c i thi n cán cân thanh toán và t o cvi c làm cho ng i lao ng.

Hi n nay t i Vi t Nam, theo các quy nh pháp lu t hi n hành thì b o hi m tín d ng xu t km t trong b y nghi p v b o hi m phi nhân th . Các doanh nghi p b o hi m phi nhân th ch ng trong vi c tri n khai s n ph m b o hi m (theo Ngh nh 45/2007/N -CP ngày27/3/2007); ch c n ng ký quy t c, i u kho n, bi u phí s n ph m b o hi m v i B Tàitr c khi áp d ng (theo Ngh nh 42/2001/N -CP ngày 01/8/2001).

Th tr ng b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u c a Vi t Nam còn r t l n. Hi n nay các doanh ngm i ch tri n khai b o hi m hàng hóa xu t kh u m c th p, c kho ng 5% hàng xu t.

ã n lúc c n thi t tri n khai lo i hình b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u t i Vi t Nam, nh m c p b o m tài chính cho doanh nghi p xu t kh u, thúc y các ho t ng xu t kh u, h ng các ngành hàng, d ch v xu t kh u; thông qua vi c ánh giá r i ro th ng m i, r i rchính tr t v n, nh h ng cho doanh nghi p xu t kh u các lo i hàng hóa, d ch v p

ng th i gi m b t r i ro gánh n ng cho ngân sách nhà n c phát sinh t b o lãnh Chính phcho nh p kh u.

Tuy nhiên tr c m t còn m t s v n c n c nghiên c u làm rõ, nh : thành l p m t tm i cung c p b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u, hay coi ây là m t trong các nghi p v b oc a các doanh nghi p b o hi m? Vai trò c a Nhà n c và s ph i h p gi a các c quan liênquan trong cung c p b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u cho doanh nghi p?"

" C n k n ng chuyên môn cao" (Ông Nguy n Kim Phú, Phó t ng giám c T ng công ty B ohi m B o Vi t)

"Kinh nghi m qu c t cho th y b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u ch u s i u hành tr c ti p cc quan thu c Chính ph qu n lý và ch u s i u ch nh theo các quy nh pháp lý kinh do b o hi m th ng m i dù ho t ng theo nguyên t c th tr ng và quy lu t cung c u.

Vì liên quan t i ho t ng giao th ng toàn c u v i giá tr giao d ch l n nên yêu c u v vn ng l c i u hành và chuyên môn i v i t ch c b o hi m tín d ng r t cao. Quy trình á phân tích r i ro nh n b o hi m, ki m soát qu n lý r i ro, x lý khi u n i và thu h i n trênvi r ng.

Vì v y, t ch c cung c p b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u ph i có k n ng chuyên môn cao, scông ngh tiên ti n ti p c n h th ng thông tin kinh doanh, tài chính minh b ch và tin c



Ngoài cung c p d ch v b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u, các t ch c cung c p b o hi m tín dxu t kh u cung c p d ch v gia t ng nh c p nh t thông tin doanh nghi p theo các nhóm nhàng c a t ng qu c gia, phân tích r i ro qu c gia...

i v i các n c ang phát tri n, ho t ng c a t ch c cung c p b o hi m tín d ng xu t

trong giai o n u luôn nh ng tr ng i. C th là thi u c ch thông tin y và minh btình hình kinh doanh và tài chính c a doanh nghi p. Lu t pháp v ng ký và qu n tr doannghi p ch a ng b , thi u s giám sát theo dõi và qu n lý thi hành lu t t p trung.

Quá trình gi i quy t tranh ch p, x lý thi hành án ch m ch p, ch a minh b ch, gây khó khtrong vi c thu h i các kho n n . H th ng d ch v ki m toán ch a tin c y, vi c th c thchuyên môn ch a áp ng chu n m c ki m toán qu c t nên thông tin tài chính v doanh ngcó th sai l ch. Thi u h th ng các công ty thu h i n và ho t ng thu h i n kém hi u quThi u ngu n nhân l c có kh n ng i u hành và kinh nghi m chuyên môn.

Theo chúng tôi, Chính ph c n hoàn thi n môi tr ng pháp lý và kinh doanh trên nguyên t c

WTO song song v i nghiên c u hoàn thi n mô hình c a t ch c cung c p b o hi m tín d ngkh u.

Trong i u ki n hi n t i, c n thi t phát huy n i l c v t ch c qu n lý i u hành và chuyêquan h qu c t c a h th ng doanh nghi p b o hi m trong n c. ng th i h p tác v i cách c b o hi m tín d ng xu t kh u qu c t t ó thi t l p c c u ch p nh n và chuy nro b o hi m tín d ng phù h p.

Có nhi u hình th c ho t ng i v i c quan tín d ng xu t kh u (ECA) có th c tài trnhà n c. C th nh m t B c a Chính ph , m t c quan chính ph , ho c m t c quan ch ph c l p, m t công ty c ph n bán công, m t công ty t nhân ho t ng theo h p ng

nhà n c và theo trách nhi m c a nhà n c, m t c quan t nhân ho t ng theo m t h p v i nhà n c và c nhà n c tái b o hi m toàn b ."

Theo Th y Nhi - Kim Oanh ( VnEconomy)

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