Overview of Energy Harvesting

EE174 ndash SJSUTan Nguyen

bull Introduction to Energy Harvesting (EH)bull How does EH workbull Sources of Energybull Energy conversionsbull EH Componentsbull EH system and EH Circuitbull Energy storage is a Mustbull Applicationbull Future Research Issues

OUTLINE

Introduction Energy Harvesting (EH)

bull Energy harvesting (also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging) is the process in which energy is captured from a systems environment and converted into usable electric power

bull EH allows electronics to operate where theres no conventional power source eliminating the need for wires or replacement of batteries

bull EH systems generally includes circuitry to charge an energy storage cell and manage the power providing regulation and protection

bull EH-powered systems need reliable energy generation storage and delivery

bull Must have energy storage as EH transducer energy source is not always available (solar at night motor vibration at rest air-flow etc)

bull EH can provide ldquoendless energyrdquo for the electronics lifespanbull Ideal for substituting for batteries that are impractical costly

or dangerous to replace

Batteriesndash Wide spread availability high reliabilityndash Low-cost mature technologiesndash Replacementrecharging is an issuebull Too numerous in the futurebull Location is unreachablendash Sensor size limited by battery size- Relative Improvement inLaptop Technology1048707

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Battery energy is the slowest trend

How Energy Harvesting worksAn energy harvester comprises one or more transducers power conditioning and energy storage These technologies work together to collect energy and deliver power to the device On the other hand the device which uses the energy needs to be designed to work with energy harvesting as the power source

(Sources of Energy)

(Devices)

How Energy Harvesting works

bull The transducer converts energy from one energy type to a another energy type usually electricity

bull Power conditioning is necessary because the natural output of the transducer can be intermittent and at the wrong frequency voltage and current to directly drive the device A specialised DC-DC converter microchip takes in power from the transducer and convert to voltages which can then be stored or used

bull Energy storage is needed to balance the energy supply and energy demand For applications where energy is used as soon it is collected (eg RFID and wireless light switches) no storage is needed Usually however a rechargeable battery capacitor or supercapacitor is used Batteries degrade over time and so the lifetime of the storage device can often be the limiting factor in the overall lifetime of the harvester

Energy harvesting uses unconventional sources to power circuitry

bull Light (captured by photovoltaic cells)

bull Vibration or pressure (captured by a piezoelectric element)

bull Temperature differentials (captured by a thermo-electric generator)

bull Radio Frequency (captured by an antenna)

bull Biochemically produced energy (such as cells that extract energy from blood sugar)

Sources of Energy

bull Human Body Mechanical and thermal (heat variations) energy can be generated from a human or animal body by actions such as walking and runningbull Natural Energy Wind water flow ocean waves and solar energy can provide limitless energy availability from the environmentbull Mechanical Energy Vibrations from machines mechanical stress strain from high-pressure motors manufacturing machines and waste rotations can be captured and used as ambient mechanical energy sourcesbull Thermal Energy Waste heat energy variations from furnaces heaters and friction sourcesbull Light Energy This source can be divided into two categories of energy indoor room light and outdoor sunlight energy Light energy can be captured via photo sensors photo diodes and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels andbull Electromagnetic Energy Inductors coils and transformers can be considered as ambient energy sources depending on how much energy is needed for the applicationAdditionally chemical and biological sources and radiation can be considered ambient energy sources

General Overview of Ambient Energy Sources

bull The first row shows the energy-harvesting sources

bull The second row shows actual implementation and tools are employed to harvest the energy from the source are illustrated

bull The third row shows the energy-harvesting techniques from each source

Block Diagram of General Ambient EH systems

bull Solar Cellsbull Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) energy harvestingbull 1cm x 1cm 014 mW (much less inside)

bull Recent research trend to improve the efficiency robustness costdown etc

bull Often limited by the availability of direct sunlight and size

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Energy Harvesting Block Diagram

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

bull Introduction to Energy Harvesting (EH)bull How does EH workbull Sources of Energybull Energy conversionsbull EH Componentsbull EH system and EH Circuitbull Energy storage is a Mustbull Applicationbull Future Research Issues

OUTLINE

Introduction Energy Harvesting (EH)

bull Energy harvesting (also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging) is the process in which energy is captured from a systems environment and converted into usable electric power

bull EH allows electronics to operate where theres no conventional power source eliminating the need for wires or replacement of batteries

bull EH systems generally includes circuitry to charge an energy storage cell and manage the power providing regulation and protection

bull EH-powered systems need reliable energy generation storage and delivery

bull Must have energy storage as EH transducer energy source is not always available (solar at night motor vibration at rest air-flow etc)

bull EH can provide ldquoendless energyrdquo for the electronics lifespanbull Ideal for substituting for batteries that are impractical costly

or dangerous to replace

Batteriesndash Wide spread availability high reliabilityndash Low-cost mature technologiesndash Replacementrecharging is an issuebull Too numerous in the futurebull Location is unreachablendash Sensor size limited by battery size- Relative Improvement inLaptop Technology1048707

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Battery energy is the slowest trend

How Energy Harvesting worksAn energy harvester comprises one or more transducers power conditioning and energy storage These technologies work together to collect energy and deliver power to the device On the other hand the device which uses the energy needs to be designed to work with energy harvesting as the power source

(Sources of Energy)

(Devices)

How Energy Harvesting works

bull The transducer converts energy from one energy type to a another energy type usually electricity

bull Power conditioning is necessary because the natural output of the transducer can be intermittent and at the wrong frequency voltage and current to directly drive the device A specialised DC-DC converter microchip takes in power from the transducer and convert to voltages which can then be stored or used

bull Energy storage is needed to balance the energy supply and energy demand For applications where energy is used as soon it is collected (eg RFID and wireless light switches) no storage is needed Usually however a rechargeable battery capacitor or supercapacitor is used Batteries degrade over time and so the lifetime of the storage device can often be the limiting factor in the overall lifetime of the harvester

Energy harvesting uses unconventional sources to power circuitry

bull Light (captured by photovoltaic cells)

bull Vibration or pressure (captured by a piezoelectric element)

bull Temperature differentials (captured by a thermo-electric generator)

bull Radio Frequency (captured by an antenna)

bull Biochemically produced energy (such as cells that extract energy from blood sugar)

Sources of Energy

bull Human Body Mechanical and thermal (heat variations) energy can be generated from a human or animal body by actions such as walking and runningbull Natural Energy Wind water flow ocean waves and solar energy can provide limitless energy availability from the environmentbull Mechanical Energy Vibrations from machines mechanical stress strain from high-pressure motors manufacturing machines and waste rotations can be captured and used as ambient mechanical energy sourcesbull Thermal Energy Waste heat energy variations from furnaces heaters and friction sourcesbull Light Energy This source can be divided into two categories of energy indoor room light and outdoor sunlight energy Light energy can be captured via photo sensors photo diodes and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels andbull Electromagnetic Energy Inductors coils and transformers can be considered as ambient energy sources depending on how much energy is needed for the applicationAdditionally chemical and biological sources and radiation can be considered ambient energy sources

General Overview of Ambient Energy Sources

bull The first row shows the energy-harvesting sources

bull The second row shows actual implementation and tools are employed to harvest the energy from the source are illustrated

bull The third row shows the energy-harvesting techniques from each source

Block Diagram of General Ambient EH systems

bull Solar Cellsbull Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) energy harvestingbull 1cm x 1cm 014 mW (much less inside)

bull Recent research trend to improve the efficiency robustness costdown etc

bull Often limited by the availability of direct sunlight and size

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Energy Harvesting Block Diagram

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

Introduction Energy Harvesting (EH)

bull Energy harvesting (also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging) is the process in which energy is captured from a systems environment and converted into usable electric power

bull EH allows electronics to operate where theres no conventional power source eliminating the need for wires or replacement of batteries

bull EH systems generally includes circuitry to charge an energy storage cell and manage the power providing regulation and protection

bull EH-powered systems need reliable energy generation storage and delivery

bull Must have energy storage as EH transducer energy source is not always available (solar at night motor vibration at rest air-flow etc)

bull EH can provide ldquoendless energyrdquo for the electronics lifespanbull Ideal for substituting for batteries that are impractical costly

or dangerous to replace

Batteriesndash Wide spread availability high reliabilityndash Low-cost mature technologiesndash Replacementrecharging is an issuebull Too numerous in the futurebull Location is unreachablendash Sensor size limited by battery size- Relative Improvement inLaptop Technology1048707

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Battery energy is the slowest trend

How Energy Harvesting worksAn energy harvester comprises one or more transducers power conditioning and energy storage These technologies work together to collect energy and deliver power to the device On the other hand the device which uses the energy needs to be designed to work with energy harvesting as the power source

(Sources of Energy)

(Devices)

How Energy Harvesting works

bull The transducer converts energy from one energy type to a another energy type usually electricity

bull Power conditioning is necessary because the natural output of the transducer can be intermittent and at the wrong frequency voltage and current to directly drive the device A specialised DC-DC converter microchip takes in power from the transducer and convert to voltages which can then be stored or used

bull Energy storage is needed to balance the energy supply and energy demand For applications where energy is used as soon it is collected (eg RFID and wireless light switches) no storage is needed Usually however a rechargeable battery capacitor or supercapacitor is used Batteries degrade over time and so the lifetime of the storage device can often be the limiting factor in the overall lifetime of the harvester

Energy harvesting uses unconventional sources to power circuitry

bull Light (captured by photovoltaic cells)

bull Vibration or pressure (captured by a piezoelectric element)

bull Temperature differentials (captured by a thermo-electric generator)

bull Radio Frequency (captured by an antenna)

bull Biochemically produced energy (such as cells that extract energy from blood sugar)

Sources of Energy

bull Human Body Mechanical and thermal (heat variations) energy can be generated from a human or animal body by actions such as walking and runningbull Natural Energy Wind water flow ocean waves and solar energy can provide limitless energy availability from the environmentbull Mechanical Energy Vibrations from machines mechanical stress strain from high-pressure motors manufacturing machines and waste rotations can be captured and used as ambient mechanical energy sourcesbull Thermal Energy Waste heat energy variations from furnaces heaters and friction sourcesbull Light Energy This source can be divided into two categories of energy indoor room light and outdoor sunlight energy Light energy can be captured via photo sensors photo diodes and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels andbull Electromagnetic Energy Inductors coils and transformers can be considered as ambient energy sources depending on how much energy is needed for the applicationAdditionally chemical and biological sources and radiation can be considered ambient energy sources

General Overview of Ambient Energy Sources

bull The first row shows the energy-harvesting sources

bull The second row shows actual implementation and tools are employed to harvest the energy from the source are illustrated

bull The third row shows the energy-harvesting techniques from each source

Block Diagram of General Ambient EH systems

bull Solar Cellsbull Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) energy harvestingbull 1cm x 1cm 014 mW (much less inside)

bull Recent research trend to improve the efficiency robustness costdown etc

bull Often limited by the availability of direct sunlight and size

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Energy Harvesting Block Diagram

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

Batteriesndash Wide spread availability high reliabilityndash Low-cost mature technologiesndash Replacementrecharging is an issuebull Too numerous in the futurebull Location is unreachablendash Sensor size limited by battery size- Relative Improvement inLaptop Technology1048707

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Battery energy is the slowest trend

How Energy Harvesting worksAn energy harvester comprises one or more transducers power conditioning and energy storage These technologies work together to collect energy and deliver power to the device On the other hand the device which uses the energy needs to be designed to work with energy harvesting as the power source

(Sources of Energy)

(Devices)

How Energy Harvesting works

bull The transducer converts energy from one energy type to a another energy type usually electricity

bull Power conditioning is necessary because the natural output of the transducer can be intermittent and at the wrong frequency voltage and current to directly drive the device A specialised DC-DC converter microchip takes in power from the transducer and convert to voltages which can then be stored or used

bull Energy storage is needed to balance the energy supply and energy demand For applications where energy is used as soon it is collected (eg RFID and wireless light switches) no storage is needed Usually however a rechargeable battery capacitor or supercapacitor is used Batteries degrade over time and so the lifetime of the storage device can often be the limiting factor in the overall lifetime of the harvester

Energy harvesting uses unconventional sources to power circuitry

bull Light (captured by photovoltaic cells)

bull Vibration or pressure (captured by a piezoelectric element)

bull Temperature differentials (captured by a thermo-electric generator)

bull Radio Frequency (captured by an antenna)

bull Biochemically produced energy (such as cells that extract energy from blood sugar)

Sources of Energy

bull Human Body Mechanical and thermal (heat variations) energy can be generated from a human or animal body by actions such as walking and runningbull Natural Energy Wind water flow ocean waves and solar energy can provide limitless energy availability from the environmentbull Mechanical Energy Vibrations from machines mechanical stress strain from high-pressure motors manufacturing machines and waste rotations can be captured and used as ambient mechanical energy sourcesbull Thermal Energy Waste heat energy variations from furnaces heaters and friction sourcesbull Light Energy This source can be divided into two categories of energy indoor room light and outdoor sunlight energy Light energy can be captured via photo sensors photo diodes and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels andbull Electromagnetic Energy Inductors coils and transformers can be considered as ambient energy sources depending on how much energy is needed for the applicationAdditionally chemical and biological sources and radiation can be considered ambient energy sources

General Overview of Ambient Energy Sources

bull The first row shows the energy-harvesting sources

bull The second row shows actual implementation and tools are employed to harvest the energy from the source are illustrated

bull The third row shows the energy-harvesting techniques from each source

Block Diagram of General Ambient EH systems

bull Solar Cellsbull Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) energy harvestingbull 1cm x 1cm 014 mW (much less inside)

bull Recent research trend to improve the efficiency robustness costdown etc

bull Often limited by the availability of direct sunlight and size

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Energy Harvesting Block Diagram

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

How Energy Harvesting worksAn energy harvester comprises one or more transducers power conditioning and energy storage These technologies work together to collect energy and deliver power to the device On the other hand the device which uses the energy needs to be designed to work with energy harvesting as the power source

(Sources of Energy)

(Devices)

How Energy Harvesting works

bull The transducer converts energy from one energy type to a another energy type usually electricity

bull Power conditioning is necessary because the natural output of the transducer can be intermittent and at the wrong frequency voltage and current to directly drive the device A specialised DC-DC converter microchip takes in power from the transducer and convert to voltages which can then be stored or used

bull Energy storage is needed to balance the energy supply and energy demand For applications where energy is used as soon it is collected (eg RFID and wireless light switches) no storage is needed Usually however a rechargeable battery capacitor or supercapacitor is used Batteries degrade over time and so the lifetime of the storage device can often be the limiting factor in the overall lifetime of the harvester

Energy harvesting uses unconventional sources to power circuitry

bull Light (captured by photovoltaic cells)

bull Vibration or pressure (captured by a piezoelectric element)

bull Temperature differentials (captured by a thermo-electric generator)

bull Radio Frequency (captured by an antenna)

bull Biochemically produced energy (such as cells that extract energy from blood sugar)

Sources of Energy

bull Human Body Mechanical and thermal (heat variations) energy can be generated from a human or animal body by actions such as walking and runningbull Natural Energy Wind water flow ocean waves and solar energy can provide limitless energy availability from the environmentbull Mechanical Energy Vibrations from machines mechanical stress strain from high-pressure motors manufacturing machines and waste rotations can be captured and used as ambient mechanical energy sourcesbull Thermal Energy Waste heat energy variations from furnaces heaters and friction sourcesbull Light Energy This source can be divided into two categories of energy indoor room light and outdoor sunlight energy Light energy can be captured via photo sensors photo diodes and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels andbull Electromagnetic Energy Inductors coils and transformers can be considered as ambient energy sources depending on how much energy is needed for the applicationAdditionally chemical and biological sources and radiation can be considered ambient energy sources

General Overview of Ambient Energy Sources

bull The first row shows the energy-harvesting sources

bull The second row shows actual implementation and tools are employed to harvest the energy from the source are illustrated

bull The third row shows the energy-harvesting techniques from each source

Block Diagram of General Ambient EH systems

bull Solar Cellsbull Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) energy harvestingbull 1cm x 1cm 014 mW (much less inside)

bull Recent research trend to improve the efficiency robustness costdown etc

bull Often limited by the availability of direct sunlight and size

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Energy Harvesting Block Diagram

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

How Energy Harvesting works

bull The transducer converts energy from one energy type to a another energy type usually electricity

bull Power conditioning is necessary because the natural output of the transducer can be intermittent and at the wrong frequency voltage and current to directly drive the device A specialised DC-DC converter microchip takes in power from the transducer and convert to voltages which can then be stored or used

bull Energy storage is needed to balance the energy supply and energy demand For applications where energy is used as soon it is collected (eg RFID and wireless light switches) no storage is needed Usually however a rechargeable battery capacitor or supercapacitor is used Batteries degrade over time and so the lifetime of the storage device can often be the limiting factor in the overall lifetime of the harvester

Energy harvesting uses unconventional sources to power circuitry

bull Light (captured by photovoltaic cells)

bull Vibration or pressure (captured by a piezoelectric element)

bull Temperature differentials (captured by a thermo-electric generator)

bull Radio Frequency (captured by an antenna)

bull Biochemically produced energy (such as cells that extract energy from blood sugar)

Sources of Energy

bull Human Body Mechanical and thermal (heat variations) energy can be generated from a human or animal body by actions such as walking and runningbull Natural Energy Wind water flow ocean waves and solar energy can provide limitless energy availability from the environmentbull Mechanical Energy Vibrations from machines mechanical stress strain from high-pressure motors manufacturing machines and waste rotations can be captured and used as ambient mechanical energy sourcesbull Thermal Energy Waste heat energy variations from furnaces heaters and friction sourcesbull Light Energy This source can be divided into two categories of energy indoor room light and outdoor sunlight energy Light energy can be captured via photo sensors photo diodes and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels andbull Electromagnetic Energy Inductors coils and transformers can be considered as ambient energy sources depending on how much energy is needed for the applicationAdditionally chemical and biological sources and radiation can be considered ambient energy sources

General Overview of Ambient Energy Sources

bull The first row shows the energy-harvesting sources

bull The second row shows actual implementation and tools are employed to harvest the energy from the source are illustrated

bull The third row shows the energy-harvesting techniques from each source

Block Diagram of General Ambient EH systems

bull Solar Cellsbull Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) energy harvestingbull 1cm x 1cm 014 mW (much less inside)

bull Recent research trend to improve the efficiency robustness costdown etc

bull Often limited by the availability of direct sunlight and size

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Energy Harvesting Block Diagram

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

Energy harvesting uses unconventional sources to power circuitry

bull Light (captured by photovoltaic cells)

bull Vibration or pressure (captured by a piezoelectric element)

bull Temperature differentials (captured by a thermo-electric generator)

bull Radio Frequency (captured by an antenna)

bull Biochemically produced energy (such as cells that extract energy from blood sugar)

Sources of Energy

bull Human Body Mechanical and thermal (heat variations) energy can be generated from a human or animal body by actions such as walking and runningbull Natural Energy Wind water flow ocean waves and solar energy can provide limitless energy availability from the environmentbull Mechanical Energy Vibrations from machines mechanical stress strain from high-pressure motors manufacturing machines and waste rotations can be captured and used as ambient mechanical energy sourcesbull Thermal Energy Waste heat energy variations from furnaces heaters and friction sourcesbull Light Energy This source can be divided into two categories of energy indoor room light and outdoor sunlight energy Light energy can be captured via photo sensors photo diodes and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels andbull Electromagnetic Energy Inductors coils and transformers can be considered as ambient energy sources depending on how much energy is needed for the applicationAdditionally chemical and biological sources and radiation can be considered ambient energy sources

General Overview of Ambient Energy Sources

bull The first row shows the energy-harvesting sources

bull The second row shows actual implementation and tools are employed to harvest the energy from the source are illustrated

bull The third row shows the energy-harvesting techniques from each source

Block Diagram of General Ambient EH systems

bull Solar Cellsbull Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) energy harvestingbull 1cm x 1cm 014 mW (much less inside)

bull Recent research trend to improve the efficiency robustness costdown etc

bull Often limited by the availability of direct sunlight and size

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Energy Harvesting Block Diagram

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

bull Human Body Mechanical and thermal (heat variations) energy can be generated from a human or animal body by actions such as walking and runningbull Natural Energy Wind water flow ocean waves and solar energy can provide limitless energy availability from the environmentbull Mechanical Energy Vibrations from machines mechanical stress strain from high-pressure motors manufacturing machines and waste rotations can be captured and used as ambient mechanical energy sourcesbull Thermal Energy Waste heat energy variations from furnaces heaters and friction sourcesbull Light Energy This source can be divided into two categories of energy indoor room light and outdoor sunlight energy Light energy can be captured via photo sensors photo diodes and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels andbull Electromagnetic Energy Inductors coils and transformers can be considered as ambient energy sources depending on how much energy is needed for the applicationAdditionally chemical and biological sources and radiation can be considered ambient energy sources

General Overview of Ambient Energy Sources

bull The first row shows the energy-harvesting sources

bull The second row shows actual implementation and tools are employed to harvest the energy from the source are illustrated

bull The third row shows the energy-harvesting techniques from each source

Block Diagram of General Ambient EH systems

bull Solar Cellsbull Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) energy harvestingbull 1cm x 1cm 014 mW (much less inside)

bull Recent research trend to improve the efficiency robustness costdown etc

bull Often limited by the availability of direct sunlight and size

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Energy Harvesting Block Diagram

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

bull The first row shows the energy-harvesting sources

bull The second row shows actual implementation and tools are employed to harvest the energy from the source are illustrated

bull The third row shows the energy-harvesting techniques from each source

Block Diagram of General Ambient EH systems

bull Solar Cellsbull Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) energy harvestingbull 1cm x 1cm 014 mW (much less inside)

bull Recent research trend to improve the efficiency robustness costdown etc

bull Often limited by the availability of direct sunlight and size

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Energy Harvesting Block Diagram

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

bull Solar Cellsbull Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) energy harvestingbull 1cm x 1cm 014 mW (much less inside)

bull Recent research trend to improve the efficiency robustness costdown etc

bull Often limited by the availability of direct sunlight and size

Portable Electric Energy Sources Available

Energy Harvesting Block Diagram

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

Energy Harvesting Block Diagram

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

Energy Harvesting (EH)bull EH uses of ambient energy to provide electrical

power for small electronic and electrical devicesbull An Energy Harvesting System consists of an Energy

Harvester Module and a processortransmitter blockbull Energy Harvesting Module captures milli-watts

of energy from light vibration thermal or biological sources A possible source of energy also comes from RF such as emitted from cell phone towers

bull The power is then conditioned and stored within a battery an efficient quick charging capacitor or one of the newly developed thin film batteries

bull The system is then triggered at the required intervals to take a sensor reading through a low power system This data is then processed and transmitted to the base station

bull This kind of EH System eliminates the dependency of the system on battery power and reduces the need to service the system

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

Biochemical Energy Production

bull Catabolism metabolic reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules ndash Usually produce energy (but not always)

bull Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are joined to form larger molecules ndash Usually consume energy

Metabolism

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

bull Almost all energy-harvesting scenarios require some sort of energy storage element or buffer Even if the voltage and current requirements of an embedded application were so low as to be run directly on power captured or scavenged from the environment such power would not flow in a constant way

bull Storage elements or buffers are implemented in the form of a capacitor standard rechargeable lithium battery or a new technology like thin-film batteries What kind of energy storage is needed depends greatly on the application

bull Some applications require power for only a very short period of time as short as the RC time constant discharge rate of a capacitor Other applications require relatively large amounts of power for an extended duration which dictates the use of a traditional AA or a rechargeable lithium battery

Energy Storage is a Must

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

Li-Ion Battery

Thin Film Battery

Super Cap

Recharge cycles Hundreds Thousands Millions

Self-discharge Moderate Negligible High

Charge Time Hours Minutes Sec-minutes

Physical Size Large Small Medium

Capacity 03-2500 mAHr12-1000 μAHr 10-100 μAHr

Environmental Impact

High Minimal Minimal

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

bull Remote patient monitoringbull Efficient office energy controlbull Surveillance and securitybull Agricultural managementbull Home automationbull Long range asset trackingbull Implantable sensorsbull Structural monitoringbull Machineryequipment monitoring

Industry Applications

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

Design Considerationbull TIs TMS37157 could also be used to harness the

RF energy into electrical energy TIs MSP430 and Low Power RF parts combined with efficient DCDC Converters and Battery Management parts are an ideal complement to these low power energy harvesting sources

bull With as low as 160 uAMHz (microamp per megahertz) active power consumption and 15 uA standby power consumption MSP430F5xx MCUs enable longer battery life or no batteries at all for energy harvesting systems that run off of solar power vibration energy or temperature differences like found on human body

Referenceshttpwwwmaximintegratedcomenapp-notesindexmvpid5259

httpwwwticomlsdstiappsalternative_energyharvestingoverviewpage

httpinstitutelanlgovei_docsAnnual_WorkshopsOverview_of_energy_harvesting_systemsLA-UR_8296pdf

httpchipdesignmagcomlpdblog20090717energy-scavenging-and-storage-must-work-together

httpscholarlibvteduejournalsJOTSv35v35n1yildizhtml

httpwwwmsmcamacukteachingpartIIIcourseM19M19Hpdf

fileCUserstest1DownloadsEnergy20harvesting20(1)pdf

httphealthumleduhorta23Energypdf