Overview of Energy Analysis and Managementgeedindia.org/presentations/ierf-lecture-28april.pdf · (For Commercial and Residential Buildings) Organized By ISHRAE Education & Research

Overview of Energy Analysis and Overview of Energy Analysis and ManagementManagement

(For Commercial and Residential Buildings)(For Commercial and Residential Buildings)

Organized ByOrganized By

ISHRAE Education & Research FoundationISHRAE Education & Research Foundation

Presented ByPresented BySMH AdilSMH AdilSenior Energy AnalystSenior Energy AnalystGlobal Evolutionary Energy DesignGlobal Evolutionary Energy [email protected]@geedindia.org, , (M) 09873588571(M) 09873588571

Low Carbon ConsultantLow Carbon Consultant

AgendaAgenda Energy Issues and Energy Issues and

Policy Policy PrePre--Commissioning Commissioning

Energy Services & Energy Services & Design OptionsDesign Options

PostPost--Commissioning Commissioning Energy Management Energy Management OptionsOptions

Question & Answer Question & Answer Session Session

SMH Adil, Senior Energy Analyst, SMH Adil, Senior Energy Analyst, [email protected]@gmail.com, (M) 09873588571, (M) 09873588571

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EnergyEnergy IssuesIssues andand PolicyPolicy

Energy Security

Right Financial Vehicles

Convincing Energy Policies

Climate Change

Kyoto Protocol

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PrePre--Commissioning Energy Services & Commissioning Energy Services & Design OptionsDesign Options

Passive Architecture Whole building Energy

Simulation Design and load

evaluation of HVAC system

Ventilation System and Micro climate design

Building envelop optimization

BAS System Specification Compliance with local

energy code

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PostPost--Commissioning Energy Management Commissioning Energy Management OptionsOptions

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Timely Energy Auditing

Energy Efficiency Monitoring Systems

Energy Benchmarking

Annual Energy Budgeting & Targeting

Energy Efficiency Measure and Retrofits (role of ESCO)

Gaining Confidence in Energy calculations


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Energy Issues and PolicyEnergy Issues and Policy


Energy SecurityEnergy Security

Source: World Economic Forum and BEE India

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Imports of oil and coal had been increasing at rates of 7% and 16% per annum respectively during the period 1991-99.

The dependence on energy imports is projected to increase in the future.

Estimates indicate that oil imports will meet 75% of total oil consumption requirements and coal imports will meet 22% of total coal consumption requirements in 2006.

The imports of gas and LNG (liquefied natural gas) are likely to increase in the coming years.

This energy import dependence implies vulnerability to external price shocks and supply fluctuations, which threaten the energy security of the country.

The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency on the imported energy sources for its economic growth.

Increasing dependence on oil imports means reliance on imports from the Middle East, a region susceptible to disturbances and consequent disruptions of oil supplies.

Some of the strategies that can be used to meet future challenges to our energy security are Building stockpiles Diversification of energy supply sources Increased capacity of fuel switching Demand restraint, Development of renewable energy sources. Energy efficiency Sustainable development


Right Financial VehiclesRight Financial VehiclesE

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Learn about various financing options Determine project size, requirements, and

necessary financing measures Communicate project financing goals and

objectives to potential financiers Sources

From a central budget From a specific departmental or section

budget such as engineering By obtaining a bank loan By raising money from stock market Financial Management, Mutual Fund By awarding the project to Energy

Service Company (ESCO) By retaining a proportion of the savings

achieved.


Convincing Energy PoliciesConvincing Energy Policies1. All energy sources should be assessed on their merits and relative attributes,

recognizing that each faces issues, barriers and opportunities including cost, performance, safety, environmental impact, primary resource depletion and energy security.

2. Business supports energy efficiency to help reduce energy costs, energy consumption and negative environmental impacts, in particular climate change.

3. The business community can best contribute to addressing energy challenges when enabling framework conditions are in place. Key features of enabling frameworks include: open markets; Strong institutions and sound governance; Risk management; Protection of intellectual property; Due diligence; Rule of law and honoring contracts; Cost effective, consistent policies and regulations based on transparent, stable, economic and uniformly enforced regulatory systems.

4. Significant investment is required to maintain, grow and deliver the energy supplies required to meet future demand in a sustainable manner.

5. Business is investing resources towards technology advancement and deployment of lower carbon, renewable and more efficient technologies. Funding R&D activities directly (research centers) and indirectly (universities);

6. Business believes that voluntary multi-stakeholder partnerships can address energy challenges.

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Ozone layer depletion Ozone is highly reactive and easily broken down by man-made chlorine and bromine

compounds. The ozone depletion process begins when CFCs (used in refrigerator and air conditioners)

after several years, they reach the stratosphere by diffusion. Strong UV light breaks apart the ODS molecules. CFCs, HCFCs, carbon tetrachloride,

methyl chloroform release chlorine atoms, and halons and methyl bromide release bromine atoms.

It is the chlorine and bromine atom that actually destroys ozone, not the intact ODS molecule.

It is estimated that one chlorine atom can destroy from 10,000 to 100,000 ozone molecules before it is finally removed from the stratosphere

Global warming Over the last 100 years, it was found out that the earth is getting warmer although in the

previous 8000 years temperature has been relatively constant. The present temperature is 0.3 - 0.6 °C warmer than it was 100 years ago. The key greenhouse gases (GHG) causing global warming is carbon dioxide. CFC's, even

though they exist in very small quantities, are significant contributors to global warming. Fossil fuel combustion, world energy use has emerged at the center of the climate change

debate. Loss of biodiversity

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on earth, The number of species of plants, animals, micro organisms, the enormous diversity of genes in species

The World Resource Institute reported the link between biodiversity and climate change. Rapid global warming can affect ecosystems chances to adapt naturally. Over the past 150 years, deforestation has contributed an estimated 30 percent of the

atmospheric build-up of CO2. It is also a significant driving force behind the loss of genes, species, and critical ecosystem services.

Climate ChangeClimate ChangeE

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The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC In June 1992, the "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (UNFCCC) was

signed in Rio de Janeiro by over 150 nations. The convention's overall objective is the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the

atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system."

The Climate convention does not have any quantitative targets or timetables for individual nations. However, the overall objective can be interpreted as stabilization of emissions of greenhouse gases by year 2000 at 1990 levels.

Negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were completed on December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specify, legally binding reductions in emissions of six greenhouse gases. The 6 major greenhouse gases covered by the protocol are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).

Indian Response to Climatic Change Under the UNFCCC, India do not have binding GHG mitigation commitments The Ministry of Environment and Forests is the nodal agency for climate change issues in India.

It has constituted Working Groups on the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. Work is currently in progress on India's initial National Communication (NATCOM) to the UNFCCC. India ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2002

Flexible mechanisms The Kyoto protocol gives the Annex I countries the option to fulfill a part of their commitments

through three "flexible mechanisms". Emissions trading, Joint implementation, Clean development mechanism

Kyoto ProtocolKyoto ProtocolE

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PrePre--Commissioning Energy Commissioning Energy Services & Design OptionsServices & Design Options


Passive ArchitectureP

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• What is Passive Architecture?

• What change can it bring to the global climate?

• What are zero energy buildings?

• What should be the Airflow in the building?

• What kind of lighting has to be arranged?

• What materials to be used.?

• Would all this affect the comfort of the occupant?


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Solar Insulation in DelhiP

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Sun Shading AnalysisP

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Case Study-Lighting SimulationP

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GOAL: Placement of Light Sensor for

Controlling light out put

To see the day lighting efficacy of the design

To see the possible glare effect to advocate some preventive measure.


What is Whole Building Energy Simulation

Determination of Buildings Thermal Characteristics

Understanding the building load profile.

Heating and cooling plant sizes can be calculated using design weather data.

Sensitivity Analysis- Impact of parameter variations

Whole Building Energy SimulationP

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Simulation Engine

Reports Graphs

Water pumping

Chillers Boilers

AHU

Lighting

Domestic water

Heating

Building Envelop

Misc. Electrical Facility

Weather Data

Certification Statement

LEED. Part-L


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General Lighting Gain

Miscellaneous Gain

Process Gain

Computer + Equipment Gain

Occupancy Gain

Transmitted Solar Gain

Heating Delivered

Heat Removed/Cooling Delivered

Heat Balance in a Building


WIND SPD.

CLD TYPE

DIR SOL RAD.

SOLAR RAD

ENTHALPY

DENSITY

HUMIDITY

WINDDIR ISRAIN

ISNOW

CLDAMT

P ATOMSP

DBT

WBT

hour

DayMonth

Weather Data

General Lighting GainMiscellaneous GainProcess Gain

Computer + Equipment GainOccupancy GainTransmitted Solar Gain

Heating Delivered

Heat Removed/Cooling Delivered

1. Conductive, convective and radiative heat transfer calculation

2. Heat and Mass transfer Calculation

3. Thermal Inertia Calculation

4. Equipment Sizing Algorithms

5. Building Geometry, surface and Shading Algorithms

Weather Data Calculation Engine Results/Patterns

Building Envelop8670 Times

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Simulation Architecture


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• Drawing of HVAC System

• Drawing of Central Plant

• Drawing of water heating System

• Material of Roof ,Ceiling, and partitions

• No. of floors

• Floor to floor height

• Plenum

• Sizes of windows and sky lights

• LPD

• EPD

• Occupancy Type

• Zone type for each block

• Daylight control

• Site Elevation

• Front azimuth angle

• Architectural detail drawings

• Wall constants

• Glazing

• Window Choice

• Bay Width

• Sill height

• Discount rate for project life cycle

• Project Life cycle

• Electricity rates

• Era built

• Holidays set for year

Simulation Parameters


Summery of Available Analysis & Modeling Tools

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1. Building Layout Study (*.dwg) collection

2. Building Activity Data.

3. Construction Data Collection.

4. Glazing Data Collection.

5. Lighting Data Collection.

6. HVAC Data Collection.

7. Energy Metering Data for the facility

8. Model Calibration / Simulation.

9. Compilation and interpretation of results

The Process of Carrying out Energy Simulation

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Features of Energy SimulationP

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A comprehensive range of simulation data can be shown in annual, monthly, daily, hourly or sub-hourly intervals:1. Energy consumption broken

down by fuel and end-use2. Internal air, mean radiant and

operative temperatures and humidity

3. Comfort output including temperature distribution curves,

4. Site weather data5. Heat transmission through

building fabric including walls, roofs, infiltration, ventilation etc.

6. Heating and cooling loads7. CO2 generation


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The Weather Data

The Input Data

• Building Envelop (Geometry)

• Thermal Properties

• Operating Schedule

Discrete Event Simulation

• Running the Simulations

• Results

Components and Program


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Building Geometry and Plans


The fact that the excel formulas do not take into account the thermal inertia effect.

The tonnage has been calculated base on an instantaneous load.

The transient thermal behavior of the building is neglected.

There is no account to tell the operative, radiative and comfort temperatures of the occupant space.

Design & Load Evaluation of HVAC System

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Case Study 1 – HVAC Sizing and Material SelectionGOAL:Determinations of Hourly room air temperature Radiant temperature Comfort temperature Loss of HVAC due to glazing Loss of HVAC due to walls Loss of HVAC due to floors Loss of HVAC due to roofs Loss of HVAC due External infiltration Loss of HVAC due Task lighting Loss of HVAC due General lighting Loss of HVAC due Occupancy gains Loss of HVAC due Computers + equipment

gains Loss of HVAC due Transmitted solar gains Loss of HVAC due to Kitchen Activities Annual Expected Energy Bill for the building


22.839.32%22.640.61%

22.1420.4%

Mean Coincident Wet BulbDry Bulb

Design Temperatures for Gurgaon

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28.433.4Design

32.2 @ 80.21% RH35.4Hypothetical

Mean Coincident Wet Bulb

Dry Bulb

Design Wet Extreme Temperatures

Design Conditions and Plans


ECM 6: "SB“ECM 6: "SB“-- Single glass with plane 9 inches brick wall, inside plaster and out side exposed, roof insulation medium 5 inches vermiculite and white tiles.

ECM 7: “DB”ECM 7: “DB”-- Double glass with plane 9 inches brick wall, inside plaster and out side exposed, roof insulation medium 5 inches vermiculite and white tiles.

ECM 8: “SC”ECM 8: “SC”-- Single glass with Cavity brick wall, inside plaster and out side exposed and 1 inches EPS insulation. Roof insulation medium 5 inches vermiculite and white tiles.

ECM 9: “SP”ECM 9: “SP”-- Single glass with Cavity brick wall, inside plaster and out side exposed and 2 inches EPS insulation. Roof insulation medium 5 inches vermiculite and white tiles.

ECM 10: “DP”ECM 10: “DP”-- Double glass with Cavity brick wall, inside plaster and out side exposed and 2 inches EPS insulation. Roof insulation medium 5 inches vermiculite and white tiles.P

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Energy Conservation Measures


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4.785.025.054.965.20Total Ton (s) in Different

ECM

0.530.540.550.600.61

HVAC Design Day Cooling -FF Guest Suit Bed Room Capacity (Tons)

0.120.120.120.130.13

HVAC Design Day Cooling -FF Kitchen Capacity (Tons)

0.310.320.330.400.40

HVAC Design Day Cooling-FF Guest Room Capacity (Tons)

0.600.620.620.610.62

HVAC Design Day Cooling-GF Bed Room Capacity (Tons)

1.011.051.051.021.06

HVAC Design Day Cooling-GF Kitchen Drawing Capacity (Tons)

2.172.342.342.182.35

HVAC Design Day Cooling-GF Drawing Room Capacity (Tons)

ECM-10-DPECM-9-SPECM-8-SCECM-7-DBECM-6-SBExtreme Wet Day

Results


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6.176.526.566.416.75Total Ton(s) in Different ECM

0.720.760.770.810.85

HVAC Design Day Cooling -FF Guest Suit Bed Room Capacity (Tons)

0.160.170.170.170.18

HVAC Design Day Cooling -FF Kitchen Capacity (Tons)

0.430.460.480.540.57

HVAC Design Day Cooling-FF Guest Room Capacity (Tons)

0.860.900.900.870.91

HVAC Design Day Cooling-GF Bed Room Capacity (Tons)

1.241.311.311.251.32

HVAC Design Day Cooling-GF Kitchen Drawing Capacity (Tons)

2.732.902.902.742.91

HVAC Design Day Cooling-GF Drawing Room Capacity (Tons)

ECM-10-DPECM-9-SPECM-8-SCECM-7-DBECM-6-SBTon (s) cooling Dry Day

Results


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The peak cooling load for the drawing room is coming about 147 w/m2 in an extremely dry day situation

The same is reduced to 119 w/m2 in a wet day condition.

The total tonnage of the house is 6.5 ton on dry day and 5 tons on a typical wet day.

The transient thermal behavior and the heat balance has been shown on an average basis for the two i.e. dry and wet days.

The graph also depicts the average comfort, sensible and radiant temperatures.

Results


Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD in Building Air Flow Simulation Conservation of mass † Conservation of linear momentum† Conservation of energy Equation of state Initial and boundary conditions

CFD Approach in Building Assembling the governing equations Identifying flow domain and boundary

conditions Geometrical discretization of flow

domain Discretization of the governing

equations Incorporation of boundary conditions Solution of resulting algebraic equations Post-solution analysis and

reformulation, if needed

Ventilation System and Micro Climate Design

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† Mass and momentum conservation equations together are usually called Navier-Stokes equations


Case Study 1 - Basement Ventilation

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GOALS:

Avoid Short Circuiting of Air

Maintain Comfortable air velocity

Check for Age of Air in the premises.

Trace the path of smoke in case of fire

Equipment sizing for controlled micro climate

Transient Simulation for Pollutant Dispersion

Fire Spread analysis for refuge area identification


ResultsP

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1. Dead air spot identified

2. Age of air has been calculated

3. Static pressure requirement has been obtained

1. Path of Smoke has been obtained

2. Placement of air moving device like jet fans identified


GOAL:

To find the right strategy to use the atriums for ventilation

To work out the natural ventilation rate in average weather

To study the effect of heat load on ventilation

To study the cooling wall convectors and their operation

Case Study 2 - Natural VentilationP

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1. The house would remain at negative pressure as soon as out side warm air finds a large way into the house from door and windows

2. About 1 Pa pressure differential is achieved though this passive strategy

3. it is recommended that this strategy is to be used when out side environment is pleasant and no internal cooling or heating arrangement is working

4. 5 to 10 m3 of air flow, 0.5 ACH

1 The above concept of cold breeze falling on the common areas is better visible in the temperature contour.

2 It also shows that the bar, stair and rest of the common areas are well cooled. This is only achieved by closing the small atrium which is intern suppressing the buoyant warn air movement from that atriums.

Results


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GOALGOAL:: To preserve its monumental status

a hidden air conditioning system has to be installed.

Required grill velocities to be determined to make sure that the throw of air is not felt.

To maintain the temperature of 23oC at the occupant height

Strategy need to be worked out to used the nine existing stone grill and the top atrium hole

Air flow rate required need to be calculated for 600 occupants

And temperature of treated fresh air need to be determined

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Total Volume= 7530 m3

Case Study 3 - Hall Ventilation & Micro Climate Design


Temperature profile of the section of the hall which is depicting the throw of cold air.

Temperature profile of the section of the hall which is depicting the throw of cold air from a different section

Results


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Velocity Profile at the occupant height

Temperature Profile at the occupant height

Results Contd.


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Building Envelop OptimizationP

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Study of Thermal integrity of building envelop

Access different option to be used for building skin

Observe the trade-off between using different material and their capital and operating cost

Its Acts as a preliminary model for doing complex sensitivity analysis

Study the different glass option with there respective thermal properties

Serve the aspect of Multivariate analysis


Case Study 1 - Window to Wall Ratio Determination

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GOAL:• The analysis was based on the fact

that using less glazing would create lesser heat load due to low out side heat gain i.e. Solar and Skin


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1. Typical floor of the envelop.

2. Light Sensor are placed in the form of Red Dots

3. The glazing has been varied from 0% WWR to 100% WWR

1. Hourly Energy Simulation has been done by setting the required parameters

2. The total metered energy consumption has been evaluated


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Results


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Case Study 2- Glazing SelectionGOAL:o What is the best and the poorest

glazing option available? And how far are they in terms of relative operational efficiencies.

o Why not to use an inexpensive glass and what will be the financial consequences of operation.

o What percent operational efficiencies would we get if we use a better glass compare to a notional building façade

o What are the figures of relative saving in $, INR for all the ten façade options?

o What is the total electricity bill for building with all the ten façade options?

o What are the losses associated with the operations of building in KWh/m2.Yr considering all the ten façade options?


What are the individual breakup of energy component acting on the building like solar gain, glazing heat transfer and HVAC cooling etc with all the ten options?

What kind of weather really represent the weather that act on the subject building. ASHARE guidelines.

What are the life cycle cost (LCC) for the different option compared with notional option

What is the pay back with 3% to 4% energy inflation over the period of 25 year?

GOAL Contd:


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SG-6LowE

DG-6LowE-13Argon-6Clear

TG-6LowE-13Argon-6Clear-6Air-6Clear

QG-6LowE-13Argon-6Clear-6Air- 6Clear-6Argon-6Clear

DG-6Clear-13Air-6Clear

SG-6Clear (Notional Building Case)

DG-6LowE-13Air-6Clear


DG-6LowE-6Argon-6Clear

DG-6LowE-13Argon-6Clear-China-Blue Green (China Option)

Glass Options to be Analyzed


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• Simulations have shown that poorest glass usage would consume 9660 MWh of electrical energy annually where as the best possible option would consume 9273 MWh of electrical energy.

• It is also showing straight annual cost of not selecting best option if compared to the poorest (notional building) façade option. 387 MWh or about INR 20 Lakh

• The highest operational saving is 387 MWh which is attributed to quadruple glazing. But the LCC analysis does not recommend this glazing due to its huge initial capital.

• The operational cost differs if compared with the notional building façade, ranges from 6 to 20 Lakhs

• Out of total 210 KWh/m2.yr. Building annual energy use, from 2.5 KWh/m2.yr to 7.7 KWh/m2.yr is the range of operational cost saving which can be achieved from using poorest and the best façade option respectively.

• Considering building life of 25 yr. and an inflation in energy price till 2015 as 4% and after that a constant 3 % evaluated LCC has been calculated, which indicates that highest LCC come out to be of the poorest option that is clear single glazed units which is about (INR +3240,000)

• Similarly the LCC of Special Glass “A” option whose U value is 1.24 W/m2.C, acceptable SHGC and VT, is coming out to be very less due to its low initial capital and high performance compared to the others in this investment range.

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• Primary estimate depicts that using china glass for 25 yr would be saving about (INR -4.38 Cr.) where as other Double glazed façade options are showing a saving of (INR -1.4 to INR -3.0 Cr.)

• The study also show that highly efficient option like quadruple and triple glazed façade are not likely to fall in the ABC’s 5 yr. pay back policy due to their initial capital investment.

• Appendix VIII is showing pay back and return of investment year if saving is calculated considering notional building as a baseline for comparison.

• If we purchase glass from India the pay back would vary from 9 to 11 year, where as due to less capital investment XYZ product are paying back there worth in 5 to 7 year only..

Results Contd.


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Life Cycle Cost for 25 Year


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-INR 50,000,000

-INR 40,000,000

-INR 30,000,000

-INR 20,000,000

-INR 10,000,000

INR 0

INR 10,000,000

INR 20,000,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

DG-6LowE-13Argon-6Clear-China-BlueGreen

-INR 50,000,000

-INR 40,000,000

-INR 30,000,000

-INR 20,000,000

-INR 10,000,000

INR 0

INR 10,000,000

INR 20,000,000

INR 30,000,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

TG-6LowE-13Argon-6Clear-6Air-6Clear

-INR 50,000,000

-INR 40,000,000

-INR 30,000,000

-INR 20,000,000

-INR 10,000,000

INR 0

INR 10,000,000

INR 20,000,000

INR 30,000,000

INR 40,000,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

QG-6LowE-13Argon-6Clear-6Air-6Clear-6Argon-6Clear

-INR 50,000,000

-INR 40,000,000

-INR 30,000,000

-INR 20,000,000

-INR 10,000,000

INR 0

INR 10,000,000

INR 20,000,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25


Payback Periods for Typical Options


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BAS System SpecificationP

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1. The Specification Should be developed keeping in view that it has to serve as a centralized energy related information facility

2. With in BAS Point Definition, a modular structure has to be conceived to carry out required up gradation in the times to come

3. With in BAS frame work Intelligent text messages and pop ups with precise information has to be integrated for assisting the user in the fields

4. The climate and building energy usage profile should be logged seamlessly so that it can be looked at as and when needed in any diagnostics operation.

5. Preferably the system should be web based one, which identifies the need of its distribution and logical access to certain groups and administrators, Who keep an eye on building operations


Whole Building Simulation Method by Approved Software

e.g. Part L- UK Regulation iSBEM Software

Manual Method (Discussed)

e.g. Envelop Performance Factor Method BEE India

Energy Conservation building Code 2005

Compliance With Local Energy Code

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Source: Energy Conservation Building Code 2005, BEE

Envelop Performance Factor Method


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PostPost--Commissioning Energy Commissioning Energy Management OptionsManagement Options


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nsTimely Energy Auditing

Source: BEE Course ware


The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on: Function and type of industry

Depth to which final audit is needed, and

Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired

Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types. Preliminary Audit

Detailed Audit

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Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:

Establish energy consumption in the organization

Estimate the scope for saving

Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention

Identify immediate (especially no/ low cost) improvements/ savings

Set a 'reference point‘

Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement

Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data

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Preliminary Energy Audit Methodology


A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan for a facility, since it evaluates all major energy using systems.

This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.

In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This is based on an inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current operating conditions and calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges.

Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase I - Pre Audit Phase Phase II - Audit Phase Phase III - Post Audit Phase

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nsDetailed Energy Audit Methodology


Phase 1 (Pre Audit Phase) Step 1

• Plan and Organize• Walk through• Informal Interviews

Step 2• Brief meeting and awareness program

Phase 2 (Audit Phase) Step 3

• Preliminary Data Collection, process of building operation• BMS specification

Step 4• Survey and monitoring

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nsTen-Step Methodology to conduct Energy Audit


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nsTen-Step Methodology to Conduct Energy Audit Contd.

Step 5• Conduct detailed trial and efficiency experiments

Step 6• Analysis of Energy Use

Step 7• Identification and development of Energy conservation

Measure Step 8

• Cost benefit analysis Step 9

• Reporting and presentation to the top management

Phase 3 (Post Audit Phase) Implementation and follow ups


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nsEnergy Audit Kit



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Energy Audit Kit Contd.


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nsEnergy Benchmarking

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Months

KW

h

Model Data

2004 Data

Justification:

1. The model data and actual data for ABC is almost of the same pattern

2. The weather file used for hourly simulation is statistical average of past 30 yr. data till 2002.which is used for 2004

3. The model is actually showing subtle shift/offset in energy usage.

4. The reason for the offset is some process which are constant and non weather dependant. Like server room and pumps etc.


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nsCase Study-Energy Benchmarking Contd.


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nsAnnual Energy Budgeting & Targeting Case Study - Energy Budget

Calculation


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nsEnergy Efficiency Monitoring Systems Base line energy usage

calculation by hourly Energy simulations

Energy Metering preferably sector wise like HVAC, lighting ,pumping and process heating etc

Targeting the energy usage anomalies by comparing with the baseline simulation data using CUSUM techniques.

Energy usage pattern recognition and study for building diagnostics and auditing.

Data acquisition and logging


Recording -Measuring and recording energy consumption

Analyzing -Correlating energy consumption to a measured output, such as production quantity

Comparing -Comparing energy consumption to an appropriate standard or benchmark

Setting Targets -Setting targets to reduce or control energy consumption

Monitoring -Comparing energy consumption to the set target on a regular basis

Reporting -Reporting the results including any variances from the targets which have been set

Controlling -Implementing management measures to correct any variances, which may have occurred.

Checking the accuracy of energy invoices Allocating energy costs to specific departments (Energy

Accounting Centers) Determining energy performance/efficiency Recording energy use, so that projects intended to

improve energy efficiency can be checked Highlighting performance problems in equipment or

systems

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nsThe Essential Elements of Monitoring System

Source: BEE Courseware


On-site monitoring Employed Energy Analysts

and Staff team

Outsourced or contracted to Energy Analysts

Offsite Monitoring Online Remote Monitoring

Offline Remote Monitoring

Monitoring without geographic boundaries via internet

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Whether your current energy is better or worse than before Trends in energy consumption that reflects seasonal, weekly, and

other operational parameters How much your future energy use is likely to vary if you change

aspects of your business specific areas of wasted energy Comparison with other business with similar characteristics - This

"benchmarking“ process will provide valuable indications of effectiveness of your operations as well as energy use

How much your business has reacted to changes in the past How to develop performance targets for an energy management

program Information related to energy use may be obtained from following

sources: Plant level information can be derived from financial accounting

systems-utilities cost centre Plant department level information can be found in comparative energy

consumption data for a group of similar facilities, service entrance meter readings

etc. System level (for example, boiler plant) performance data can be

determined from sub metering data Equipment level information can be obtained from nameplate data, run-

time and schedule information, sub-metered data on specific energy consuming

equipment.

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Energy Use Indicators Sub Electrical Meters Gas meters Generators output Oil consumption

Environmental Impact Indicators Green house gas emission

Lighting Lux level in specific areas

Indoor Air Quality CO2 Level CO Levels

Climate Indicator Sun Insulation Level( Solar Radiance) Ambient Temperature Out side Humidity

Major Energy Consuming Equipments Chillers Boilers AHUs Split Units, Server room Cooling Equipment

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General Efficiency Measures (Discussed)

Chillers Specific Measures (Discussed) AHU Specific Measures (Discussed) Boiler Specific Measures Room Air Conditioning Measures Building Air Leakage Measures

(Discussed) Building Insulation Measures

(Discussed) Control Use of Sun Light (Discussed) Electric Lighting Measures Independent Energy Using Equipment Transformer Specific Measures Service Water System Measures

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nsEnergy Efficiency Measure and Retrofits (Role of ESCO)


Night Pre-cooling

Air-to-Air Heat Recovery—Heat Exchange Enthalpy Wheels

Air-to-Air Heat Recovery—Heat Pipe Systems

Air-to-Air Heat Recovery—Run-Around Systems

Displacement Ventilation

Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems

Ventilation Demand Control Using CO2

Hybrid Ventilation

Variable Flow/Variable Speed Pumping Systems

Low-NOx Burners

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nsGeneral Efficiency Measures


Combustion Air Preheating

Combination Space/Water Heaters

Ground-Source Heat Pumps

Water-Loop Heat Pump Systems

Thermal Energy Storage for Cooling

Double-Effect Absorption Chillers

Gas-Engine-Driven Chillers

Gas-Fired Chiller/Heaters

Desiccant Cooling and Dehumidification

Indirect Evaporative Cooling

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Light Conveyor

Water-Conserving Plumbing Fixtures

Gray-water Systems

Point-of-Use Domestic Hot Water Heaters

Direct-Contact Water Heaters

Rainwater Harvesting

Mixed Air Temperature Reset

Cold Deck Temperature Reset with Humidity Override

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nsGeneral Efficiency Measures Contd.


Equipment Scheduling And Operating Practices

Distribute the cooling load among chillers in the manner that minimizes total plant operating cost. 1 - 20 % of cost of chiller operation.

Use automatic controls to shut down the entire chiller plant when there is no cooling load.

Turn off and isolate heat rejection equipment when the corresponding chiller turns off. 5 - 30 percent of the energy used by the condenser water pumps and cooling unit fans.

Install power switching that prevents unnecessary operation of spare pumps.

Turn off compressor sump/crankcase heaters during extended shutdown intervals. 20 - 200 dollars per year per compressor.

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Optimum Operating Temperatures

Keep the chilled water supply temperature as high as possible. Optimize the condensing temperature.

Heat Rejection Equipment

Sequence the fans efficiently in multiple-cell cooling units. 10 - 40 % of fan energy and 1 - 5 % of chiller energy.

Clean heat rejection units at appropriate intervals. 0.1 - 5 % of chiller system operating cost.

Keep heat rejection unit housing and fittings intact. 0.1 - 2 % of chiller system operating cost

Avoid recirculation of air through the same or adjacent heat rejection units. 5 - 30 % of the fan energy of the heat rejection unit and 0.1 -2 % of chiller energy consumption.

Pump Energy Consumption, Adjust the discharge of pumps to match system flow and/or pressure requirements.

Refrigerant Condition, Repair chiller system leaks, Maintain the proper refrigerant charge, Install accessories that prevent air leakage into idle chillers by pressurizing them to keep the internal pressure higher than atmospheric.

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System Design for Efficient Low-Load Cooling

Install local cooling units to allow shutting down the central chiller plant during periods of low load. 5 - 30 % of total cooling energy consumption

Provide cross connections that allow shutting down the least efficient chillers if a facility has several chiller plants. 5 - 20 % of total chiller plant energy consumption

Heat Recovery From Chillers

Install a heat recovery chiller to recover large amounts of heat at elevated condensing temperatures.

Install a de-superheater to recover small quantities of heat at maximum temperature. The amount depends on the refrigerant and the features of the compressor.

Cooling Thermal Storage

Install cooling thermal storage, Varies widely

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Minimize Duration of Operation

Turn off air handling systems when they are not needed. By using time clocks to start and stop air handling equipment where spaces

operate on regular schedules.10 - 70 % of the air handling system's operating cost.

By installing optimum start controllers to adapt starting times to weather conditions. 1 - 10 % of the air handling system's operating cost.

Outside air intake and building pressurization.

Adjust outside air intake to the minimum needed to satisfy comfort, health, and code requirements, and to maintain proper building pressurization. The savings are sure, greatest in climates that have extremes of temperature or humidity. By controlling outside air intake By sensing air contaminants. 30 -70 % of the cost of conditioning outside air.

Use air cleaning to reduce the need for outside air ventilation. Install a purge cycle for overnight cooling. 0.1 - 2 % of cooling energy Improve the envelope penetrations of air handling systems to minimize air

quality problems, wind problems and energy requirements. Varies widely. Minimize the use of extra heat for freeze protection 0.5 - 5 % of conditioning

energy Eliminate air handling system stratification that increases energy consumption

or reduces comfort. Varies widely.Pos

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Personnel Doors Maintain the fit, closure, and the sealing of exterior doors. 10 - 200 dollars per

year per door depending on climate , energy cost, space layout etc. Install appropriate weather stripping on exterior doors.10 - 200 dollars per year

per door depending on climate , energy cost, space layout etc. Install a revolving door if a pressure differential at the entrance is unavoidable.

Thousands of dollar per year where a high pressure differential exists at the entrance.

Install vestibules for doors with frequent traffic.100 - 1000 dollars per year per door depending on climate , energy cost, building orientation etc.

Window Air Leakage Maintain the fit, closure and the sealing of windows. Upto 50 % of heating and

cooling costs. Install weather stripping on open able windows. 3 - 60 % of heating and cooling

costs, depending on the type and size of windows, space layouts etc. Other envelope Leakage

Seal gaps in the envelope structure. Varies widely Install gaskets at wall switches and receptacles that allow outside air leakage.

Typically about one dollar per year per gasket. Install roof and attic hatches that close tightly and reliably. 100 - 1000 dollars per

year in heating costs. Adjust and repair space air vents periodically. 100 - 1000 dollars per year in

heating costs. Ventilate elevator shafts rationally. Several hundred dollars per year per elevator

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Roofs and Attics Increase the quantity of attic insulation. Reduces heat loss by 70 - 90 % A rigid insulation to the top surface of the roofs. Reduces heat loss by 70- 90

% Apply sprayed foam insulation to the top surface of roofs. Reduces heat loss

by 70 - 90 % Install insulation on the underside of roofs. Reduces heat loss by 70 - 90 % Install a suspended insulated ceiling. Reduces heat loss by 60 - 80 %

Walls and Soffits Insulate wall cavities. 40 - 70 % of the heat loss and heat gains through the

insulated portions of the wall. Insulate the inside surface of the walls. 60 - 95 % of the heat loss or heat gain

through the wall. Insulate the outside surface of the walls. 60 - 90 % of the heat loss or heat

gain through the wall. Increase the thermal resistance of the panels in curtain walls. 60 - 90 % of the

heat loss or heat gain through the wall. Glazing Insulation

Install storm windows or supplemental glazing. About 35 - 65 % of conductive heat loss depending upon the number of original panes and the number of supplemental panes.

Reduce the area of glazing. Install thermal shutters. 60 - 80 % of heat loss through the affected glazing. Use window films that reflect heat back into the building.P

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Insulation Specific Measure Contd.


Reducing Cooling Load: Windows & Skylights Install external shading devices. Save 70 - 95 % of the cooling load caused by

the shaded glazing. Install internal shading devices.20 - 50 % of the cooling load caused by the

shaded glazing. Install solar control films on existing glazing. 35 - 60 % of the solar cooling load reduce the area of glazing. Up to 50 % of total Heating cooling costs

Reducing Cooling Load: Opaque Surface and Overall. Improve the insulation of surfaces exposed to sunlight. Apply paint, coating or sheathing that minimizes absorption of sun light. Save up

to 30 - 70 % compared to using a finish with high heat gain. Effective ventilation of attics.30 - 70 % of the cooling load through the attic.

Day lighting Install skylights or light pipes. Skylights increase heating and cooling cost but this

penalty should be minor if the skylights are sized and laid out properly. Install diffusers for existing clear skylights.30 - 80 % of lighting costs. Install translucent roof and wall sections for day lighting. Install a system of light

shelves and shading.10 - 40 watts per foot along the wall. Passive Solar Heating

Keep open the window shades of unoccupied spaces that need heating.20 - 80 % of heating costs in the sun lighted spaces.

Install combinations of sunlight absorbers and reflectors inside windows and skylights.10 - 100 % of heating costs in the sun lighted spaces. P

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Control Use of Sun LightControl Use of Sun Light


Form Partnership Make a commitment to significantly reduce building energy use and cost in your

community, and identify the organizations who will work together with you. Collect and Examine Data

Define your targeted building stock and collect basic data on building characteristics, energy use, and energy costs.

Conduct Initial Screening Conduct a simple screening of your targeted buildings to identify a candidate list

of buildings that represent the best opportunities for energy savings. Define Financing Options

Take a first look at costs, savings, and financing issues; develop rough cost estimates and funding options for both management and capital costs.

Develop an Action Plan Define a practical action plan with your partners, with financing, marketing, and

business strategies to achieve them. Evaluate Individual Buildings

Perform detailed energy audits on your best candidate buildings to define specific efficiency measures, their costs, and their savings potential.

Implement Your Program Design, finance, install, and commission energy-efficiency retrofits.

Verify and Report Results Verify and document the savings you have achieved in order to enhance the

credibility of your program, improve it, and tell others about your results. Pos

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nsHow an ESCO Operates?


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nsGaining Confidence in Energy Calculations (The Key Formulae)



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The Key Formulae Contd.


Question & Answer SessionQuestion & Answer Session


Thank youYou can Reach me !

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Or

Call me

+91 9873588571


Documents

Overview of Energy Analysis and Managementgeedindia.org/presentations/ierf-lecture-28april.pdf · (For Commercial and Residential Buildings) Organized By ISHRAE Education & Research