Geography & Geography & HistoryHistory

An Overview for China, Hong An Overview for China, Hong Kong & JapanKong & Japan

Ajay KarippotPeter Fisher

Suneet Bhatt

March 29, 2005GATE – East Asia

Brief Introduction to East AsiaBrief Introduction to East Asia This area includes This area includes

Korean Peninsula, Korean Peninsula, China mainland, China mainland, Japan and islands in Japan and islands in the Pacific Ocean.the Pacific Ocean.

Most populous region Most populous region in the world. (more in the world. (more than 1/5than 1/5thth of the of the world population)world population)

Has a history of more Has a history of more than 5000 years.than 5000 years.

Wide range of Wide range of climatic and climatic and geographical regionsgeographical regions

Subarctic in the Subarctic in the north north

Tropical in the southTropical in the south Mountains and Mountains and

deserts in westdeserts in west hills, plains and hills, plains and

river deltas in eastriver deltas in east

Fun factFun fact

What do you find common in the What do you find common in the following items?following items? PaperPaper Gun PowderGun Powder Compass Compass PrintingPrinting

Ans: MADE IN CHINA Ans: MADE IN CHINA

ChinaChina

ChinaChina Location:Location: Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay,

Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and VietnamYellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam Land Area:Land Area: 9.6 million square kilometers. (slightly smaller than the 9.6 million square kilometers. (slightly smaller than the

US )US ) Population:Population: 1.3 Billion 1.3 Billion Border countries:Border countries: Russia and North Korea to the east; Russia and Russia and North Korea to the east; Russia and

Mongolia to the north; Russia and Afghanistan to the west; and Mongolia to the north; Russia and Afghanistan to the west; and Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Laos, and Vietnam to the south. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Laos, and Vietnam to the south.

Currency:Currency: Yuan Yuan Capital :Capital : Beijing Beijing Largest City:Largest City: Shanghai Shanghai Language:Language: Standard Chinese or Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghaiese, Standard Chinese or Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghaiese,

Minbei, Minnan, Xiang, Gan, minority languagesMinbei, Minnan, Xiang, Gan, minority languages 2004 chief of state:2004 chief of state: President HU Jintao (since 15 March President HU Jintao (since 15 March

2003)2003) International dialing codeInternational dialing code - 86 - 86

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html

History: Ancient ChinaHistory: Ancient China

Pre-Historic periodPre-Historic period Xia C.21st-16th century B.C.Xia C.21st-16th century B.C. Shang C.16th-11th century B.C.Shang C.16th-11th century B.C. Western Zhou Dynasty C.11th century Western Zhou Dynasty C.11th century

B.C.-770 B.C.B.C.-770 B.C. Eastern Zhou (Spring and Autumn and Eastern Zhou (Spring and Autumn and

Warring States periods) 770-221 B.CWarring States periods) 770-221 B.C Confucius, a scholar, lived at this time. He Confucius, a scholar, lived at this time. He

developed one of the Chinese religions developed one of the Chinese religions known as Confucianism. known as Confucianism.

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html ,http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm

History: Imperial ChinaHistory: Imperial China Qin Dynasty 221-207 B.C.Qin Dynasty 221-207 B.C.

Building the Great Wall is startedBuilding the Great Wall is started Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-A.D. 220Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-A.D. 220

After the Han dynasties, China has a period of After the Han dynasties, China has a period of great instability. Terrible wars rage between great instability. Terrible wars rage between different groups of Chinese.different groups of Chinese.

Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu and Wu) 220-265Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu and Wu) 220-265 Jin Dynasty 265-420Jin Dynasty 265-420 Southern and Northern Dynasty 420-589Southern and Northern Dynasty 420-589 Sui Dynasty 581-618Sui Dynasty 581-618

The Grand Canal is built. This 1800 kilometre The Grand Canal is built. This 1800 kilometre waterway linked many parts of China enabling waterway linked many parts of China enabling people to travel and trade with each other.people to travel and trade with each other.

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html ,http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm

History: Imperial ChinaHistory: Imperial China Tang Dynasty 618-907Tang Dynasty 618-907

Greater contact is made with other countries Greater contact is made with other countries and China begins to trade with India, Malaysia, and China begins to trade with India, Malaysia, Japan. Buddhism is introduced from India.Japan. Buddhism is introduced from India.

Five Dynasties 907-960Five Dynasties 907-960 Song Dynasty 960-1279Song Dynasty 960-1279

Marco Polo visits China and sees prosperous Marco Polo visits China and sees prosperous cities, many more grand than the cities of cities, many more grand than the cities of Europe. Europe.

Mongol, Genghis Khan invades China, breaking Mongol, Genghis Khan invades China, breaking through the Great Wall. The Yuan dynasty through the Great Wall. The Yuan dynasty established by his grandson rules the Chinese. established by his grandson rules the Chinese.

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html ,http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm

History: Imperial ChinaHistory: Imperial China Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368 Ming Dynasty 1368-1644Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

Portuguese, Dutch, British and Spanish begin to Portuguese, Dutch, British and Spanish begin to trade with China. Silk and tea are exported, wool trade with China. Silk and tea are exported, wool and spices are imported.and spices are imported.

In 1840 the Chinese fought a war against the In 1840 the Chinese fought a war against the British and lost. France, Japan and Russia took British and lost. France, Japan and Russia took control of Chinese lands. Hong Kong island control of Chinese lands. Hong Kong island becomes British land.becomes British land.

Qing (say Qing (say chingching) Dynasty 1644-1911) Dynasty 1644-1911 The last emperor of China was 2 year old Emperor The last emperor of China was 2 year old Emperor

Puyi.Puyi. The Qing dynasty was overthrown by a new leader, The Qing dynasty was overthrown by a new leader,

Sun Yat Sen, who declared China to be a republic.Sun Yat Sen, who declared China to be a republic.

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html ,http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm

History: Modern ChinaHistory: Modern China Republic of China 1912-1949Republic of China 1912-1949

A civil war was fought for many years between the A civil war was fought for many years between the nationalists who wanted to keep the republic and the nationalists who wanted to keep the republic and the communists.communists.

1937 – Second world war1937 – Second world war The nationalist and the communist Chinese fight together The nationalist and the communist Chinese fight together

during the war. But later they start fighting each other during the war. But later they start fighting each other again. The communists, led by Mao Tse-Tung defeat the again. The communists, led by Mao Tse-Tung defeat the nationalists and set up a communist government.nationalists and set up a communist government.

People's Republic of China 1949-People's Republic of China 1949- 1978 Start of Chinese economic reforms1978 Start of Chinese economic reforms 1997 Hong Kong becomes part of China again1997 Hong Kong becomes part of China again Jiang Zemin retires from his post as Chairman of the Central Jiang Zemin retires from his post as Chairman of the Central

Military Commission. President HU Jintao is appointed.Military Commission. President HU Jintao is appointed. 2008 Beijing to hold the 2008 Summer Olympics2008 Beijing to hold the 2008 Summer Olympics

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html ,http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm

GeographyGeography Geography:Geography: world's fourth largest world's fourth largest

country (after Russia, Canada, and country (after Russia, Canada, and US); Mount Everest on the border US); Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak;with Nepal is the world's tallest peak;

Climate:Climate: extremely diverse; tropical extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north in south to subarctic in north

Terrain:Terrain: mostly mountains, high mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in eastdeltas, and hills in east

Major Rivers: Major Rivers: Huang He , Chang Huang He , Chang Jiang, Xi Jiang, MekongJiang, Xi Jiang, Mekong

Source: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html

Geography: Different regionsGeography: Different regions

The North China Plain (Beijing)The North China Plain (Beijing) Area subject to the extreme heat and frequent Area subject to the extreme heat and frequent

droughts of summer or floods of spring. droughts of summer or floods of spring. The Loess PlateauThe Loess Plateau

winters are harshwinters are harsh The Sichuan Basin The Sichuan Basin

climate generally is mildclimate generally is mild The Southeast Coast and Shanghai The Southeast Coast and Shanghai

area of the most active economic growth and area of the most active economic growth and development in China.development in China.

Source: http://www.aasianst.org/EAA/mccoll.htm

Geography: Different regionsGeography: Different regions

The Yangzi (Changjiang Valley)The Yangzi (Changjiang Valley) Mountains and excessive wet landsMountains and excessive wet lands

XinjiangXinjiang landscape of deserts, mountains, and oases landscape of deserts, mountains, and oases

Northeast (Manchuria)Northeast (Manchuria) Winters are damp and cold. Winters are damp and cold.

Tibet and QinghaiTibet and Qinghai the Tibetan and Qinghai plateaus are extremely high the Tibetan and Qinghai plateaus are extremely high

in elevation (an average of 4,000 meters (14,000 in elevation (an average of 4,000 meters (14,000 feet). feet).

Southwest UplandsSouthwest Uplands landscape of dissected plateaus, dense forests, and landscape of dissected plateaus, dense forests, and

great ethnic diversity great ethnic diversity

Source: http://www.aasianst.org/EAA/mccoll.htm

Hong KongHong Kong““Fragrant Harbor”Fragrant Harbor”

OrOr““Xianggang” Xianggang”

Hong KongHong Kong

Hong KongHong Kong ““In fact, one of the most striking characteristics In fact, one of the most striking characteristics

of Hong Kong is this interweaving of seeming of Hong Kong is this interweaving of seeming contradictions and the interplay of the exotic contradictions and the interplay of the exotic and the technically advanced. There are as and the technically advanced. There are as many skyscrapers here as you're likely to see many skyscrapers here as you're likely to see anywhere, but they're built with bamboo anywhere, but they're built with bamboo scaffolding. In addition to historic trams, Hong scaffolding. In addition to historic trams, Hong Kong boasts one of the most efficient subways in Kong boasts one of the most efficient subways in the world, complete with the world's first the world, complete with the world's first "contactless" tickets, cards that are waved over "contactless" tickets, cards that are waved over a scanner. The city has what are arguably some a scanner. The city has what are arguably some of the best and most sophisticated restaurants of the best and most sophisticated restaurants in the world, as well as a plethora of in the world, as well as a plethora of dai pai dai pai dong,dong, street-side food stalls.” street-side food stalls.”

GeographyGeography

History: EarlyHistory: Early

EarlyEarly Human activity dates back over 5 millenniaHuman activity dates back over 5 millennia Bronze Age during the Shang DynastyBronze Age during the Shang Dynasty

History: Imperial ChinaHistory: Imperial China Has been settled by Han Chinese since the Has been settled by Han Chinese since the

Han Dynasty (Eastern Han Dynasty)Han Dynasty (Eastern Han Dynasty) History during some other dynasties lacks History during some other dynasties lacks

documentationdocumentation Three KingdomsThree Kingdoms SouthernSouthern NorthernNorthern

Guangzhou flourished during the Tang DynastyGuangzhou flourished during the Tang Dynasty Five DynastiesFive Dynasties 10 Kingdoms10 Kingdoms

No significant residence until major migrations No significant residence until major migrations from mainland China to Hong Kong during the from mainland China to Hong Kong during the Song Dynasty (960-1279)Song Dynasty (960-1279)

History: Imperial China History: Imperial China (continued)(continued)

1276 Southern Song Dynasty fled Mongol invaders1276 Southern Song Dynasty fled Mongol invaders Two princes tried to lead a resistance effortTwo princes tried to lead a resistance effort

Zhao Shi (9) and Zhao Bing (7)Zhao Shi (9) and Zhao Bing (7) Sought refuge in Silvermine Bay (Mui Wo) and then Kowloon City Sought refuge in Silvermine Bay (Mui Wo) and then Kowloon City

(Sung Wong Toi)(Sung Wong Toi) 1279 defeat of the Song army at the Battle of Yamen1279 defeat of the Song army at the Battle of Yamen

High official took Zhao Bing in his arms, and jumped into the seaHigh official took Zhao Bing in his arms, and jumped into the sea Tung Chung Valley Tung Chung Valley Hau Wong, who gave up his life for the emperor, still revered as Hau Wong, who gave up his life for the emperor, still revered as

a goda god Mongolian conquest pushed more Han Chinese refugees Mongolian conquest pushed more Han Chinese refugees

into the areainto the area Area was still barren, relying on salt, pearl and fishery tradesArea was still barren, relying on salt, pearl and fishery trades

Remained a forgotten corner of the Qing Dynasty until Remained a forgotten corner of the Qing Dynasty until 18411841

History: The BritishHistory: The British The Opium AddictionThe Opium Addiction

British and Chinese had been trading since the British and Chinese had been trading since the 1616thth century century

European demand for tea and silk grew causing European demand for tea and silk grew causing a trade imbalancea trade imbalance

1773 British unloaded 70,000kgs (155,000lbs) 1773 British unloaded 70,000kgs (155,000lbs) of Bengal opium in Chinaof Bengal opium in China

Emperor banned opium as he saw an increasing Emperor banned opium as he saw an increasing number of addicts and a decrease in silvernumber of addicts and a decrease in silver

Europeans found corrupt Chinese officials to Europeans found corrupt Chinese officials to keep the opium trade going strongkeep the opium trade going strong

1839, British traders were forced to hand over 1839, British traders were forced to hand over opium supplies which were then publicly burnedopium supplies which were then publicly burned

History: The BritishHistory: The British The Opium WarThe Opium War

British responded by sending an expeditionary force British responded by sending an expeditionary force to secure new trade rules, standards and regulationsto secure new trade rules, standards and regulations

The force blockaded several ports, including CantonThe force blockaded several ports, including Canton China forced to cede Hong Kong islandChina forced to cede Hong Kong island Commodore Gordon Bremmer claimed the island on Commodore Gordon Bremmer claimed the island on

January 26, 1841January 26, 1841 China invaded by Franco-British forces in 1859 and China invaded by Franco-British forces in 1859 and

ceded Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutter’s Islandceded Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutter’s Island British later acquired a 99-year lease on the New Territories British later acquired a 99-year lease on the New Territories

(which carried through 1997)(which carried through 1997)

The 20The 20thth Century Century Chinese civil war (1920s) and Japanese invasion Chinese civil war (1920s) and Japanese invasion

(1930s) hastened shift away from trade to (1930s) hastened shift away from trade to manufacturingmanufacturing

Japanese imperialism dominated HK for almost four Japanese imperialism dominated HK for almost four years (1941-1945)years (1941-1945)

US embargo on Chinese goods during the Korean War US embargo on Chinese goods during the Korean War forced HK to increase its manufacturing and increase forced HK to increase its manufacturing and increase its service industryits service industry

Communism in China (1949) and the Cultural Communism in China (1949) and the Cultural Revolution (1960s) threatened HK’s independence Revolution (1960s) threatened HK’s independence from Chinafrom China

Communist takeover of China forced emigration of Communist takeover of China forced emigration of Chinese to Hong KongChinese to Hong Kong Skilled labor; capital; firms and businessesSkilled labor; capital; firms and businesses Hong Kong then brought down the Labour movement Hong Kong then brought down the Labour movement

(negative views of communism)(negative views of communism) 1974 – Independent Commission Against Corruption1974 – Independent Commission Against Corruption

Transition: The ParadoxTransition: The Paradox December 1984, British agreed to hand over HK to December 1984, British agreed to hand over HK to

China 1997China 1997 Agreement allows HK to retain its pre-1997 social, Agreement allows HK to retain its pre-1997 social,

economic and legal systems for at least 50 years after 1997economic and legal systems for at least 50 years after 1997 Basic Law - “One country, two systems” (April 4, 1990)Basic Law - “One country, two systems” (April 4, 1990)

July 1, 1997 Hong Kong was handed over to the July 1, 1997 Hong Kong was handed over to the People’s Republic of ChinaPeople’s Republic of China Tung Chee Hwa became the Chief ExecutiveTung Chee Hwa became the Chief Executive Resigned on March 12, 2005 (elections on July 10)Resigned on March 12, 2005 (elections on July 10)

Politically:Politically: Operated under Article 23 (anti-secession)Operated under Article 23 (anti-secession) Lack a strong system of checks and balancesLack a strong system of checks and balances

Economically:Economically: Rocked by Asian Financial CrisisRocked by Asian Financial Crisis Responding wellResponding well

Geography: ContextGeography: Context

Hong Kong has four main areasHong Kong has four main areas New Territories & KowloonNew Territories & Kowloon

Peninsula of the Chinese mainlandPeninsula of the Chinese mainland Northern side of Victoria HarbourNorthern side of Victoria Harbour

Hong Kong IslandHong Kong Island Southern side of Victoria Harbour facing KowloonSouthern side of Victoria Harbour facing Kowloon

Outlying IslandsOutlying Islands Any of the other 234 islandsAny of the other 234 islands

CityCity Centred around Victoria HarbourCentred around Victoria Harbour

GeographyGeography

GeographyGeography Composition: 235 islands (6x the size of DC)Composition: 235 islands (6x the size of DC) Land boundaries: 30 km (China, Shenzhen Land boundaries: 30 km (China, Shenzhen

Special Economic Zone)Special Economic Zone) Coastline: 733 kmCoastline: 733 km Total Sea Area: 1,652.21 sq. kmTotal Sea Area: 1,652.21 sq. km Terrain: Lowlands in the north; Hilly to Terrain: Lowlands in the north; Hilly to

mountainous with steep slopesmountainous with steep slopes Elevation Estremes:Elevation Estremes:

Lowest Point: South China Sea (0 m)Lowest Point: South China Sea (0 m) Highest Point: Tai Mo Shan (958 m, New Highest Point: Tai Mo Shan (958 m, New

Territories)Territories) Other Principal PeaksOther Principal Peaks

Lantau Peak (934 m, Lantau Island)Lantau Peak (934 m, Lantau Island) Sunset Peak (869 m, Lantau Island)Sunset Peak (869 m, Lantau Island)

GeographyGeography ClimateClimate

Subtropical (South of the Tropic of Cancer) = Subtropical (South of the Tropic of Cancer) = HawaiiHawaii

Winter – Strong and cold winds from the northWinter – Strong and cold winds from the north Summer – Wind reverses, warm/humid air from the southSummer – Wind reverses, warm/humid air from the south May – End of ‘rainy season’May – End of ‘rainy season’

LandLand 1,076 square miles1,076 square miles 75% open countrysides75% open countrysides

2600 vascular plants2600 vascular plants 450 species of birds450 species of birds 200 species of butterflies/100 species of dragonflies200 species of butterflies/100 species of dragonflies 40 species of mammals40 species of mammals 80 species of reptiles/20 species of amphibians80 species of reptiles/20 species of amphibians End of May, some pretty quirky MBA Students from FuquaEnd of May, some pretty quirky MBA Students from Fuqua

EcosystemsEcosystems Mangroves – Habitats of enclosed intertidal mud Mangroves – Habitats of enclosed intertidal mud

flats with reduced wave action and influx of flats with reduced wave action and influx of freshwaterfreshwater Deep BayDeep Bay

Rocky Shores – Transition from terrestrial to a Rocky Shores – Transition from terrestrial to a marine environment. marine environment. Day/High Tide – Covered; Night/Low Tide - ExposedDay/High Tide – Covered; Night/Low Tide - Exposed

Luk KengLuk Keng Kei Ling Ha Lo WaiKei Ling Ha Lo Wai

Streams – lotic habitatsStreams – lotic habitats Wa Mei ShanWa Mei Shan Lam Tsuen RiverLam Tsuen River

Sandy ShoresSandy Shores Exposed vs. ProtectedExposed vs. Protected

Starfish BayStarfish Bay

JapanJapan

Daigoji Temple Daigoji Temple (Kyoto)(Kyoto)

Japan - OverviewJapan - Overview Population: 127.3 millionPopulation: 127.3 million Size: 377,835 sq. km. (roughly the size of Italy or Size: 377,835 sq. km. (roughly the size of Italy or

California)California) Government: constitutional monarchy with a Government: constitutional monarchy with a

parliamentary governmentparliamentary government Capital: TokyoCapital: Tokyo Currency: YenCurrency: Yen Religion: Shinto and Buddhist 84%Religion: Shinto and Buddhist 84%

Japan - HistoryJapan - History

History – Early JapanHistory – Early Japan During the Jomon Period (13000 BC to 300BC), During the Jomon Period (13000 BC to 300BC),

inhabitants of Japan were primarily hunters and inhabitants of Japan were primarily hunters and gatherersgatherers

Agriculture (in particular rice as a crop) was introduced Agriculture (in particular rice as a crop) was introduced around 100BC, allowing for the development of social around 100BC, allowing for the development of social classes and landownersclasses and landowners

Around 400AD, the country was united under an Around 400AD, the country was united under an emperor as Yamato Japanemperor as Yamato Japan

Good relations with Kudhara kingdom (Korean Good relations with Kudhara kingdom (Korean peninsula), lead to increased influence from the peninsula), lead to increased influence from the mainlandmainland Buddhism was introduced circa 550AD and promoted by the Buddhism was introduced circa 550AD and promoted by the

ruling classruling class Confucianism, Taoism, and the Chinese writing system were all Confucianism, Taoism, and the Chinese writing system were all

introduced to Japan during this same periodintroduced to Japan during this same period

History – Nara and Heian Periods History – Nara and Heian Periods (710 - 1185)(710 - 1185)

In the year 710, the first capital In the year 710, the first capital was established in Narawas established in Nara

In 794, the capital was moved to In 794, the capital was moved to Heian (Kyoto), where it would Heian (Kyoto), where it would remain for 1000 yearsremain for 1000 years

This era represented a gradual This era represented a gradual decline in mainland influence decline in mainland influence and growth of a more pure and growth of a more pure Japanese cultureJapanese culture Development of Kana symbols in 9Development of Kana symbols in 9thth

century allowed for the creation of century allowed for the creation of Japanese literatureJapanese literature

Several distinct Buddhist sects Several distinct Buddhist sects emerged at this time as wellemerged at this time as well

Kana Kana SymbolsSymbols

History – Emergence of Military History – Emergence of Military PowerPower

Due to a “death spiral” created by land and taxation Due to a “death spiral” created by land and taxation reforms, power gradually shifted from central government reforms, power gradually shifted from central government to wealthy land ownersto wealthy land owners As public order became difficult to control, land owners hired As public order became difficult to control, land owners hired

Samurai for protection – thus beginning to raise the importance of Samurai for protection – thus beginning to raise the importance of military might in Japanmilitary might in Japan

A number of wars emerged between various clans and A number of wars emerged between various clans and militant Buddhist monasteries seeking to establish ruling militant Buddhist monasteries seeking to establish ruling power power

Japan was essentially ruled by the Shoguns, the highest Japan was essentially ruled by the Shoguns, the highest military officer, until their power declined in the 15military officer, until their power declined in the 15thth and and 1616thth centuries centuries

Once again, wealthy land-owning families began to Once again, wealthy land-owning families began to dominate by becoming military families (ji-samurai) and dominate by becoming military families (ji-samurai) and warlordswarlords

History – Edo Period (1603 - 1867)History – Edo Period (1603 - 1867)

Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed Shogun by the emperor in 1603 and Shogun by the emperor in 1603 and established his government in Edo established his government in Edo (modern day Tokyo)(modern day Tokyo)

Ieyasu brought all of Japan under his Ieyasu brought all of Japan under his control, and with the elimination of control, and with the elimination of his major rivals, peace prevailed his major rivals, peace prevailed during the Edo periodduring the Edo period Samurai focused on educating themselves Samurai focused on educating themselves

in martial arts, literature, and philosophyin martial arts, literature, and philosophy

The Tokugawa government lasted The Tokugawa government lasted nearly 250 years unopposednearly 250 years unopposed

Tokugawa Tokugawa IeyasuIeyasu

History – Edo Period (cont.)History – Edo Period (cont.)

In 1633, Shogun Iemitsu established In 1633, Shogun Iemitsu established a strict isolationist policy, forbidding a strict isolationist policy, forbidding travel abroad and nearly completely travel abroad and nearly completely restricting foreign traderestricting foreign trade

External pressures grew in the 18External pressures grew in the 18thth century as Russia sought to expand century as Russia sought to expand trade with Japantrade with Japan

In the 19In the 19thth century, Europeans and century, Europeans and Americans also sought to establish Americans also sought to establish tradetrade

In 1853 and 1854, Commodore In 1853 and 1854, Commodore Perry forced the Tokugawa Perry forced the Tokugawa government to open trade for a government to open trade for a limited number of portslimited number of ports

Shogun Shogun IemitsuIemitsu

Commodore Commodore PerryPerry

History – Edo Period (cont.)History – Edo Period (cont.)

Despite isolationism, Japanese culture flourished Despite isolationism, Japanese culture flourished during this timeduring this time New art forms emerged (kabuki, ukiyo-e)New art forms emerged (kabuki, ukiyo-e)

Over time, various factors began to impact the Over time, various factors began to impact the effectiveness of the Tokugawa governmenteffectiveness of the Tokugawa government Decline in government financial situationDecline in government financial situation Regular natural disastersRegular natural disasters Collapse of social hierarchy (merchant class increases Collapse of social hierarchy (merchant class increases

relative power compared with military)relative power compared with military) In 1868, the reign of the Tokugawa government came In 1868, the reign of the Tokugawa government came

to an end as Emperor Meiji was restored to powerto an end as Emperor Meiji was restored to power With the restoration of the emperor, the capital was With the restoration of the emperor, the capital was

moved from Kyoto to Tokyomoved from Kyoto to Tokyo

History – Meiji Period (1868 - History – Meiji Period (1868 - 1912)1912)

The new regime sought to make Japan a respected The new regime sought to make Japan a respected world power and close the gap with Western nationsworld power and close the gap with Western nations Establishment of a democratic state gradually brought Establishment of a democratic state gradually brought

down the social classes in place for centuries (decline of down the social classes in place for centuries (decline of the samurai)the samurai)

Feudal lords returned all lands to the emperor (creation of Feudal lords returned all lands to the emperor (creation of prefectures in 1870)prefectures in 1870)

Creation of human rights, including religious freedom in Creation of human rights, including religious freedom in 18731873

National conscription for military was created, and the National conscription for military was created, and the Japanese army and navy were modeled after the Prussian Japanese army and navy were modeled after the Prussian and British militaryand British military

Japanese scholars were sent to study Western science and Japanese scholars were sent to study Western science and technology to stimulate Japan’s industrializationtechnology to stimulate Japan’s industrialization

The education system was remodeled to mimic the French The education system was remodeled to mimic the French and German systemsand German systems

Emperor MeijiEmperor Meiji

History – Meiji Period (cont.)History – Meiji Period (cont.)

The first European style constitution was created The first European style constitution was created in 1889in 1889

A parliament, the Diet, was established, though A parliament, the Diet, was established, though the emperor kept sovereign rulethe emperor kept sovereign rule

Victories in the Sino-Japanese (1894-1895) and Victories in the Sino-Japanese (1894-1895) and Russo-Japanese wars (1904-1905) built Russo-Japanese wars (1904-1905) built international respect for Japan and fostered international respect for Japan and fostered nationalism among the Japanese populationnationalism among the Japanese population

History – Early 20History – Early 20thth Century (1912 Century (1912 - 1945)- 1945)

Japan joined the allied forces in WW1, but played Japan joined the allied forces in WW1, but played only a minor role in the waronly a minor role in the war Tension between Japan and the Western powers increased Tension between Japan and the Western powers increased

as the League of Nations rejected Japan’s “racial equality as the League of Nations rejected Japan’s “racial equality clause” proposal at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919clause” proposal at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919

In 1933, Japan withdrew from the League of In 1933, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations due to increased perceived racism and for Nations due to increased perceived racism and for criticism over military actions in Chinacriticism over military actions in China

In 1940, Japan allied with the Axis powers In 1940, Japan allied with the Axis powers (Germany and Italy) which then led to an oil boycott (Germany and Italy) which then led to an oil boycott from USA and Great Britain from USA and Great Britain

Deteriorating relations eventually led Japan to Deteriorating relations eventually led Japan to declare war on the US and Britaindeclare war on the US and Britain

History – World War IIHistory – World War II

In December 1941, Japan attacked US forces at Pearl In December 1941, Japan attacked US forces at Pearl HarborHarbor

In June 1942, Allied forces defeated the Japanese at In June 1942, Allied forces defeated the Japanese at the Battle of Midway, the turning point of the war in the Battle of Midway, the turning point of the war in the Pacificthe Pacific

On July 27On July 27thth, 1945 in the Postdam Declaration, the US , 1945 in the Postdam Declaration, the US demanded an unconditional surrender, but no demanded an unconditional surrender, but no surrender was givensurrender was given

On August 6On August 6thth and 9 and 9thth of the same year, the US dropped of the same year, the US dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasakiatomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

On August 14On August 14thth, Emperor Showa finally offered , Emperor Showa finally offered unconditional surrenderunconditional surrender

History – Postwar Period (1945 - )History – Postwar Period (1945 - )

Japan was devastated following the warJapan was devastated following the war All major cities, industries, and transportation were damagedAll major cities, industries, and transportation were damaged A severe food shortage existed for several yearsA severe food shortage existed for several years Japan was occupied from 1945 – 1952Japan was occupied from 1945 – 1952

A new constitution went into effect in 1947A new constitution went into effect in 1947 The emperor lost all official power and became a symbol of the The emperor lost all official power and became a symbol of the

statestate Universal suffrage and human rights were guaranteedUniversal suffrage and human rights were guaranteed

Reconstruction following the war and aid from the Reconstruction following the war and aid from the allied powers helped to rebuild Japan into an allied powers helped to rebuild Japan into an international powerinternational power In addition, the oil crisis of 1973 caused Japan to make a In addition, the oil crisis of 1973 caused Japan to make a

conscious shift to high technology industriesconscious shift to high technology industries

Japan - GeographyJapan - Geography

GeographyGeography Japan’s islands lie Japan’s islands lie

between 45˚ and 32˚ between 45˚ and 32˚ northnorth

The Sea of Japan The Sea of Japan separates the Asian separates the Asian continent from the continent from the Japanese archipelagoJapanese archipelago

Japan’s closest Japan’s closest neighbors are Korea, neighbors are Korea, Russia and ChinaRussia and China

GeographyGeography Japan consists of Japan consists of

several thousand several thousand islands. The four islands. The four largest arelargest are Honshu (largest, Honshu (largest,

“mainland”)“mainland”) HokkaidoHokkaido KyushuKyushu ShikokuShikoku

Japan is officially Japan is officially divided into 8 regions divided into 8 regions and 47 prefecturesand 47 prefectures Kanto (Tokyo)Kanto (Tokyo) Kinki (Kyoto)Kinki (Kyoto)

Geography – ClimateGeography – Climate Due to Japan’s long north-south range, its Due to Japan’s long north-south range, its

climate ranges from tropical in the south to cool, climate ranges from tropical in the south to cool, temperate in the northtemperate in the north

Japan’s climate is moderated by the seaJapan’s climate is moderated by the sea Milder winters than places of equal latitude on the Milder winters than places of equal latitude on the

mainland mainland Far more precipitationFar more precipitationAvg. Minimum Avg. Minimum

Temp in May (˚C / Temp in May (˚C / ˚F)˚F)

Avg. Maximum Avg. Maximum Temp. in May Temp. in May (˚C / ˚F)(˚C / ˚F)

TokyoTokyo 12 / 5412 / 54 22 / 7222 / 72KyotoKyoto 13 / 5613 / 56 24 / 7524 / 75

Geography –TerrainGeography –Terrain Japan’s terrain is mostly rugged and mountainousJapan’s terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous

Mountains cover 2/3 of Japan’s land massMountains cover 2/3 of Japan’s land mass Limiting to both transportation and agricultureLimiting to both transportation and agriculture Roughly 12% of Japan’s total land is arableRoughly 12% of Japan’s total land is arable

Japan is located where several continental & Japan is located where several continental & oceanic plates meetoceanic plates meet Active and extinct volcanoes in JapanActive and extinct volcanoes in Japan Hot springs Hot springs Active earthquake region (1500 seismic occurrences a Active earthquake region (1500 seismic occurrences a

year)year) Japan’s highest mountain, Mt. Fuji Japan’s highest mountain, Mt. Fuji

(3,776m/12,388ft), can be seen from Tokyo on clear (3,776m/12,388ft), can be seen from Tokyo on clear daysdays

ResourcesResources The World FactBookThe World FactBook ((

www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook)) Japan-guide.comJapan-guide.com ((www.japan-guide.com)) Infoplease.comInfoplease.com ((www.infoplease.com)) Google ImagesGoogle Images ((www.google.com)) BBC World Weather BBC World Weather ((www.bbc.co.uk/weather)) Weather.comWeather.com ((www.weather.com)) University of Alabama MapsUniversity of Alabama Maps ((

http://alabamamaps.ua.edu/world/asia/)) Useful linksUseful links

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.htmlhttp://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htmhttp://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/chinahist.htm http://www.aasianst.org/EAA/mccoll.htmhttp://www.aasianst.org/EAA/mccoll.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history http://www.answers.com/topic/people-s-republic-of-china&metho

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