Overview of AQ data sources in ambient conditions mapping context Chris McLinden and Robert Vet Contributors: Yves Rochon, Mike Moran, Ray Nassar, Randall

Overview of AQ data sources in ambient conditions mapping context

Chris McLinden and Robert Vet

Contributors: Yves Rochon, Mike Moran, Ray Nassar, Randall Martin,

David Anselmo, and others from AQRD, CRD, & CMC

16 January 2012

AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012

Introduction

• Platforms:- Ground-based (stationary and mobile)

- In-situ or point measurements- Remote sensing from below

- Aircraft and balloon- In-situ (mostly) and remote sensing

- Satellite – remote sensing from above


Introduction

• Overview of some sources and databases - North American air and precip surface data

- Some ground-based remote sensing networks

- WOUDC (ground-based and ozonesondes)

- Greenhouse Gases (sources other than satellites)

- Emission measurements

- Satellites


Sources of North American Air and Precipitation Data (ground-based in-situ and point measurements)

• Canadian Data– National Atmospheric Chemistry (NAtChem) Database and

Analysis Facility (www.ec.gc.ca/natchem/)▪ Air and precipitation chemistry data from major regional-scale

networks in North America in standard format and web accessible

– Canada-Wide Air Quality System (CWAQS) Database

• U.S. Data available from the US EPA– Air Quality System (AQS)

• CMC archiving of surface AQ observation data (NRT)


Data Precipitation Chemistry

CAPMoN, Provincial, Mercury Deposition Network (Canada)

U.S. NADP (archived but not downloadable)

Air Quality

Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (acidifying PM and gases)

Total Gaseous Mercury and Mercury Speciation (soon)

Canadian Arctic Aerosol Chemistry Program (aerosol speciation)

Canadian Arctic Northern Contaminants Program (hazardous air pollutants)

Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (toxics)

Canadian Baseline Measurement Program (greenhouse gases)

Canadian Aerosol Baseline Measurements (Arctic aerosol composition, number, scattering and absorption)

Historical networks and special studies including Pacific 2001, CARE NMHCs, Nitrogen Scoping Study

National Atmospheric Chemistry Database and Analysis Facility (NAtChem)


Canada-Wide Air Quality System Database for NAPS Data

• Under development for the federal-provincial National Air Pollution Surveillance Network (NAPS)

• Largely urban air quality data

• Criteria Air Contaminants: SO2, NO/NOx, CO, PM2.5 and O3

• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

• Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs)

• Turn-on date unknown

• NAPS data can currently be obtained by contacting Jean-Pierre Charland of AAQS


United States Air Quality System (AQS)for U.S. Data

• All U.S. network air quality data

• http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/ (Air Quality System)

• Available data:– State compliance monitoring data– Special Network data

▪ IMPROVE (PM speciation, visibility)▪ CASTNET (PM and gas speciation, ozone)

• For other content of EPA Technology Transfer Network (e.g. emission inventories) see

– http://www.epa.gov/ttn/


Example: 2006 AQ Data Availability

• North American data compiled for the 2006 AURAMS evaluation and the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMII)

• Slides provided by Mike Moran and data compiled by Qiong Zheng

• Data integration is time consuming and requires a knowledge of measurement methods


North American AQ Data Availability - 2006

Type Species No. of Stations

Air SO2 734

Chemistry NO2 556

(gases) CO 452

O3 1,388

HNO3 111

NH3 9

Air PM2.5 1,299

Chemistry PM10 1,299

(particles) p-SO4 498

p-NO3 498

p-NH4 323

p-EC 400

p-OC 400

p-CM (derived) 387

p-SS (derived) 281

Precipitation PCP 342

Chemistry nss-SO4= 342

NO3- 342NH4+ 342


North American PM2.5 Mass Sites - 2006


CMC archiving of surface obs data

• Since 2007 under AIRNow (with some data prior)

• Clients/users– AQHI national forecast program (Canadian data)– UMOS (Canadian data)– Model verification (Canadian and US data)– Objective analysis system for surface pollutants (Can. and US)

• Canadian sources– Metro Vancouver (DRDAS) BC MoE (DRDAS)– Alberta Env (9 air sheds, CASA server) Ontario MoE (DRDAS)– Saskatchewan Env (DRDAS) CAPMoN– Manitoba Conservation (moving to DRDAS)– Ville de Montréal & Québec MDDEP (via Québec Region)– New Brunswick, PEI, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland (via Atlantic

Region)

Courtesy of D. Anselmo and A. Robichaud


• Canadian sources– Format: AIRNow ‘OBS’ ASCII– Species: O3, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, H2S, TRS, CO, NO

Stns: 175, 165, 35, 135, 70, 5, 20, 30, 75 – Hourly observations processed in NRT at 40 mins past hour

• US sources– From AIRNow Gateway: www.airnowgateway.org

– Format: ‘AQCSV’ ASCII (improvement over ‘OBS’)– Species: Primarily O3 and PM2.5

▪ Includes other pollutants and meteorology for select stations

– Availability in NRT: ~80% after 1 hour; ~95% after 2 hour

• Also archived/acquired: Canadian Brewer UV and total column ozone, MODIS (2007+) and GOME-2 (2010+) satellite data

CMC archiving of surface obs data

Courtesy of D. Anselmo and A. Robichaud


Ground-based remote sensing - Aeronet

• A global sunphotometer network providing aerosol optical depth at several wavelengths between 340 and 1640 nm (Aerocan is Canadian network, 19 sites, part of Aeronet)

• Data record 1993-present at http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/ (http://www.aerocanonline.com/templates/nature/index.html)

• Data synergy tools available online

Aeronet Stations CIMEL sunphotometerIn Arctic


Ground-based remote sensing - Other

• CoralNET (Canadian Operational Research Aerosol Lidar Network):

- EC Lidar network, late 2000s to 2011 (contact K. Strawbridge)- measures the aerosol backscatter coefficient (optical

parameter) at two wavelengths (1064nm and 532nm)- near ground to 15 km (3 m vertical resolution), every 10 s

• FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer):- provides total and/or partial column of species such as NO,

NO2, O3, CO, CO2, N2O, CH4, HNO3, others…

- EC has data from Eureka and CARE (Egbert)- Multiple international FTIR networks, including NDACC

(Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change), http://www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/


WOUDC

• World Ozone and Ultraviolet Data Centre• Database containing long-term, global Dobson and

Brewer total ozone column and ozonesonde data• http://www.woudc.org/index_e.html• Maintained by EC• Link to EC ozonesonde based climatologies• Link to historical and NRT total column ozone maps constructed for multiple sources

180oW 120oW 60oW 0o 60oE 120oE 180oW

80oS

40oS

0o

40oN

80oN

180oW 120oW 60oW 0o 60oE 120oE 180oW

80oS

40oS

0o

40oN

80oN

Ozonesonde Locations


Greenhouse Gas Data

• Data sources analogous to air quality gases: surface networks (in-situ and remote), aircraft, satellite

- NOAA oversees global network of surface stations (flasks, towers, …) and hosts data centre (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/) including CarbonTracker and GLOBALVIEW products

- Other providers: EC, CSIRO, JMA, Universities, Euro organizations

NOAA ESRL Cooperative Measurement Programs

- TCCON – Total Column Carbon Observing Network: Network of FTIRs focusing on CO2 and CH4 www.tccon.caltech.edu


Were reviewed in 2005 NARSTO Assessment

“Improving Emission

Inventories for Effective

Air Quality Management

Across North America”

They are:

Uncommon

Difficult to make

Emissions measurementsCourtesy of M. Moran


• Direct– Eddy correlation flux measurements– Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS)– Portable emissions measurement systems– Dilution tunnel sampling– Mobile laboratories as chase vehicles

• Indirect– Roadway tunnel studies

– Remote sensing (e.g., NDIR, FTIR, DOAS, ...)

– Mobile laboratories for vehicle fleet studies

– Onboard sensors (individual vehicles)

– Aircraft plume measurements

Emission measurement techniques

Courtesy of M. Moran




Present GG satellite instruments

Instrument Data

avail

Latitudinal coverage

Vertical sensitivity

HIRS 1978- 20S-20N Upper trop ~10 km

AIRS 2002- 80S-80N Upper trop

SCIAMACHY 2003- 60S-80N land Total column

ACE-FTS 2004- 82S-82N sparse

5-100 km, 3 km

TES 2006- 40S-40N Mid trop ~5 km

IASI 2007- 20S-20N Upper trop, ~12 km

TANSO-FTS

(GOSAT)

2009- 60S-80N land

25S-25N ocean

Total column,

Upper trop

All are nadir except ACE which is occultation (limb)

Courtesy: Polavarapu and Nassar


Future GG satellite instruments

Instrument Data

avail

Latitudinal coverage

Vertical sensitivity

IASI/

Metop-B,C

2012- 2016-

20S-20N Upper trop, ~12 km

OCO-2 2014- ~80N-80S Total column

TanSat 2015- ~80N-80S Total column

CarbonSat 2018- ~80N-80S Total column

PHEMOS-FTS 2018- 50N-80N land Total column

Upper trop

CO2 Lidar ASCENDS

2020- ~90N-90S Total column

Info courtesy of Ray Nassar


Emission inventories: Example of choices - GHG

• Emission inventories:

– CO2 information

16 global (surface; monthly, 3 hourly or annually)

2 global-3D (Nassar et al.; monthly)

1 US (~10 km, 3 hourly)

1 Canada (Nassar et al., in preparation)

– CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, NH3, … : 1 global (EDGAR)Info courtesy of Ray Nassar


EXTRAS


United States AQS: A caution…http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/

• AQS has codes for measurement parameters, units and methods

• There can be multiple codes for each measurement, e.g., PM2.5 data may have multiple codes for parameter, unit and method

• Data and codes must be evaluated and combined when using the data


North American SO2 Monitoring Sites - 2006


North American O3 Monitoring Sites - 2006


North American NO2 Monitoring Sites - 2006


North American CO Monitoring Sites - 2006


North American HNO3 Monitoring Sites - 2006


North American Speciated PM2.5 Sites - 2006


North American 2006 Precipitation-Chemistry Sites

Documents

Overview of AQ data sources in ambient conditions mapping context Chris McLinden and Robert Vet Contributors: Yves Rochon, Mike Moran, Ray Nassar, Randall