Overview

1. Burka Band

2. Country Profile

3. State- and nationbuilding (historical overview)

4. Core functions

5. Characteristics

AfghanistanThe Burka Band

...........my mother wears blue jeans now, and i am so surprised; the

things are changing faster, i don´t know if it´s right......

Übersicht Afghanistan

Afghanistan Country Profile

• Population: 31.056.997 (July 2006)

• Capital: Kabul• Religion: 99% Muslim • Literacy: 36% • Life expectancy: 43.34 years• Head of State: Hamid KARZAI

Analysisstate- and nationbuilding

19th century: Colonialism1923: Monarchy1978-1989: Afghanistan under sovjet rule1989-2001: Afghanistan und the rule of Taliban2001-2006: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

19th Century Colonialism

• Colonialism between Great Britain and UdSSR – two external Actors –

• 1919 Independent from Great Britain

• Afghanistan signed a treaty of friendship with the new government in Russia in 1921

Afghanistan partly constitutional Monarchy – 1923

• Efforts to reform Afghanistan

• British interest in Afghanistan largely ended with Indian independence in 1947

• In the 50th influence of UdSSR increase

• King Zahir Shah removes Daoud as Prime Minister and creates a contitutional Monarchy

• In 1973 Daoud leads a coup to overthrow the King and install himself as president

1978 – 1989 Afghanistan under the Soviet rule

• 1978 – The Great Revolution• In 1979 – The UdSSR begann a massive Military

airlift into Kabul• Taraki – President of Afghanistan – proclaims the

Nation „Socialist“• After the Revolution - The Democratik Republik of

Afghanistan• In summer 1979 – massive aid from USA – to induce

UdSSR to invade Afghanistan

• Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Iran – external Actors- prepared anti-regime forces

• 1988 – Agreement between Afghanistan, U.S., Pakistan – for full Soviet withdrawal 1989

• UdSSR and U.S. agreed to stop support 1991

1978 – 1989 Afghanistan under the Soviet rule

1989 – 2001 Afghanistan under the rule of the Taliban

• After the departure of the Soviet troops 1988/89- the war was questionable in the Population

• The Mujahidin refuse to allow any other ethnic tribe to control the Nation

• In 1992 - Afghanistan was thrown into the Civil War

• Afghanistan was under the control of different coalitions of Mujahidin groups

• Guerilla's Leader Masoud received order by the Guerilla leader in Peshawar to secure Kabul

• The Government handed over power to the Mujahidin

• In 1994 the Taliban movement is created among former Mujahidin with the support of Pakistan

1989 – 2001 Afghanistan under the rule of the Taliban

• In September 1996 the Taliban took the capital Kabul

• In 1997 the Taliban controlled Afghanistan completely

• The Taliban – First let the poppy fields burn, but soon took up the drug export again

1989 – 2001 Afghanistan under the rule of the Taliban

• 11 September 2001 – New York`s World Trade Towers and Pentagon – Osama bin Laden

• Résumé - Lack of a legitim government

- Lack of Security

- Lack of Human Rights

1989 – 2001 Afghanistan under the rule of the Taliban

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan2001-2006

• 9/11

• Refusal of the Taliban to expel BIN LADEN

• October/01: International Alliance started bombing Afghanistan

•November/01: Fall of the Taliban

•December/01: Bonn agreement

Democratization

• Bonn agreement

• Government consists of:– Warlords/Mujaheddin – „west oriented“ politicians

Democratization?

Attention: Is democratization possible?

Obstacles:• lack of human rights and security

• destroyed infrastructure

• no economy

• lack of any political system

Different interests by different forces!

Democratization?

• Warlords/ Mujaheddin:

Territory soverignty/independent from

the government

Drug/gun trafficking/ partly Taliban

• Hamid Karzai: realization of the interests of

U.N.

Low acceptance by the citizens

State-/ Violence

External Internal

U.S/U.N New Afghan National Army (ANA)

Afghan National Police (ANP) (trained by external actors of force)

NATO/ISAF Warlords/Mujaheddin

Socio/-oeconomic situation

• Agricultur/ mostly Opium cultivaton: 87% of the world supply

• Weak economy

• Low average level of education

Security Welfare Rule of Law

-security: different actors, no monopoly by the government

-internal and external threats

-drug/gun trafficking

- refugees intrastate

- homing refugees from borderlands

-weak borders

- poor state

- high unemployment rates

-general lack of infrastructure, health and educational systems

-low living standards

-clientelism and corruption

+ stabilized medcare/ infrastructure in some regions

-repression in different regions

- irregularities of elections

-huge corruption

- abuse of human rights

- weak governmental system in the regions

-widespread impunity for war crimes

- +/- -

• Afghanistan is a failed state• Military success vs. Nation building

Different Interests:• U.S./NATO: military base in middle asia?• Warlords: don´t want to share their power• Borderlands: profits from gun/drug trafficking

strengthening the power of islamic fundamentalist

Characteristics

„Solution/ Main Point“

SECURITY FIRST