Overcoming the Obstacles of Producing Winter Canola in No

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Overcoming the Obstacles of Producing Winter Canola in No-

till Production Systems in the Southern Great Plains

Chad Godsey and Randy Taylor No-till Oklahoma

Feb. 22, 2012

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion Introduction

• Loss of stand in no-till following winter wheat – Non winter hardy

varieties/hybrids

• Not spreading residue at wheat harvest

• Shallow seeding depth

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion

Methods • RCBD with 4 replications; 3 site years

– Plots 3.5 m by 11 m

• Treatments in these experiments included light disking (Conventional), no-till (No-Till), no-till with residue removed (NT-No Residue), no-till with twice as much residue (NT-2X Residue), and no-till with residue burned at planting (NT-Burn).

• Emergence counts taken every other day for 14 d after planting

• Soil temperatures and winter stand loss were measured.

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion Emergence at Site A in 2008

Days after Planting

0 5 10 15 20 25

Perc

ent E

mer

genc

e

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8CT NT Burn NT NT 2xNT No Residue

Final fall stands and winter survival for Noble County, Oklahoma locations. Site A Site B

Treatments

Final Fall

Stands Winter

Survival Decrease

Final Fall

Stands Winter

Survival Decrease

- - - plants/ft2 - - - - - - % - - - - - - plants/ft2 - - - - - - % - - - Conventional Till 1.7bc 1.7b 0.0a 4.9b 4.1b 0.17a NT Burn 1.5c 1.2b 0.2a 3.4b 2.8bc 0.17a NT 1.0a 0.8b 0.2a 3.5b 2.6bc 0.24a NT - 2x Residue 2.6bc 1.4b 0.5a 2.7b 0.9c 0.67b NT No Residue 4.2a 3.9a 0.1a 8.8a 6.3a 0.28a

Presenter

Presentation Notes

the final fall stands which were taken on November 5. The only difference observed in fall stands establishment counts were with the NT-2x residue treatment where stands were reduced compared to all other treatments. This trend continued into the winter survival observations which were taken on Feb. 24, 2009.

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion

Final fall canola stands and winter survival for Perry, OK location.

Treatments Final Fall Stands Winter Survival Decrease

- - - plants/ft2 - - - - - - % - - - Conventional Till 6.7a 5.7a 0.15 NT Burn 7.8a 6.5a 0.17 NT 7.5a 6.3a 0.16 NT - 2x Residue 5.3b 3.0b 0.43 NT No Residue 7.2a 7.0a 0.03

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

Day of Year

CT

NT-Burn

NT

NT 2x

NT-No Residue

Soil Temperature – 2.5 cm

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Treatments were surface residue was maintained tended to decrease temperatures at the surface. Differences tended to be minimized after day of year 308 which corresponded with canopy cover.

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion

Soil Temperature on DOY 284 – 2.5 cm

10121416182022242628

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

Hour of Day

CTNT-BurnNTNT 2xNT-No Residue

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The diurnal temperature differences among treatments. This could have a drastic difference in plant development, especially root development

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion

Winter canola grain yields at Noble County, Oklahoma locations in 2008.

Yield

Treatment Site A Site B

- - kg ha-1 - -

Conventional Till 2150 a 616 a

NT Burn 2201 a 619 a

NT 2196 a 849 a

NT - 2x Residue 1752 b 317 b

NT No Residue 2243 a 683 a

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion Summary of Field Studies

• We feel like we can overcome the obstacles of no-till winter canola production by paying attention to the details. – Planting date, residue management, and cultivar

selection

• Complex issue that goes beyond the field study.

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion

Greenhouse Study – Bulk density vs. root biomass

Bulk density (g cm-3)1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Root

bio

mas

s (g)

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1Sand Soil 2008Sand Soil 2009Clay Soil 2009

y = 5.03 – 2.48x r2 = 0.91

y = 3.39 – 1.49x r2 = 0.96

y = 5.16 – 2.64x r2 = 0.99

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Root biomass decreased linearly with increasing bulk density for both the sandy and clay soil (Figure 4). This means that higher bulk densities could reduce winter canola root mass, which may reduce winter survival. Canola plants rely on carbohydrates stored in the root mass to survive the winter months.

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion

Top photo is shows increasing bulk density from left to right. Bottom left photo is showing root growth at 1.3 g cm-3, middle photo is 1.5 g cm-3, and the right photo is root growth at 1.7 g cm-3.

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion Evaluating 30” Row Canola

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

5 7 9 13 55

Perc

ent E

mer

genc

e

Days After Planting

Red Rock Emergence Planter 30" 2 lb/ac

Planter 30" 3 lb/ac

Planter 30" 4 lb/ac

Planter 30" 5 lb/ac

Drill 15" No Coulter 5 lb/ac

Drill 15" No CoulterConventional Till 5 lb/ac

Drill 15" Coulter 5 lb/ac

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Emergence Overall, the planter trt’s emerged quicker and more evenly. A greater percent emergence was observed with planted plots when compared to drilled plots. This was especially true at the lower seeding rates (2 and 3 lb/ac). Two to three lb/ac seems to be adequate for 30 in row spacing. Winter Survival A greater percent of plants died in the 30 in row spacing. All 30 in treatments ended up having a stand count in the 2.5 to 3 plants/ft2 regardless of seeding rate. The 15 in row spacing had more plants per square foot than the 30 in row spacing. Yield No differences were observed between treatments. Overall, yields were lower than expected. At Covington, soil pH ranged from 4.5 to 5.1 between reps so this limited yield. At Red Rock insect and weed pressure limited yield.

Table 3. Final fall stands and winter survival for Red Rock, OK location.

Trt No. Seeder Spacing

Residue Management Tillage

Final Fall

Stands Winter Survival Decrease

- - plants/ft2 - - - - % - -

1 Planter 30 Yes no till 4.6 3.1 33%



4 Planter 30 Yes no till 14.1 2.5 82% 5 Drill 15 No no till 6.0 4.5 26% 6 Drill 15 No CT 6.1 5.2 15% 7 Drill 15 Coulter no till 8.5 5.9 31%

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion Summary

• Seeding depth • Residue distribution • Plant a winter canola cultivar that has

excellent winter hardiness and low crown development.

• Burning immediately prior to seeding will increase winter survival.

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion Summary

• Increase your seeding rate by 15 – 20% for drilled.

• Remove as much residue from the seed row as possible.

• Pay careful attention to planting date and plant early in the “planting window” for your region.

• Avoid seeding winter canola into young no-till fields. Older fields (less than three years) will have better soil structure and lower bulk densities that will promote root growth.

Plan

t and

Soi

l Sci

ence

s Ext

ensio

n Pl

ant a

nd S

oil S

cien

ces E

xten

sion Thank You

Chad Godsey Tel: 405-744-3389 Email: [email protected]

Documents

Overcoming the Obstacles of Producing Winter Canola in No